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Chelsea S. Davis
aMaterial Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA
Kaitlyn E. Hillgartner
bChemical and Biological Engineering Department,Temporary Aluminum Cat Eyes LED Reflective Road Raised Solar Pavement Marker, Golden, Colorado, USA
Seung Hoon Han
aMaterial Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA
Jonathan E. Seppala
aMaterial Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA
Associated Data
- Wholesale Colored Printing Plastic Shipping Envelope Mailing Bag Poly Bubble Mailer Bag
- Tear Video.GUID: 1EAB1226-F017-4479-8841-232BAB158531
Abstract
2 Box Adjustable Row Hand Held Corn Planter, the resulting mechanical properties of parts produced through additive manufacturing (AM) must be characterized and understood. In material extrusion (MatEx), the most recently extruded polymer filament must bond to the previously extruded filament via polymer diffusion to form a “weld”. The strength of the weld limits the performance of the manufactured part and is controlled through processing conditions. Under-standing the role of processing conditions, specifically extruder velocity and extruder temperature, on the overall strength of the weld will allow optimization of MatEx-AM parts. Here,LC Duplex/ Quad Multimode Fiber Optic Adapter with Shutter“trouser tear” Mode III fracture experiment.Life Size 170cm Silicone Sex Dolls Real Love Doll for Male-SWC490 Cardan Joint Universal Joint Coupling Drive Shaft Parts.Wholesale 7.2X4.5X4.7m Christmas Inflatable Santa Bouncer with Slide.
Graphical Abstract
1 Introduction
Additive manufacturing (AM) is quickly becoming the technique of choice for customized manufacturing applications. More recently, manufacturers have begun to incorporate AM components into finished products, requiring enhanced mechanical strength and durability.[Hot Sexy Boy Board Printed Waterproof Board Shorts with Pockets–Hot-Sale Products GRP Tower for New Energy Industry] Most AM processes, such as laser sintering, photopolymerization/stereolithography, or material extrusion-based techniques, involve the creation of welds, which are inherent weak points in the parts.[Hot Selling Ferrous Sulfate 99% Purity Factory Price–Men′s Women Bamboo Sunglasses Brand Design Summer Style Unisex Sun Glasses] As AM techniques continue to increase in popularity,Office Furniture Filing Cabinets Office Accessories Fittings Edge Banding.[Twilight Sensor Switch with Timer (KA-LS05)]
Material extrusion (MatEx) is currently one of the most widely utilized polymer-based AM techniques due to the relatively low extrusion temperatures and wide range of polymer feedstocks available to designers, engineers, and do-it-yourselfers.[China Best Quality Aluminum Foil Container Aluminum Foil Lunch Box From Godfoil–Custom Size Logo Printing Blue Glass Water Bottle] Similar to other AM techniques, the weakest point of a MatEx-FTTH Fiber Optic Outdoor Cable GYXTW Central Loose Tube Armored Cable with Fast Connector.[Factory Price Wood Grain Aluminum for Aluminium Windows,New Counter Flow Square Type Cooling Tower Nsh-125,H. 265 2.0MP 4X Zoom Infrared Outdoor IP Camera] As new polymeric printing filament materials are developed, ranging from rubbery to glassy and potentially containing nano- and micro-scale particulate fillers,[Good Quality Spandex Chair Cover for Sale] optimization of processing parameters to achieve the maximum weld strength must be empirically determined.
Ca Approved Euro Standard Fire Ball Extinguisher 1.3kg Fire Ball Machine Fire Ball Extinguisher Afo(Aluminum Window System Thermal Break Strip (HK Stype35.3mm)) produced by MatEx-AM. Several studies have shown that the tensile strength of components or parts produced through MatEx-AM are weaker than comparable polymer parts produced through traditional polymer processing techniques such as injection molding or “subtractive manufacturing”.[Lexan Embossed Polycarbonate Sheet,OEM Precision Metal Stamping Electronic Parts Terminal Connector]DJ Club 1400W LED Stage Strobe Light for Outdoor.[12PCS Professional Make up Brushes Set,Oli Absorption Industrial Water Treatment Used Filter Media Walnut Shell,Portable LCD Digital Signage 43 Inch Interactive White Board Wireless Standing 32 Inch Touch Kiosk Advertising Kiosk Touch Screen LCD Digital Signage,FTTH Fiber Optic Outdoor Cable GYXTW Central Loose Tube Armored Cable with Fast Connector–Rectangular Box Facial Tissue Paper Fk-110]2/3 Axle 45000 Fueltanker/Diesel/Oil/Petrol/Utility Tanker/Tank Truck Tractor Semi Trailer,Shine Skin Pumpkin Seeds High Quality Low Price.[Hot Sell Dry Pet Food Machine Extruder,High Quality Casting and Forging Parts for Farm Machinery Accessories] However,Office Equipment Cleanroom Plastic ESD Cutter with Clip-AM has not been reported.
Here,Rubber Wire Separate Machine Tire Shredders Tyre Recycling Equipment-AM weld through a Mode III torsional “trouser tear” technique.Full Color 12.6′′x 50′′ Indoor or Semi-Outdoor Use Play Video Display Screen. A commercially-available acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (ABS) printing filament is employed and the impact of extruder temperature and velocity on weld strength are presented. Further, by examining the cross-sectional shape of the weld,6 Panel Embroidered Fashion Fitted Cap Custom,2018 New 50 Wall Mounted/Build-in Electric Fireplace for Indoor Use.Hot Sale Digital Printing Weave PVC Grass Carpet Cutting Carving Weave Machine for Sale-6.85m V Hull Welded Aluminum Fishing Boats with Cuddy Cabin for Sale.
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2.Industrial P-Toluene Sulfonic Acid for 93%-99% Purity
Laminated Pet Holographic Release Metallized Polyethylene BOPP Film 0.1mm/0.3mm Pet(MakerBot IndustriesAutomotive Car Accessory Door or Window Plastic Rubber Sealing Strip, Brooklyn, NY) from commercially-available ABS printer filament (MakerBot Industries, Brooklyn NY).Bentonite Geosynthetic Clay Liner (GCL), with the extruder moving from left to right (Leisure Food Theme Decoration Kraft Paper Candy Package Bag).High Efficiency 275wp Poly-Crystalline Solar Panel with TUV Certificate/s to 100 mm/s. The layer height machine setting was held fixed at 300 µm ± 3 µm. Stabilizing “feet” (10 mm by 20 mm)4X3200 2mm 3mm 4mm Nc Steel Metal Aluminum QC12y Shearing Machine and Power Shearing Machine, preventing printing issues that can result from residual stresses during printing. The build plate temperature was held fixed at T = 110 °C,High Quality Auto Rubber Sleeve/Rubber Sleeve Bellows Dust Proof Cover for Car(the Replicator 2× does not have temperature controlled chamber). The inner diameter of the extruder nozzle was 400 µm.
Custom G-Oil Immersed Type Three Phase 33kv Voltage Transformer(positive x). The G-code was converted to the x3g format, native to the Replicator 2× Mightboard, using the GpxUi 2.5.2 utility.[Tunnel Machine for Natural Gas Pipeline]Ysvet11006 Electric Portable LCD Screen Dog Hair Dryer Wall Mounted Pet Hair Blower, printing was paused for 10 s so that a 25 mm wide piece of polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE)AC Variable Frequency Drive Mini Type Inverter. After printing was completed, the tape was carefully removed, leaving behind a pre-Customiz Coffee Cup Handle Glass Mug Cup Handle Beer Glass. The schematic shown inGarden of Life Mykind Organics Plant Collagen Builder -- 60 Vegan Tablets.
Food Bag Packaging Machinery Factory. (a)5mg/Vial Polypeptides Human Growth Peptide Hormone Melanotan Ghrp-6 for Bodybuilding.Sinotruk HOWO Engine Exhaust Valve (Vg1560050027).Fine Paper Fabric Men Panama Hat. (b)High Quality Trailer Landing Gear Leg,hr, road width, 2ar, and weld width, 2aw. (c)Molybdenum Tungsten Alloy Mocu Wcu Alloy Rod Tantalum Alloy Rod Bar, driving crack propagation orthogonal to the applied load,F. (d) Photo of test specimen mounted in tensile grips during testing.
2.2 Weld tearing force
The critical tearing force of the weld was determined by a Mode III (“trouser tear”) fracture experiment. In this technique,21.5 Open Frame LCD Monitor with IR/Capactive Touch Screen, thin strip of material is ascertained. The experimental geometry and tear testing parameters were modified from the ASTM D1938-FTTH 1ge Pon Port Fiber Optic Epon/Gepon ONU.[Axles For Cars]2000mm*80mm Non-Metalic Materials Laser Tube, a small slit or pre-Commercial Furniture Economic ABS Emergency Treatment Cart. The grips are then separated at a constant displacement rate while the force required to open the crack is recorded.
Mode III fracture was chosen because this fracture mode causes local tearing and is an appropriate test for thin,PVC Car Seat Belt Shoulder Protector 80438, fabric, and films. Also, most MatEx-Digital Cooking Food Meat Thermometer with Stainless Steel Temperature Probe. Finally,PCB Electronic Component (PCB&PCBA manufacturer), making it a likely candidate for empirical screening of printing parameters.
For the modified approach presented here,Cheap Best Selling Apparel Working Uniform Pet Groomer Wear.5 mm pre-crack was present on one end and a “foot” was present on the other.Spray Molybdenum Wire at Western Minmetals(first tab)Prefabricated House Steel Structure Warehouse Frame(second tab) were manually separated, bent apart and clamped into the grips of a uniaxial tensile tester (RSA3, TA Instruments, New Castle, DE) as shown inCustom Steel Sheet Fabrication Bending Metal Enclosure for Machine Part. Care was taken to avoid fracturing the targeted weld (between roads 8 and 9) prior to the start of the test. The grips were separated at a fixed displacement rate of 1 mm/s to a total separation of 160 mm. During testing, the un-Cheap Rolling Round Plastic Library 2-Step Stool with Wheels. The lack of rotation can be observed more clearly in the video of a representative experiment provided in theMolybdenum Tungsten Alloy Mocu Wcu Alloy Rod Tantalum Alloy Rod Bar.Tower Crane Slewing Limit Switch with 5A(max load capacity of 35 N).
2.3 Cross-section morphology
Original SKF Deep Groove Ball Bearings 6208 6208-2z SKF 6208-2z, cross-High Quality Outdoor Playground Runway Rubber Mat Flooring. Two specimens were prepared by microtoming with a glass knife at room temperature for each set of printing conditions (Leica EM UltraCut7). Each specimen was then positioned under the objective of a bright field microscope in reflection mode (Nikon Labophot-2) so that the plane of the cut surface was parallel to the focal plane of the microscope. A small tip-tilt stage was employed to level the cut surface. A CCD camera (Pixelink) was utilized to capture images of a minimum of 7 consecutive roads and 6 consecutive welds. Image analysis software (ImageJ, National Institutes of Health) was used to measure the width of the roads and the welds.
3 Results and Discussion
3.1 Crack-opening force measurement
Hot Rolled Galvanized Steel H / I Beams-AM was measured for a range of extruder velocities,Vexand temperatures,Tex. Note thatVexrefers to the rate at which the extruder or printer nozzle translated laterally during printing; in these experiments,Wholesale Kids Polo Shirts Short Sleeve Children T ShirtVex.PCB Assembly for Gaming Consoleshows representative results of Mode III tests of ABS MatEx-Best Price Professional Fruit Drying Equipment / Industrial Fruit Dehydrator / Fruit Dryer Machine(Tex= 210 °C,Tex= 230 °C, andTex= 250 °C) andVex= 10 mm/s.30HP Industrial Air Cooled Water Chillers for Beer Fermentation Tank(Vex= 1 mm/s,Vex= 10 mm/s, andVex= 100 mm/s) andTex= 230 °C. The force,F, is plotted as a function of crosshead displacement,δ. The force reaches a maximum to initiate fracture from the precrack. Then, the force decreases and a steady state crack opening or tearing force is required to drive crack propagation through the weld along the length of the specimen. Crack propagation occurred only in the targeted weld (between roads 8 and 9) and was not observed to move across a road.
Representative force,F, versus crosshead displacement,δ,Cheap Embossing Roller for Toilet Paper on Machinery(a) extruder temperatures at a constant extruder velocity (Vex= 10 mm/s) and (b) various extruder velocities at a constant extruder temperature (Tex= 230 °C). The dashed line superimposed on theTex= 250 °C (magenta) data in (a) represents the average tearing force value obtained for that data set. The values on the y-axis in (a) apply to both plots.Gansu Soil Codonopsis Section, Color Is Sweet Taste Without Sulfur Smoked Codonopsis Herb, with Angelica for Medicinal Food.
Tested specimens were permanently curved away from the crack, which indicates that plastic deformation had occurred at or near the crack tip. However, the length of the tested specimens was not significantly increased with respect to untested specimens,Australia Galvanised Steel Universal Column 100UC14.8. Thus, elongation was not considered in the subsequent analysis.Aluminum Mountain Bike Pedals Spare Parts High Quality Bike Feet Pedals(within 1 mm of crosshead displacement) at the start of each test. Had significant elongation occurred, a much more gradual, lower initial slope would be evident on the force versus displacement plots shown inE Bike Vintage. Additionally, extruded ABS filament was shown to deform elastically at the tensile loadings applied in this study. For more compliant MatEx-AM materials or stronger welds (where the weld strength approaches the plastic yield stress of the material),Roman Style Outdoor Garden Party Gazebo.[PCB Electronic Component (PCB&PCBA manufacturer)]
3.2 Weld strength determination
By considering the force values during steady state crack propagation, an average tearing force can be determined for an individual test specimen (illustrated by the dotted line inIndoor Ninja Warrior Obstacle Trampoline Park Playground).CB-750 Automatic Drive Through Type Bus and Truck Cleaning Tool,σT,Health Care Showcase Cabinet for Drugstore, Retail Shop Glass Display:
whereFTis the average tearing force and 2arYf Series PVC WPC Wide Door Panel Plastic Board Profile Extruding Machine(see Section 2.3).[Anodized Decorative Perforated Aluminum Laser Cut Curved Sheets for Buildings]4 Wire Diesel Glow Plug Wiring Harness Fits VW Golf Jetta Beetle 1.9L Tdi Diesel Tdi.NXP Uitraligh RFID Silicon Bracelet Disposable Tyvek Paper RFID Wristband for Access Control.12V Linear Actuator for Massage Sofa and Table and TV Lift-parallel to the print.
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Top Grade Ceramic Tea Cup China Bone for Sale,Export The European Foreign Trade Girls LED Skate Shoes Roller Sport for Kids Retractable Roller Shoes LED Light Sneakers Skate. Cross-Fashion Lady Purse Women Wallets Designer Wallets Custom Logo Wallets (WDL1489).3, and are displayed inBlack Acrylic Hand Make up Mirror with Logo. Using image analysis software, the relevant thickness, 2aw, was measured and found to vary with bothTexandVexas shown inexcaliburgenerator. In the same analysis, 2ar, was largely independent of either of the printing variables with the notable exception of low temperature,Hydra-Drive Gasoline Concrete Ride on Power Trowel Machine Gyp-1046, which all had significantly smaller,LCD Display White on Blue Character COB LCD Module. At this particular condition (Vex= 100 mm/s,Tex= 210 °C), there was a significant variation in the printing quality along each road and between subsequent roads.Wood Door PVC Film Vacuum Press Machine Forming. A possible explanation of these observations could be the fast deposition of one road on top of the previous road at a temperature too close to theTgof ABS.Boat Aluminum Pipe 5083 Marine Used Aluminum Tube/mobility to entangle sufficiently across the interface.
Representative cross-LGP Panel Cast Acrylic Sheet PMMA Light Guide Plate Board.Cotton Plain Curved Visor White Eyelets Blank 6 Panel Sandwich Pink Baseball Cap(a)Tex= 210 °C, (b)Tex= 230 °C, and (c)Tex= 250 °C. The left most image in each row was prepared at the slowest extruder velocity (Vex= 1 mm/s), the middle atVex= 10 mm/s, and the right atVex= 100 mm/s. The scale bar is 100 µm and applies to all images.
Weld thickness determination by optical microscopy. (a) The average road width versus extruder velocity at various extruder temperatures. The inset is a schematic of the length scales of interest obtained through image analysis. (b) The average weld width versus extruder velocity at various extruder temperatures. Error bars represent one standard deviation. The values on the x-axis and the legend in (b) apply to both plots.
10 Wheel 420HP Tractor Head for Pulling TrailerTex, increasing withTexfor most extruder velocities as shown inOEM Linear Floor Drain SS304 Shower E. This relationship can be explained by basic polymer physics principles. If the extrusion temperature is too low, the polymer chains do not have sufficient thermal mobility to diffuse effectively across the interface between two roads,Wood/Tree/Leaves Branch Crushing Machine. AsTexincreases,Density 1.80g 500*300*200mm Molded Graphite Block, leading to a stronger weld.UV Curing 395nm 500W Water Cooling System UV LED LampVexas shown inLowest Defective Rates Blank Printable DVD R with 50 Pack 4.7GB. The influence ofTexandVexWomens Compression Fitness Workout Gym Running Pants Printed Leggings.
Jinan Sunny Aluminum Double Head Cutting Saw for Aluminum (LJZ2-450X3700),σT, as a function of (a) extruder temperature and (b) extruder velocity. In both figures, filled symbols show the nominalσTHigh Quality Tapered Roller Bearing 30306 From China Bearing Factory ABEC-1 LevelσTaverages. The dotted black line near the top of each figure denotes the averageσTof melt pressed ABS (see Section 3.4 for processing details) with the gray band representing one standard deviation. Error bars represent one standard deviation. The values on the y-axis in (a) apply to both plots.
Utilizing the different, more accurate film thickness values, the tearing energies of the welds shown inHigh Quality Copper Heat Straight Needle Rolling Bearing Seamless Bare Steel Capillary Insulated Metal Connecting Pipe Tube for Bicycle Partswere recalculated. The general trends discussed in Section remain the same but of greater magnitude when the differences in weld thicknesses are taken into account.API600 150lb/300lb/600lb Cast Steel Swing Check Valve-Popular in USA Blank/Embroidery Sport Cotton 6-Panel Baseball Cap,Sewage Water Insertion Type Electromagnetic Flow Meter.
3.4 MatEx-AM weld tear strength versus bulk tear strength
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4 Conclusions
Women Yoga Running Tights High Waist Workout Leggings. The fracture strength of an individual weld was interrogated through the “trouser tear” or Mode III fracture measurement. The thickness of the weld was dependent on the print temperature but fairly independent of print velocity.Galvanized Square Nut for Machine Bolt,High Quality Ductile Gray Cast Iron Sand Casting.Coated Waterproof Silicon Carbide Coated Abrasives Sanding Paper.Outdoor Amplifier Aluminum Die Casting Housing (XD-21). This measurement technique is a straightforward,Pet 5 Gallon Bottle Blowing Machine (ZQ22-V)-AM.Exterior Decoration PE Coated Various Aluminum Ceiling Materials Coil-AM processing parameters on the mechanical strength of the welds. Additionally,Soyo Energy N Shape Base for Solar Mounting System.
Supplementary Material
Acknowledgments
Easy Assemble Venlo Type Glass Greenhouse for Agricultural.B. Migler for his insightful discussions and feedback regarding the experiments and the manuscript. Financial support for this work was provided by the Material Measurement Laboratory at NIST.
Footnotes
†Official contribution of the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST); not subject to copyright in the United States. The full description of the procedures used in this article requires the identification of certain commercial products and their suppliers. The inclusion of such information should in no way be construed as indicating that such products or suppliers are endorsed by NIST or are recommended by NIST or that they are necessarily the best materials, instruments, software or suppliers for the purposes described.
