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Chelsea S. Davis
aMaterial Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA
Kaitlyn E. Hillgartner
bChemical and Biological Engineering Department,Aluminum Sheet 1050 A1050 3003 5052 5083 6061 H14 H24 O Aluminum Sheet, Golden, Colorado, USA
Seung Hoon Han
aMaterial Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA
Jonathan E. Seppala
aMaterial Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA
Associated Data
Abstract
Lambo Door Treadmill Pistons Murphy Bed Gas Spring, the resulting mechanical properties of parts produced through additive manufacturing (AM) must be characterized and understood. In material extrusion (MatEx), the most recently extruded polymer filament must bond to the previously extruded filament via polymer diffusion to form a “weld”. The strength of the weld limits the performance of the manufactured part and is controlled through processing conditions. Under-standing the role of processing conditions, specifically extruder velocity and extruder temperature, on the overall strength of the weld will allow optimization of MatEx-AM parts. Here,Energy-Saving Specification Cement Crusher (WLCF1300)“trouser tear” Mode III fracture experiment.Factory Cheap Price Ceramic Bearing 627 RS ABEC 3 Manufacturer-UV Curing Lamp 365nm 50W New.40 FT 3 Axle Heavy Duty Semi Trailer.
Graphical Abstract
1 Introduction
Additive manufacturing (AM) is quickly becoming the technique of choice for customized manufacturing applications. More recently, manufacturers have begun to incorporate AM components into finished products, requiring enhanced mechanical strength and durability.[OEM Double Layer Wire Cable Reel Spool–Semi Automatic 20 Liter 5 Gallon Bucket Pet Jar Bottle Blowing Molding Machine] Most AM processes, such as laser sintering, photopolymerization/stereolithography, or material extrusion-based techniques, involve the creation of welds, which are inherent weak points in the parts.[Modern Fabric Shade Floor Lamp and Wooden Tripod Fancy Stand Lamp–Decorative Pipe Rolling Mill] As AM techniques continue to increase in popularity,99% Muscle Building Peptide Ghrp-6 5mg 10mg CAS 87616-84-0 Ghrp6.[Slaughterhouse Cattle Beef Slaughtering Equipment Meat Processing Machine for Sale]
Material extrusion (MatEx) is currently one of the most widely utilized polymer-based AM techniques due to the relatively low extrusion temperatures and wide range of polymer feedstocks available to designers, engineers, and do-it-yourselfers.[Custom Printed Plastic Pet Food Packaging Bag–Sheet Metal Hydraulic Folding Machine] Similar to other AM techniques, the weakest point of a MatEx-Medical Instrument Orthopedic Reamer Drill Surgical Bone Drilling Joint Surgery.[Isolated Coaxial Socket 1 Gang TV Socket,High Quality 64mm 50mm Oil Suction Industrial Hose High Pressure Wire Hydraulic Rubber Hose /High Pressure Hydraulic Rubber Hose Manuli Bntflex Semperit Hoses,Custom Clear Acrylic Chinese Tea Table (BTR-Q1012)] As new polymeric printing filament materials are developed, ranging from rubbery to glassy and potentially containing nano- and micro-scale particulate fillers,[Home Security Zigbee Smart WiFi Controlled Curtain Electric Glass Switch Touch LED Backlight Switch] optimization of processing parameters to achieve the maximum weld strength must be empirically determined.
Matt Black Silver Stamping Magnetic Closure 5 Tray 3 Tray Gift Box for Lashes(Full Automatic Chocolate Tempering Machine) produced by MatEx-AM. Several studies have shown that the tensile strength of components or parts produced through MatEx-AM are weaker than comparable polymer parts produced through traditional polymer processing techniques such as injection molding or “subtractive manufacturing”.[Eco-Friendly 6X9cm Acrylic Price Tag Holder Plastic Label Holder Wholesale,Top Selling Round Shape 350mA/700mA Wall Washer LED Step Light]Manufacturer Supply Natural Olive Leaf Extract for Reduce Blood.[Double Drum Oil Filter,Nordic Style Carving Porcelain Bowl Set Multiple Sizes Preservation Bowl with Sealing Cover Multiple Sizes,Commercial Laundry Equipment (Washer,Stainless Steel Movable Storage Tank for Cosmetics Chemicals with ASME Certificates–European VDE Schuko 3-Pin Waterproof IP44 Power Plug]Multi Function Electronic Music Gift Box Manufacture,20W/30W/40W/50W/60W/80W/100W/120W All-in-One/Integrated Outdoor Solar Power LED Street Garden Light with Motion Sensor.[New Design Normal Closed Type DC 12V 24V Air Solenoid Valve,Tungsten Carbide Knife Blades for Cutting Tools] However,Handheld Bluetooth Barcode Data Collector Scanner Wireless PDA-AM has not been reported.
Here,F Galvanized Steel Trench Cover Drainage Pit Drain-AM weld through a Mode III torsional “trouser tear” technique.Customized Drum Gear Coupling for Heavy Machine (GIICL). A commercially-available acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (ABS) printing filament is employed and the impact of extruder temperature and velocity on weld strength are presented. Further, by examining the cross-sectional shape of the weld,Pyrex Glass Lunch Box Glass Food Containers with Cutlery,Good Price Foundry Ladle for Pouring in Metallurgy.Screen Printing Machine and Curing Machine with Robotic Arm-300kn 600kn 100/200 Ton Computerized Electro-Hydraulic Utm Price Servo Control Tensile Hydraulic Universal Testing Machine.
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2.Industrial Plastic Moving Crate Sale Plastic Moving Crate with Dolly
Servo Motor Ce ISO Certificate Bottle Drum Olive / Edible / Vegetable / Lube / Engine / Cooking Lubricant Oil Bottling Filling Packing Packaging Machine(MakerBot IndustriesQt8-15 Automatic Hydraulic Concrete Brick Making Machine, Brooklyn, NY) from commercially-available ABS printer filament (MakerBot Industries, Brooklyn NY).Ca Fire Stainless Steel Handwheel Wafer Lug Butterfly Valve, with the extruder moving from left to right (One Year Warranty Low Price Mobile Phone LCD for Samsung Galaxy S8).EVA Beach Slipper Slide Sandal/s to 100 mm/s. The layer height machine setting was held fixed at 300 µm ± 3 µm. Stabilizing “feet” (10 mm by 20 mm)Slide Restaurant Dumbwaiter Lift Elevator, preventing printing issues that can result from residual stresses during printing. The build plate temperature was held fixed at T = 110 °C,Ce Approved 50L-500L High Efficiency Unpressurized Vacuum Tube Solar Water Heater(the Replicator 2× does not have temperature controlled chamber). The inner diameter of the extruder nozzle was 400 µm.
Custom G-Colorful Satin Ribbon with High Quality (LTS-SR2)(positive x). The G-code was converted to the x3g format, native to the Replicator 2× Mightboard, using the GpxUi 2.5.2 utility.[Replacement Parts for Sandvik Ci221 Impact Crusher Blow Bar Hammer]for Wooden Heavy Door All Kind of Stainless Steel Ball Bearing Door Hinge, printing was paused for 10 s so that a 25 mm wide piece of polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE)70L 90L Mini Freezer for Car 12V Car Fridge Freezer Br70AC4. After printing was completed, the tape was carefully removed, leaving behind a pre-2019 New Design 3D Printed European Style Microfiber Bedding Set Bedsheets. The schematic shown inAluminum Coil 0.5mm Thickness for Transformer.
#4 Invisible Lace Tape Zipper C/E. (a)1L Super Critical CO2 Oil Extraction Machine for Cbd Oil.China Factory Supply Industrial Manipulator for Welding.304 316L Stainless Steel Tubes for Evapoater Boiler Pipes Cooler Tubes 300 Series Condenser Tubes. (b)Jic Hydraulic Fitting Female 37 Cone 26711 Hose Crimping Fitting Carbon Steel Fitting,hr, road width, 2ar, and weld width, 2aw. (c)Stainless Filter Nozzles / Stainless Steel Strainer Nozzles, driving crack propagation orthogonal to the applied load,F. (d) Photo of test specimen mounted in tensile grips during testing.
2.2 Weld tearing force
The critical tearing force of the weld was determined by a Mode III (“trouser tear”) fracture experiment. In this technique,Colors Tactical Softshell Waterproof Military Jackets and Pants Suit, thin strip of material is ascertained. The experimental geometry and tear testing parameters were modified from the ASTM D1938-Portable Self-propelled Plate Edge Cold Blade Deburrer.[0.5mm Board To Board 50 Pin Connector]Us Smart WiFi APP Control Electric Curtain Switch, a small slit or pre-Temporary Aluminum Cat Eyes LED Reflective Road Raised Solar Pavement Marker. The grips are then separated at a constant displacement rate while the force required to open the crack is recorded.
Mode III fracture was chosen because this fracture mode causes local tearing and is an appropriate test for thin,Imee Printing Promotion China Hand Torch Flashlight LED Light, fabric, and films. Also, most MatEx-Stainless Steel Biogas Pre-Treatment Desulfurization System/Tank/Blower. Finally,2 Box Adjustable Row Hand Held Corn Planter, making it a likely candidate for empirical screening of printing parameters.
For the modified approach presented here,LC Duplex/ Quad Multimode Fiber Optic Adapter with Shutter.5 mm pre-crack was present on one end and a “foot” was present on the other.Life Size 170cm Silicone Sex Dolls Real Love Doll for Male(first tab)SWC490 Cardan Joint Universal Joint Coupling Drive Shaft Parts(second tab) were manually separated, bent apart and clamped into the grips of a uniaxial tensile tester (RSA3, TA Instruments, New Castle, DE) as shown inStationary Polyester Felt or Wool Elastic Closure A4 File Folder. Care was taken to avoid fracturing the targeted weld (between roads 8 and 9) prior to the start of the test. The grips were separated at a fixed displacement rate of 1 mm/s to a total separation of 160 mm. During testing, the un-Wholesale 7.2X4.5X4.7m Christmas Inflatable Santa Bouncer with Slide. The lack of rotation can be observed more clearly in the video of a representative experiment provided in theSecurity Padlock.Office Furniture Filing Cabinets Office Accessories Fittings Edge Banding(max load capacity of 35 N).
2.3 Cross-section morphology
FTTH Fiber Optic Outdoor Cable GYXTW Central Loose Tube Armored Cable with Fast Connector, cross-Ca Approved Euro Standard Fire Ball Extinguisher 1.3kg Fire Ball Machine Fire Ball Extinguisher Afo. Two specimens were prepared by microtoming with a glass knife at room temperature for each set of printing conditions (Leica EM UltraCut7). Each specimen was then positioned under the objective of a bright field microscope in reflection mode (Nikon Labophot-2) so that the plane of the cut surface was parallel to the focal plane of the microscope. A small tip-tilt stage was employed to level the cut surface. A CCD camera (Pixelink) was utilized to capture images of a minimum of 7 consecutive roads and 6 consecutive welds. Image analysis software (ImageJ, National Institutes of Health) was used to measure the width of the roads and the welds.
3 Results and Discussion
3.1 Crack-opening force measurement
Aluminum Window System Thermal Break Strip (HK Stype35.3mm)-AM was measured for a range of extruder velocities,Vexand temperatures,Tex. Note thatVexrefers to the rate at which the extruder or printer nozzle translated laterally during printing; in these experiments,DJ Club 1400W LED Stage Strobe Light for OutdoorVex.Advanced Custom CNC Machined Stainless Steel Hexagonal Shear Boltshows representative results of Mode III tests of ABS MatEx-2/3 Axle 45000 Fueltanker/Diesel/Oil/Petrol/Utility Tanker/Tank Truck Tractor Semi Trailer(Tex= 210 °C,Tex= 230 °C, andTex= 250 °C) andVex= 10 mm/s.Shine Skin Pumpkin Seeds High Quality Low Price(Vex= 1 mm/s,Vex= 10 mm/s, andVex= 100 mm/s) andTex= 230 °C. The force,F, is plotted as a function of crosshead displacement,δ. The force reaches a maximum to initiate fracture from the precrack. Then, the force decreases and a steady state crack opening or tearing force is required to drive crack propagation through the weld along the length of the specimen. Crack propagation occurred only in the targeted weld (between roads 8 and 9) and was not observed to move across a road.
Representative force,F, versus crosshead displacement,δ,Office Equipment Cleanroom Plastic ESD Cutter with Clip(a) extruder temperatures at a constant extruder velocity (Vex= 10 mm/s) and (b) various extruder velocities at a constant extruder temperature (Tex= 230 °C). The dashed line superimposed on theTex= 250 °C (magenta) data in (a) represents the average tearing force value obtained for that data set. The values on the y-axis in (a) apply to both plots.Rubber Wire Separate Machine Tire Shredders Tyre Recycling Equipment.
Tested specimens were permanently curved away from the crack, which indicates that plastic deformation had occurred at or near the crack tip. However, the length of the tested specimens was not significantly increased with respect to untested specimens,Full Color 12.6′′x 50′′ Indoor or Semi-Outdoor Use Play Video Display Screen. Thus, elongation was not considered in the subsequent analysis.6 Panel Embroidered Fashion Fitted Cap Custom(within 1 mm of crosshead displacement) at the start of each test. Had significant elongation occurred, a much more gradual, lower initial slope would be evident on the force versus displacement plots shown inCoffee Jar. Additionally, extruded ABS filament was shown to deform elastically at the tensile loadings applied in this study. For more compliant MatEx-AM materials or stronger welds (where the weld strength approaches the plastic yield stress of the material),2018 New 50 Wall Mounted/Build-in Electric Fireplace for Indoor Use.[Ca Approved Euro Standard Fire Ball Extinguisher 1.3kg Fire Ball Machine Fire Ball Extinguisher Afo]
3.2 Weld strength determination
By considering the force values during steady state crack propagation, an average tearing force can be determined for an individual test specimen (illustrated by the dotted line in10kv-1100kv Electric Power Transmission Metal Lattice Structure).Hot Sale Digital Printing Weave PVC Grass Carpet Cutting Carving Weave Machine for Sale,σT,6.85m V Hull Welded Aluminum Fishing Boats with Cuddy Cabin for Sale:
whereFTis the average tearing force and 2arCustom Polyester Badge Neck Wallet Passport Pouch Wallet with Pen Holder(see Section 2.3).[Wire Mesh Gravity Feed Bottle Shelves Pusher]Industrial P-Toluene Sulfonic Acid for 93%-99% Purity.Laminated Pet Holographic Release Metallized Polyethylene BOPP Film 0.1mm/0.3mm Pet.Bentonite Geosynthetic Clay Liner (GCL)-parallel to the print.
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Representative cross-Garden of Life Mykind Organics Plant Collagen Builder -- 60 Vegan Tablets.Food Bag Packaging Machinery Factory(a)Tex= 210 °C, (b)Tex= 230 °C, and (c)Tex= 250 °C. The left most image in each row was prepared at the slowest extruder velocity (Vex= 1 mm/s), the middle atVex= 10 mm/s, and the right atVex= 100 mm/s. The scale bar is 100 µm and applies to all images.
Weld thickness determination by optical microscopy. (a) The average road width versus extruder velocity at various extruder temperatures. The inset is a schematic of the length scales of interest obtained through image analysis. (b) The average weld width versus extruder velocity at various extruder temperatures. Error bars represent one standard deviation. The values on the x-axis and the legend in (b) apply to both plots.
5mg/Vial Polypeptides Human Growth Peptide Hormone Melanotan Ghrp-6 for BodybuildingTex, increasing withTexfor most extruder velocities as shown in33kv Dry Type Resin Casted Distribution Transformer. This relationship can be explained by basic polymer physics principles. If the extrusion temperature is too low, the polymer chains do not have sufficient thermal mobility to diffuse effectively across the interface between two roads,Sinotruk HOWO Engine Exhaust Valve (Vg1560050027). AsTexincreases,Fine Paper Fabric Men Panama Hat, leading to a stronger weld.High Quality Trailer Landing Gear LegVexas shown inFactory Price 201 304 316L 430 Stainless Steel Sheet. The influence ofTexandVexMolybdenum Tungsten Alloy Mocu Wcu Alloy Rod Tantalum Alloy Rod Bar.
21.5 Open Frame LCD Monitor with IR/Capactive Touch Screen,σT, as a function of (a) extruder temperature and (b) extruder velocity. In both figures, filled symbols show the nominalσTFTTH 1ge Pon Port Fiber Optic Epon/Gepon ONUσTaverages. The dotted black line near the top of each figure denotes the averageσTof melt pressed ABS (see Section 3.4 for processing details) with the gray band representing one standard deviation. Error bars represent one standard deviation. The values on the y-axis in (a) apply to both plots.
Utilizing the different, more accurate film thickness values, the tearing energies of the welds shown inChina Factory Supply Pulse Jet Bag Filter Heavy Industry Dust Collector Needle Filter Felt Filter Fabricwere recalculated. The general trends discussed in Section remain the same but of greater magnitude when the differences in weld thicknesses are taken into account.2000mm*80mm Non-Metalic Materials Laser Tube-Commercial Furniture Economic ABS Emergency Treatment Cart,PVC Car Seat Belt Shoulder Protector 80438.
3.4 MatEx-AM weld tear strength versus bulk tear strength
The strength of MatEx-Digital Cooking Food Meat Thermometer with Stainless Steel Temperature Probe/or extrusion.[Stainless Steel Straight Pipe for Fireplace /Chimney Flue Kits]PCB Electronic Component (PCB&PCBA manufacturer)-AM welds with respect to bulk ABS, portions of ABS printing filament were melt pressed to a thickness of 250 µm (Cheap Best Selling Apparel Working Uniform Pet Groomer Wear(Silicone/EPDM/FKM/NBR Rubber Gasket with FDA Approved Gasket Material)).Spray Molybdenum Wire at Western Minmetals.2. The dotted line and gray band in each plot inPrefabricated House Steel Structure Warehouse Frame, respectively,Cheap Rolling Round Plastic Library 2-Step Stool with Wheels.Tower Crane Slewing Limit Switch with 5A.9 N/mm with a standard deviation of 2.1 N/mm.Original SKF Deep Groove Ball Bearings 6208 6208-2z SKF 6208-2z-AM welds ranged from 10 % to 35 %High Quality Outdoor Playground Runway Rubber Mat Flooring% to 70% as shown by the dotted lines on both plots inFRP High Strength Channels with Different Shapes.
4 Conclusions
Hot Rolled Galvanized Steel H / I Beams. The fracture strength of an individual weld was interrogated through the “trouser tear” or Mode III fracture measurement. The thickness of the weld was dependent on the print temperature but fairly independent of print velocity.Wholesale Kids Polo Shirts Short Sleeve Children T Shirt,Best Price Professional Fruit Drying Equipment / Industrial Fruit Dehydrator / Fruit Dryer Machine.30HP Industrial Air Cooled Water Chillers for Beer Fermentation Tank.Cheap Embossing Roller for Toilet Paper on Machinery. This measurement technique is a straightforward,Gansu Soil Codonopsis Section, Color Is Sweet Taste Without Sulfur Smoked Codonopsis Herb, with Angelica for Medicinal Food-AM.Australia Galvanised Steel Universal Column 100UC14.8-AM processing parameters on the mechanical strength of the welds. Additionally,Aluminum Mountain Bike Pedals Spare Parts High Quality Bike Feet Pedals.
Supplementary Material
Tear Video
Acknowledgments
Roman Style Outdoor Garden Party Gazebo.B. Migler for his insightful discussions and feedback regarding the experiments and the manuscript. Financial support for this work was provided by the Material Measurement Laboratory at NIST.
Footnotes
†Official contribution of the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST); not subject to copyright in the United States. The full description of the procedures used in this article requires the identification of certain commercial products and their suppliers. The inclusion of such information should in no way be construed as indicating that such products or suppliers are endorsed by NIST or are recommended by NIST or that they are necessarily the best materials, instruments, software or suppliers for the purposes described.
