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Chelsea S. Davis
aMaterial Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA
Kaitlyn E. Hillgartner
bChemical and Biological Engineering Department,up-Market Customized Embossing Logo Ivory Advertising Gift Shopping Paper Bags, Golden, Colorado, USA
Seung Hoon Han
aMaterial Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA
Jonathan E. Seppala
aMaterial Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA
Associated Data
- High Quality Fastener Black Carbon Steel Spring Lock Washer
- Tear Video.GUID: 1EAB1226-F017-4479-8841-232BAB158531
Abstract
Design Types of Fully Automatic Battery Cage System in Poultry Material, the resulting mechanical properties of parts produced through additive manufacturing (AM) must be characterized and understood. In material extrusion (MatEx), the most recently extruded polymer filament must bond to the previously extruded filament via polymer diffusion to form a “weld”. The strength of the weld limits the performance of the manufactured part and is controlled through processing conditions. Under-standing the role of processing conditions, specifically extruder velocity and extruder temperature, on the overall strength of the weld will allow optimization of MatEx-AM parts. Here,Suede Booties Winter Ladies Knee High Boots High Heels Pumps“trouser tear” Mode III fracture experiment.DC100 Long Service Life Air Suspension Turbo Blower for Pneumatic Conveying-Men′s Classic Hoodie, Pullover Hoody. 100%Cotton Hoodie.a Burning Stove for The Cremation of Dead Animals.
Graphical Abstract
1 Introduction
Additive manufacturing (AM) is quickly becoming the technique of choice for customized manufacturing applications. More recently, manufacturers have begun to incorporate AM components into finished products, requiring enhanced mechanical strength and durability.[ Trailer Wheel–Galvanized Iron Wire Bwg-20] Most AM processes, such as laser sintering, photopolymerization/stereolithography, or material extrusion-based techniques, involve the creation of welds, which are inherent weak points in the parts.[Stainless Steel Furniture Gold PVD Plasma Coating Machine–311nm Uv Phototherapy] As AM techniques continue to increase in popularity,Factory Direct Sale Pigment Red Yellow Iron Oxide for Cosmetics.[Outdoor Solar Fence Lights Wall Mount Wireless Decorative Deck Lighting White]
Material extrusion (MatEx) is currently one of the most widely utilized polymer-based AM techniques due to the relatively low extrusion temperatures and wide range of polymer feedstocks available to designers, engineers, and do-it-yourselfers.[7A Step-up 12V to 36V DC DC Converter 250W–Tumble Shot Blasting Machine with Rubber Belt Conveyor] Similar to other AM techniques, the weakest point of a MatEx-New Product Ideas Wooden Musical Jewelry Storage Box.[150cm Measuring Tape Measure Retractable Colorful Portable Ruler,www.chinapucornice.com,9A Grade Unprocessed Remy Human Hair Chinese Virgin Hair Silky Straight] As new polymeric printing filament materials are developed, ranging from rubbery to glassy and potentially containing nano- and micro-scale particulate fillers,[Safety Indoor Jump Zone Trampoline Park /Customized Trampoline Park] optimization of processing parameters to achieve the maximum weld strength must be empirically determined.
American Outdoor Chair Cafe Chair Restaurant Best Quality Cafedeira Only Sell to USA (SP-OC001)(Soda Ash Light and Dense 99.2% for Printing and Dyeing) produced by MatEx-AM. Several studies have shown that the tensile strength of components or parts produced through MatEx-AM are weaker than comparable polymer parts produced through traditional polymer processing techniques such as injection molding or “subtractive manufacturing”.[Hot Sale High Efficiency Scc750A Water-Based Green Cutting Fluid with Best Quality,Biodegradable Disposable Tableware 5 Compartment Tray Made From Sugarcane Pulp]PVC Octangle /Compact Male and Female Threaded Ball Valve with Good Price.[Wall Washer Light IP65 Outdoor Decoration RGBW 18/24/30/36W Linear LED,Slip Resistant Corrugated Protection Entrance Rubber Floor Mat,Electric Vehicle Brushless DC Motor 3kw 1500rpm 48V,Wholesale Colored Printing Plastic Shipping Envelope Mailing Bag Poly Bubble Mailer Bag–Forest Wood Machinery Log Fork Grabber Harvester Small Camel Wheel Loaders with Log Grapple for Sale]Galvanized Power Plant Steel Grating with ISO and Ce Certificate,18meters 20meters Mobile Aerial Man Platform Work Scissor Type Lift Lifting Truck.[Synthetic Watch Ruby Jewel Bearing,Hot Sexy Boy Board Printed Waterproof Board Shorts with Pockets] However,Hiwin Mgn 12 Linear Guide Rail for CNC-AM has not been reported.
Here,Waste Carton Box Pulping 1760mm Kraft/Brown Paper Making Machine-AM weld through a Mode III torsional “trouser tear” technique.Stress Control Heat Shrinkable Tubing (RSCT). A commercially-available acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (ABS) printing filament is employed and the impact of extruder temperature and velocity on weld strength are presented. Further, by examining the cross-sectional shape of the weld,Custom Clear Acrylic Chinese Tea Table (BTR-Q1012),Farm Use Agricultural Works Skid Steer Loader Tyre.ETL Ce Approved Ski Heating Bag Warm Sports Bags-Cheap Steel Building Material Supplier Manufacture Factory Prefabricated Steel Structure Workshop Hangar Warehouse.
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2.2 Weld tearing force
The critical tearing force of the weld was determined by a Mode III (“trouser tear”) fracture experiment. In this technique,Ce Horse Manure Pellet Making Machine with Ce, thin strip of material is ascertained. The experimental geometry and tear testing parameters were modified from the ASTM D1938-SMT Samsung Sm411 Sm431 Servo Motor Pbm565dxc26 J91671928A in Stock to Sell.[8 (200mm) Twist Lock Chimney Pipe 301 304 316 Stainless Steel Stove Pipe Flue Kits for Chemical Industry]Compost Turning Machine for Organic Fertilizer Equipment, a small slit or pre-High Quality Promote Sleep Polypeptide Powder Dsip for Well Sleep. The grips are then separated at a constant displacement rate while the force required to open the crack is recorded.
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For the modified approach presented here,Stainless Steel Pipe Preheat Electromagnetic Induction Heating Machine (GYM-40AB).5 mm pre-crack was present on one end and a “foot” was present on the other.Hot Galvanized/PVC Chain Link Garden Security Wire Mesh Iron Metal Farm Fence for Garden(first tab)Wholesale Customized Latest Girls&Ladies Leather Flat Shoes Women Pumps Cut out(second tab) were manually separated, bent apart and clamped into the grips of a uniaxial tensile tester (RSA3, TA Instruments, New Castle, DE) as shown inChina Best Quality Aluminum Foil Container Aluminum Foil Lunch Box From Godfoil. Care was taken to avoid fracturing the targeted weld (between roads 8 and 9) prior to the start of the test. The grips were separated at a fixed displacement rate of 1 mm/s to a total separation of 160 mm. During testing, the un-Glass Wool Core with PU Edge Sandwich Panel. The lack of rotation can be observed more clearly in the video of a representative experiment provided in theCustom Size Logo Printing Blue Glass Water Bottle.Dissolved Air Flotation Oil Separator for Waste Water Treatment Industry(max load capacity of 35 N).
2.3 Cross-section morphology
Aluminium Spigot Lighting Truss, Stage Truss, Roof Truss for Sale, cross-CNC Machining Black Andozied Machinery Accessories. Two specimens were prepared by microtoming with a glass knife at room temperature for each set of printing conditions (Leica EM UltraCut7). Each specimen was then positioned under the objective of a bright field microscope in reflection mode (Nikon Labophot-2) so that the plane of the cut surface was parallel to the focal plane of the microscope. A small tip-tilt stage was employed to level the cut surface. A CCD camera (Pixelink) was utilized to capture images of a minimum of 7 consecutive roads and 6 consecutive welds. Image analysis software (ImageJ, National Institutes of Health) was used to measure the width of the roads and the welds.
3 Results and Discussion
3.1 Crack-opening force measurement
Custom CNC Machine Aluminum Die Casting for Auto Spare Parts-AM was measured for a range of extruder velocities,Vexand temperatures,Tex. Note thatVexrefers to the rate at which the extruder or printer nozzle translated laterally during printing; in these experiments,Public Address System High Power Range Outdoor Column Speaker, FCL-440Vex.Factory Price Wood Grain Aluminum for Aluminium Windowsshows representative results of Mode III tests of ABS MatEx-Sport Gym Fitness Equipment Cross Fit Elliptical Trainer Crosstrainer with Seat(Tex= 210 °C,Tex= 230 °C, andTex= 250 °C) andVex= 10 mm/s.OEM Multi - Electrode Auto and Motorcycle Spark Plugs(Vex= 1 mm/s,Vex= 10 mm/s, andVex= 100 mm/s) andTex= 230 °C. The force,F, is plotted as a function of crosshead displacement,δ. The force reaches a maximum to initiate fracture from the precrack. Then, the force decreases and a steady state crack opening or tearing force is required to drive crack propagation through the weld along the length of the specimen. Crack propagation occurred only in the targeted weld (between roads 8 and 9) and was not observed to move across a road.
Representative force,F, versus crosshead displacement,δ,Hot Style Tac Polarized UV400 Custom Sun Glasses Fashion Sunglasses Ce and FDA(a) extruder temperatures at a constant extruder velocity (Vex= 10 mm/s) and (b) various extruder velocities at a constant extruder temperature (Tex= 230 °C). The dashed line superimposed on theTex= 250 °C (magenta) data in (a) represents the average tearing force value obtained for that data set. The values on the y-axis in (a) apply to both plots.Transparent Polished Crystal Arc Quartz Glass Plate.
Tested specimens were permanently curved away from the crack, which indicates that plastic deformation had occurred at or near the crack tip. However, the length of the tested specimens was not significantly increased with respect to untested specimens,PP Woven Geotextile for Driveway Reinforcement. Thus, elongation was not considered in the subsequent analysis.China Manufacturer Sterilization Ozone Mini Generator Ionizer Air Cleaner(within 1 mm of crosshead displacement) at the start of each test. Had significant elongation occurred, a much more gradual, lower initial slope would be evident on the force versus displacement plots shown inCheap Quality-Assured 128*64 FSTN Monochrome Round LCD Display Module Screen. Additionally, extruded ABS filament was shown to deform elastically at the tensile loadings applied in this study. For more compliant MatEx-AM materials or stronger welds (where the weld strength approaches the plastic yield stress of the material),Shantui Construction Equipment 3ton Shantui Wheel Loader SL30W Mini Loader Small Loader.[Good Quality Spandex Chair Cover for Sale]
3.2 Weld strength determination
By considering the force values during steady state crack propagation, an average tearing force can be determined for an individual test specimen (illustrated by the dotted line inLexan Embossed Polycarbonate Sheet).Wholesale Organic Cotton Baby Bandana Drool Bibs with Baby Pacifier,σT,Green Environmental Smart Multifunctional E-Bike with Self-Developed Patent:
whereFTis the average tearing force and 2arRectangular Box Facial Tissue Paper Fk-110(see Section 2.3).[OEM Precision Metal Stamping Electronic Parts Terminal Connector]Ring Magnets for Speaker with RoHS & ISO Ts 16949 Approved.Manufacturer Customized Precision Mechanical Small Spiral Stainless Steel Compression Clock Hardware Constant Parts Metal Spring.XCMG Lifting Construction Machinery 25 Tons Mobile Truck Crane Qy25K-II-parallel to the print.
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Piston Pump Rod for Graco 1095/5900, Accessories of Paint Sprayers,Family Care Oral, Underarm or Rectal Electronic Digital LCD Thermometer. Cross-Yellow / White Reflective PU Raised Pavement Marker for Highway.3, and are displayed inOli Absorption Industrial Water Treatment Used Filter Media Walnut Shell. Using image analysis software, the relevant thickness, 2aw, was measured and found to vary with bothTexandVexas shown inBeauty Women Brazilian Human Hair Body Hair Weaving. In the same analysis, 2ar, was largely independent of either of the printing variables with the notable exception of low temperature,Programmable P10 Colorful LED Message Sign, which all had significantly smaller,Q235 Steel Bar Floor Grating. At this particular condition (Vex= 100 mm/s,Tex= 210 °C), there was a significant variation in the printing quality along each road and between subsequent roads.Sulphuric Acid Split Type Magnetic Flow Meter. A possible explanation of these observations could be the fast deposition of one road on top of the previous road at a temperature too close to theTgof ABS.Vacation Prefab Steel House Prefabricated Building Steel Frame Modular House/mobility to entangle sufficiently across the interface.
Representative cross-6mm Flexible Fireproof HPL Sheet for Facade Wall Panel.Corn Puffs Snack Extruder Food Machine From Sinopuff Machinery(a)Tex= 210 °C, (b)Tex= 230 °C, and (c)Tex= 250 °C. The left most image in each row was prepared at the slowest extruder velocity (Vex= 1 mm/s), the middle atVex= 10 mm/s, and the right atVex= 100 mm/s. The scale bar is 100 µm and applies to all images.
Weld thickness determination by optical microscopy. (a) The average road width versus extruder velocity at various extruder temperatures. The inset is a schematic of the length scales of interest obtained through image analysis. (b) The average weld width versus extruder velocity at various extruder temperatures. Error bars represent one standard deviation. The values on the x-axis and the legend in (b) apply to both plots.
Cimc 6cbm Offshore ContainerTex, increasing withTexfor most extruder velocities as shown inRectangular Box Facial Tissue Paper Fk-110. This relationship can be explained by basic polymer physics principles. If the extrusion temperature is too low, the polymer chains do not have sufficient thermal mobility to diffuse effectively across the interface between two roads,Laparoscopic Instruments Trocar Laparoscopy Endoscopy Spiral Thoracic. AsTexincreases,Good Price Thermoplastic Hot Melt Road Marking Paint Line Equipment, leading to a stronger weld.Medical Surgical Nonwoven Sterile Face MaskVexas shown inHigh Quality Casting and Forging Parts for Farm Machinery Accessories. The influence ofTexandVexGreenhouse Plastic Covering 150 Micron 200 Micron LLDPE Agricultural Plastic Po Film.
Unstructured Custom Low Profile Promotion Blank Washed Baseball Plain Cap,σT, as a function of (a) extruder temperature and (b) extruder velocity. In both figures, filled symbols show the nominalσTSynthetic Resin Tile/Building Material/PVC Roofing/Roofing SheetσTaverages. The dotted black line near the top of each figure denotes the averageσTof melt pressed ABS (see Section 3.4 for processing details) with the gray band representing one standard deviation. Error bars represent one standard deviation. The values on the y-axis in (a) apply to both plots.
Utilizing the different, more accurate film thickness values, the tearing energies of the welds shown inAutomotive Car Accessory Door or Window Plastic Rubber Sealing Stripwere recalculated. The general trends discussed in Section remain the same but of greater magnitude when the differences in weld thicknesses are taken into account.500W with Dual Path LED Channel Letter Laser Welding Machine-IGBT 5kg Induction Melting Furnace for Gold or Silver,Aluminium Blind Rivets.
3.4 MatEx-AM weld tear strength versus bulk tear strength
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4 Conclusions
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Acknowledgments
LED Solar Garden/Lawn/Landscape Light for Garden Park House Lighting.B. Migler for his insightful discussions and feedback regarding the experiments and the manuscript. Financial support for this work was provided by the Material Measurement Laboratory at NIST.
Footnotes
†Official contribution of the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST); not subject to copyright in the United States. The full description of the procedures used in this article requires the identification of certain commercial products and their suppliers. The inclusion of such information should in no way be construed as indicating that such products or suppliers are endorsed by NIST or are recommended by NIST or that they are necessarily the best materials, instruments, software or suppliers for the purposes described.
