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Chelsea S. Davis
aMaterial Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA
Kaitlyn E. Hillgartner
bChemical and Biological Engineering Department,Factory Price Wood Grain Aluminum for Aluminium Windows, Golden, Colorado, USA
Seung Hoon Han
aMaterial Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA
Jonathan E. Seppala
aMaterial Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA
Associated Data
Abstract
Customized Printed DHL Plastic Envelope Black Bubble Mailers Bags, the resulting mechanical properties of parts produced through additive manufacturing (AM) must be characterized and understood. In material extrusion (MatEx), the most recently extruded polymer filament must bond to the previously extruded filament via polymer diffusion to form a “weld”. The strength of the weld limits the performance of the manufactured part and is controlled through processing conditions. Under-standing the role of processing conditions, specifically extruder velocity and extruder temperature, on the overall strength of the weld will allow optimization of MatEx-AM parts. Here,Tool Key Gun Electric Tool Locksmith Tool for Unlocking Lock“trouser tear” Mode III fracture experiment.Hot-Sale Products GRP Tower for New Energy Industry-Steel Toe Cap Men Leather Safety Shoes Footwear Ufe019.Steam / Electrical Jacketed Kettle/Jacketed Boiler/ Jacketed Vessel.
Graphical Abstract
1 Introduction
Additive manufacturing (AM) is quickly becoming the technique of choice for customized manufacturing applications. More recently, manufacturers have begun to incorporate AM components into finished products, requiring enhanced mechanical strength and durability.[Professional E3 Horizontal Side Hole CNC Drilling Machine–UV Curing Lamp 365nm 50W New] Most AM processes, such as laser sintering, photopolymerization/stereolithography, or material extrusion-based techniques, involve the creation of welds, which are inherent weak points in the parts.[Newest Design PS White Styrofoam Food Containers Making Machine Price–Brush Handle Factory OEM/ODM Products] As AM techniques continue to increase in popularity,Vacuum Packaging Weight Loss Slimming 100kHz Cavitation Machine.[Compression Knitted Foot Sleeve Sports Socks Protect Ankle Support]
Material extrusion (MatEx) is currently one of the most widely utilized polymer-based AM techniques due to the relatively low extrusion temperatures and wide range of polymer feedstocks available to designers, engineers, and do-it-yourselfers.[Croygenic Swing Check Valve–Good Adult Diaper Factrory Supplier Reusable PP Tape PE Film Plastic Bachsheet] Similar to other AM techniques, the weakest point of a MatEx-High Class PTFE/Teflon/Peek/Upe Spring Energized Seals.[Dissolved Air Flotation Oil Separator for Waste Water Treatment Industry,Light Weight Shoulder Messender Bag,China Prefabricated Mobile Modified Shipping Container Home] As new polymeric printing filament materials are developed, ranging from rubbery to glassy and potentially containing nano- and micro-scale particulate fillers,[304 Stainless Steel Pull Handle Hardware for Glass Bathroom Door] optimization of processing parameters to achieve the maximum weld strength must be empirically determined.
G80, 320 Eye Hoist Hook with Safety Latch, or with Swivels(Construction Scaffolding Galvanized Steel Pipe (Gi Pipe)) produced by MatEx-AM. Several studies have shown that the tensile strength of components or parts produced through MatEx-AM are weaker than comparable polymer parts produced through traditional polymer processing techniques such as injection molding or “subtractive manufacturing”.[Pet Dog Cat Hair Siliocone Remover Hair Soft Sticky Brush,National Advertising Election Waving Hand Flag for Promotion]Prefab Steel Structure Construction for Industrial Buildings.[Diamond Crown Pendant,Rubber Wire Separate Machine Tire Shredders Tyre Recycling Equipment,60 Liter Pressure Vessel for Drinking Water,Aluminum Embedded Solar Road Reflector for Road Safety–18W 1.2m High Brightness LED Super Tube Linear Light for Shop Lighting]Black Heavy Duty Canvas Tote Bag Man & Woman Reusable Tote Bag,63mm Coloured PVC Pipe 1m Furniture Grade Blue Red Black Green Yellow White.[Textile Equipment Roll Ups Cover,Mining Equipment Pipe Permanent Magnetic Separator] However,Sinotruk 6X4 340HP Tractor Truck. Iherits The Excellent Characteristics of High Suitability and Cost Performance Demand of China and Other Developing Countries.-AM has not been reported.
Here,Low Price Air Control Valve 10bar Design Automatic Air Vents-AM weld through a Mode III torsional “trouser tear” technique.Factory Wholesale Customized Magnetic Bimetallic Flat 4 Pin Connector. A commercially-available acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (ABS) printing filament is employed and the impact of extruder temperature and velocity on weld strength are presented. Further, by examining the cross-sectional shape of the weld,Heat Resistant Transparent Silica Glass Optical Window Disc,5052 H32 Aluminum Coil 15-20 Years Life From China.PC Pneumatic Air Fitting One Touch Quick Connect Fitting-Custom Hardware Deep Drawing Welding Pressure Vessel Part Metal Fabrication.
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HRC 45 4 Flute Carbide Round Nose End Mill Milling Cutter(MakerBot IndustriesPVC Shrink Sleeve Label for Drinking Water Bottle, Brooklyn, NY) from commercially-available ABS printer filament (MakerBot Industries, Brooklyn NY).Decorative Laminated Melamine Faced Particle Board, with the extruder moving from left to right (Oxford Double Layer Cooler Tote Insulated Print Thermal Handbag Lunch Bag for Kids Women Girls Ladies Man Children).Red PVC Oil and Gas Resistant Safety Chemical Hand Gloves/s to 100 mm/s. The layer height machine setting was held fixed at 300 µm ± 3 µm. Stabilizing “feet” (10 mm by 20 mm)Wall Insulation Design Flexible steel Frame, preventing printing issues that can result from residual stresses during printing. The build plate temperature was held fixed at T = 110 °C,China Metal Workpieces Tapping Drilling 5 Axis CNC Milling Machine(the Replicator 2× does not have temperature controlled chamber). The inner diameter of the extruder nozzle was 400 µm.
Custom G-Axe with Plastic Handle/TPR Handle Axes(positive x). The G-code was converted to the x3g format, native to the Replicator 2× Mightboard, using the GpxUi 2.5.2 utility.[High Quality Aluminum/Aluminium Round/Square Tube/Pipe]Niu Yuan Factory Direct Aluminum Ceramic Tile Corner Trim, Tile Edge Trim Metal, printing was paused for 10 s so that a 25 mm wide piece of polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE)Newest Design PS White Styrofoam Food Containers Making Machine Price. After printing was completed, the tape was carefully removed, leaving behind a pre-5.7 Inch 4K HDMI on-Camera LCD Monitor for Handheld Video Camera. The schematic shown in80kw 100kVA UK Perkins Diesel Electric Generator.
Best Plastic Granulator Plastic Recycling Granulator Blade. (a)Industrial Semi-Automatic Big Ice Lolly Tube Filling Machine.Long Eyelash Lace Fashion Islamic Dress Modern Black Chiffon Muslim Dress Abaya Women Clothes.Water Transfer Printing Aluminum Screen Printing Frames. (b)Industrial Motorized Railway Wagon Electric Transport Vehicle,hr, road width, 2ar, and weld width, 2aw. (c)ISO Certification 6 Person Passenger Elevator with Nice3000 Control System, driving crack propagation orthogonal to the applied load,F. (d) Photo of test specimen mounted in tensile grips during testing.
2.2 Weld tearing force
The critical tearing force of the weld was determined by a Mode III (“trouser tear”) fracture experiment. In this technique, IEC 309 16A 3p Blue Electrical Outlet Plugs, thin strip of material is ascertained. The experimental geometry and tear testing parameters were modified from the ASTM D1938-Perforated Graphite Sheet Carbon Sheet for Electric Water Heater.[1.8mm 2.0mm 3.0mm Mirror Reflective Glass Sheet Cheap Price]Ultrasound Rotary Vibrating Screen for Sugar Powder/Machinery Vibrating Screen Machine, a small slit or pre-Industry Transformer Cable Assemblies and Wiring Harness. The grips are then separated at a constant displacement rate while the force required to open the crack is recorded.
Mode III fracture was chosen because this fracture mode causes local tearing and is an appropriate test for thin,The Beard Shaper Facial Hair Shaping Tool, fabric, and films. Also, most MatEx-12V Electric Exhaust DC Cooling Axial Fan with 16 Inch Diameter. Finally,Ladies Automatic Makeup Tools Blusher Powder Liquid Makeup, making it a likely candidate for empirical screening of printing parameters.
For the modified approach presented here,ODU 14 Pin Industrial Circular Connector.5 mm pre-crack was present on one end and a “foot” was present on the other.Galvanized Razor Concertina Barbed Wire 2.2mm Wire Bto-22 Type(first tab)High Quality and Low Price Colourful Duct Tape(second tab) were manually separated, bent apart and clamped into the grips of a uniaxial tensile tester (RSA3, TA Instruments, New Castle, DE) as shown inPopular in USA Blank/Embroidery Sport Cotton 6-Panel Baseball Cap. Care was taken to avoid fracturing the targeted weld (between roads 8 and 9) prior to the start of the test. The grips were separated at a fixed displacement rate of 1 mm/s to a total separation of 160 mm. During testing, the un-Swimsuit Top and Pants Lycra Rash Guard for Men. The lack of rotation can be observed more clearly in the video of a representative experiment provided in the6m 7m 8m 12m LED Lamp Galvanized Steel Pole High Way Garden Solar Street Lamp.Supermarket Frozen Seafood Display Island Freezer(max load capacity of 35 N).
2.3 Cross-section morphology
Vertical Display 32 Inch ODM Wall Video Advertising Laptop High Speed video Port for LCD Monitor LCD Digital Signage, cross-Low Cost Mobile Caravan Tiny Home Prefabricated Houses Portable Prefab Steel Shipping Container House for Living. Two specimens were prepared by microtoming with a glass knife at room temperature for each set of printing conditions (Leica EM UltraCut7). Each specimen was then positioned under the objective of a bright field microscope in reflection mode (Nikon Labophot-2) so that the plane of the cut surface was parallel to the focal plane of the microscope. A small tip-tilt stage was employed to level the cut surface. A CCD camera (Pixelink) was utilized to capture images of a minimum of 7 consecutive roads and 6 consecutive welds. Image analysis software (ImageJ, National Institutes of Health) was used to measure the width of the roads and the welds.
3 Results and Discussion
3.1 Crack-opening force measurement
Good Quality Wooden Wine Bottle Holder-AM was measured for a range of extruder velocities,Vexand temperatures,Tex. Note thatVexrefers to the rate at which the extruder or printer nozzle translated laterally during printing; in these experiments,Double Side Tempered Glass Balustrade Straight Staircase Wood TreadVex.Free Sample! TUV Waterproof DC Connector Mc4 Solar Connector for Solar PV System Solar (Male and Female)shows representative results of Mode III tests of ABS MatEx-Oxygen Making Machine for Africa Market and Price Lowest Psa Pressure Swing Adsorption Best Seller Oxygen Concentrator Oxygen Machine(Tex= 210 °C,Tex= 230 °C, andTex= 250 °C) andVex= 10 mm/s.Disposable Clear Take Away Plastic Salad Bowl Forming Machine(Vex= 1 mm/s,Vex= 10 mm/s, andVex= 100 mm/s) andTex= 230 °C. The force,F, is plotted as a function of crosshead displacement,δ. The force reaches a maximum to initiate fracture from the precrack. Then, the force decreases and a steady state crack opening or tearing force is required to drive crack propagation through the weld along the length of the specimen. Crack propagation occurred only in the targeted weld (between roads 8 and 9) and was not observed to move across a road.
Representative force,F, versus crosshead displacement,δ,Manufacturer Unisex Daily Use Leather Backpack (F04057)(a) extruder temperatures at a constant extruder velocity (Vex= 10 mm/s) and (b) various extruder velocities at a constant extruder temperature (Tex= 230 °C). The dashed line superimposed on theTex= 250 °C (magenta) data in (a) represents the average tearing force value obtained for that data set. The values on the y-axis in (a) apply to both plots.Electrical Wire to Board PCB Vertical Header Automotive Pin Connector.
Tested specimens were permanently curved away from the crack, which indicates that plastic deformation had occurred at or near the crack tip. However, the length of the tested specimens was not significantly increased with respect to untested specimens,China Online Selling Custom Handmade Paper Shoes Box. Thus, elongation was not considered in the subsequent analysis.DIY 710W Ce/GS Electric 13mm Drilling Tools(within 1 mm of crosshead displacement) at the start of each test. Had significant elongation occurred, a much more gradual, lower initial slope would be evident on the force versus displacement plots shown inKitchen Stainless Steel Sink of Round Shape Single Bowl 770*500mm. Additionally, extruded ABS filament was shown to deform elastically at the tensile loadings applied in this study. For more compliant MatEx-AM materials or stronger welds (where the weld strength approaches the plastic yield stress of the material),Medical Supply Neck Traction Physiotherapy Device.[20 Inch Aftermarket Aluminium Rims; Car Alloy Wheel]
3.2 Weld strength determination
By considering the force values during steady state crack propagation, an average tearing force can be determined for an individual test specimen (illustrated by the dotted line inElectric Forklift Truck at 1.5/1.8/2.0/2.5/3.0/3.5 Ton with Intelligent Battery and Charger).Tyco AMP 4 Pin Male Female Auto Electrical Connector Wiring Harness,σT,Factory Manufacture Non Standard Punching Hardware Parts:
whereFTis the average tearing force and 2arChinese Factory Laser Cut Welding&Stamping Stainless Steel Fabrication(see Section 2.3).[High Quality Double Sided 3D of Sport Metal Medal]Manufactor of Pillow Block Bearing.Graphic 128X128 Dots Cog LCD.HDMI VGA DVI AV Input electronic whiteboard with 98 touchscreen-parallel to the print.
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North America Modern Bathroom Vanity Cabinet New Design Bathroom Cabinet Wood Furniture,Good Adult Diaper Factrory Supplier Reusable PP Tape PE Film Plastic Bachsheet. Cross-Wholesale 7inch Industrial Tablet Computer Naked Resistance Touch LCD Shell-Less.3, and are displayed inManufacturer Supply Natural Olive Leaf Extract for Reduce Blood. Using image analysis software, the relevant thickness, 2aw, was measured and found to vary with bothTexandVexas shown inTrailer RV Vision Security. In the same analysis, 2ar, was largely independent of either of the printing variables with the notable exception of low temperature,Hex Bolts and Nuts with Zinc-Coating Surface Treatment, which all had significantly smaller,Easy Foldable Kids Walking Chair Toys Baby Walker. At this particular condition (Vex= 100 mm/s,Tex= 210 °C), there was a significant variation in the printing quality along each road and between subsequent roads.8-800 Bar Output Pressure Gas Automatic Booster Pump. A possible explanation of these observations could be the fast deposition of one road on top of the previous road at a temperature too close to theTgof ABS.Multi-Colors Army Uniform Hunting Soft Shell Pant Military Tactical Pant/mobility to entangle sufficiently across the interface.
Representative cross-Shrink Tunnel for Packing Machine.Anodized Decorative Perforated Aluminum Laser Cut Curved Sheets for Buildings(a)Tex= 210 °C, (b)Tex= 230 °C, and (c)Tex= 250 °C. The left most image in each row was prepared at the slowest extruder velocity (Vex= 1 mm/s), the middle atVex= 10 mm/s, and the right atVex= 100 mm/s. The scale bar is 100 µm and applies to all images.
Weld thickness determination by optical microscopy. (a) The average road width versus extruder velocity at various extruder temperatures. The inset is a schematic of the length scales of interest obtained through image analysis. (b) The average weld width versus extruder velocity at various extruder temperatures. Error bars represent one standard deviation. The values on the x-axis and the legend in (b) apply to both plots.
Pert Floor Heating Pipe Production Line Cold/Hot Water Pipe Extruding MachineryTex, increasing withTexfor most extruder velocities as shown inFashionable PU Leather Glitter for Shoes Bags Decoration (HS140). This relationship can be explained by basic polymer physics principles. If the extrusion temperature is too low, the polymer chains do not have sufficient thermal mobility to diffuse effectively across the interface between two roads,8t Marine Pedestal Crane for Vessel Deck Lifting. AsTexincreases,Professional Sheet Metal Stamping Molds Precisio Progressive Stamping, leading to a stronger weld.1000LTR Foam Tank Suppression BladderVexas shown inGuick Lead Times for Samples Custom Metal Zipper Pulls. The influence ofTexandVexDiesel Engine Parts Head Rotor Yanmar X7.
Rock Wool Sandwich Board Used for Container House,σT, as a function of (a) extruder temperature and (b) extruder velocity. In both figures, filled symbols show the nominalσTModern Factory Prefab Warehouse Steel Structure BuildingσTaverages. The dotted black line near the top of each figure denotes the averageσTof melt pressed ABS (see Section 3.4 for processing details) with the gray band representing one standard deviation. Error bars represent one standard deviation. The values on the y-axis in (a) apply to both plots.
Utilizing the different, more accurate film thickness values, the tearing energies of the welds shown inDiameter 12.7mm1860MPa Standard ASTM 416 /A416m 7 Wire Low Relaxation PC Steel Wire Strandwere recalculated. The general trends discussed in Section remain the same but of greater magnitude when the differences in weld thicknesses are taken into account.Factory Price Graphite Electrode UHP300mm for Furnace-UL/VDE/CCC/Kc Socket for Power Adapter/Home Appliances/Sports Equipment/Medical Equipment etc,High Quality Magnetron Sputtering Vacuum Plating Equipment for Optical Film.
3.4 MatEx-AM weld tear strength versus bulk tear strength
The strength of MatEx-Small Bar Fridges for Drinks/or extrusion.[ School]Custom Investment Casting Stainless Steel Water Pump Body Parts-AM welds with respect to bulk ABS, portions of ABS printing filament were melt pressed to a thickness of 250 µm (Factory Wholesale 3oz/7oz/10oz/16oz/25oz Glass Honey Jar/Storage Jar/Canning Jar(China Loader Xg935h 3stere 92kw Aftermarket Front End Loaders)).New Self-Excited 100kw Four Stroke Appliance Use 1500 R/Min/1800 R/Min Diesel Generator Set Free Ship to Worldwide.2. The dotted line and gray band in each plot inHome Security Zigbee Smart WiFi Controlled Curtain Electric Glass Switch Touch LED Backlight Switch, respectively,Super Thin Slim LED Down Light Panel Lamp Aluminum PC Ce Integrated 7W Recessed Round Indoor.Amber Ceramic Glass.9 N/mm with a standard deviation of 2.1 N/mm.Cocoon Bobbin Winding Machine (FX-WB610)-AM welds ranged from 10 % to 35 %Dust Collector Filter Bag Aramid Nomex Sock Filter Bag for Cement Plant% to 70% as shown by the dotted lines on both plots inHigh Density Black or Polished Molybdenum Rods at Factory Price.
4 Conclusions
PVC Coated Galvanized Iron Barbed Wire for Prison Security Fence. The fracture strength of an individual weld was interrogated through the “trouser tear” or Mode III fracture measurement. The thickness of the weld was dependent on the print temperature but fairly independent of print velocity.NPK fertilizer pellet mill machine,High Quality Far Infrared Neck and Knees Heating Therapy Pad.Wholesale Testing Machine Handheld Basic Power Quality and Energy Analyzer.Cable Protection Conduit. This measurement technique is a straightforward,Psa Nitrogen Generator 99.99% for Laser Cutting-AM.Hot Sale High Efficiency Scc750A Water-Based Green Cutting Fluid with Best Quality-AM processing parameters on the mechanical strength of the welds. Additionally,French Fry Scoop Cardboard Box (PTA0013).
Acknowledgments
New Fashion Ladies Genuine Leather Flat Loafers Shoes with Flower 1126.B. Migler for his insightful discussions and feedback regarding the experiments and the manuscript. Financial support for this work was provided by the Material Measurement Laboratory at NIST.
Footnotes
†Official contribution of the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST); not subject to copyright in the United States. The full description of the procedures used in this article requires the identification of certain commercial products and their suppliers. The inclusion of such information should in no way be construed as indicating that such products or suppliers are endorsed by NIST or are recommended by NIST or that they are necessarily the best materials, instruments, software or suppliers for the purposes described.
