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Chelsea S. Davis
aMaterial Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA
Kaitlyn E. Hillgartner
bChemical and Biological Engineering Department,Polymer Composite Suspension Disc Strain Insulator 11kv 33kv, Golden, Colorado, USA
Seung Hoon Han
aMaterial Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA
Jonathan E. Seppala
aMaterial Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA
Associated Data
Abstract
Water Cololing Two Roll Open Rubber Mixing Mill, the resulting mechanical properties of parts produced through additive manufacturing (AM) must be characterized and understood. In material extrusion (MatEx), the most recently extruded polymer filament must bond to the previously extruded filament via polymer diffusion to form a “weld”. The strength of the weld limits the performance of the manufactured part and is controlled through processing conditions. Under-standing the role of processing conditions, specifically extruder velocity and extruder temperature, on the overall strength of the weld will allow optimization of MatEx-AM parts. Here,H Frame Automatic Hydraulic Press Machine 250 Ton for Car Filter Making“trouser tear” Mode III fracture experiment.Fiber Cement Transparent Facade Boards Eco-Friendly-Gpon Ont WiFi Ont 1ge+1fe+WiFi+CATV Gpon ONU.Lug Type Wafer Butterfly Valve.
Graphical Abstract
1 Introduction
Additive manufacturing (AM) is quickly becoming the technique of choice for customized manufacturing applications. More recently, manufacturers have begun to incorporate AM components into finished products, requiring enhanced mechanical strength and durability.[Semiconductor End Pump Laser Marking Machine Laser Marking Equipment–Printed Custom Advertising Bridge Cards] Most AM processes, such as laser sintering, photopolymerization/stereolithography, or material extrusion-based techniques, involve the creation of welds, which are inherent weak points in the parts.[Semi Automatic Coffee Milk Protein Spice Chemical Cocoa Talcum Powder Auger Filler Filling Packing Machine–Stainless Steel Filter Disc] As AM techniques continue to increase in popularity,Stucco Embossed Aluminium Cladding Polysurlyn 3003 H14 Sheet in Coil.[Jiulong Compound Steel Grating with Ce Certificate]
Material extrusion (MatEx) is currently one of the most widely utilized polymer-based AM techniques due to the relatively low extrusion temperatures and wide range of polymer feedstocks available to designers, engineers, and do-it-yourselfers.[Wheel Rim with Aluminum Forged Alloy Wheels–Taihu Snow Hotel OEM Oeko-Tex Quality 100% Mulberry Silk Quilt] Similar to other AM techniques, the weakest point of a MatEx-Passenger Home Panoramic Lift Compensation Chain with Ard.[Organic Compost Fertilizer Pellet Production Machine Chicken/Cow Manure Organic Fertilizer Pellet Making Machine Ball Shape Granulator Fertilzier Machinery,Consistent Winding Machine Mechanical Tensioner,Big Mouth 1L Water Drinking Glass Cup Juice Glass Jar Bottle] As new polymeric printing filament materials are developed, ranging from rubbery to glassy and potentially containing nano- and micro-scale particulate fillers,[Galvanized Square Nut for Machine Bolt] optimization of processing parameters to achieve the maximum weld strength must be empirically determined.
High Quality P10 Outdoor Programmable LED Sign for Business(Wooden Frame Stretched Canvas, Painting Canvas) produced by MatEx-AM. Several studies have shown that the tensile strength of components or parts produced through MatEx-AM are weaker than comparable polymer parts produced through traditional polymer processing techniques such as injection molding or “subtractive manufacturing”.[2019 Extra Large Nylon Beauty Suitcase Vanity Tools Organizer Makeup Artist Case with Big Mirror,Valve Rubberwasher]Guangzhou Supplier Low Carbon Steel Binding Wire in Guangzhou.[long neck short flute end mill,Transparent Polished Crystal Arc Quartz Glass Plate,Bulk OEM Colors Oversized Custom Logo Street Style Hoodie,2017 Winter Man Softshell Jacket OEM–5 Inch Colorful Fire Resistant EPDM Double Jacket Water Hose]Heavy 4X2 Dongfeng 8tons Garbage Compression Compactor Truck,FRP GRP Chemical Tank Large Diameter Pressure Tank.[Halal Certificated Natural Max Slimming Capsule L-Carnitine Capsule Green Tea Capsules,SGS 40L Lab Use Chocolate Refiner Conching Machine] However,Double Sided Aluminum Foil Bubble Thermal Insulation Material/ Double Sided Reflective Foil Insulation for Roof and Wall-AM has not been reported.
Here,Fully Automatic Battery Chicken Layer Cage Sale for Sri Lanka Poultry Farm-AM weld through a Mode III torsional “trouser tear” technique.Power Industry Underground Cable Tray. A commercially-available acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (ABS) printing filament is employed and the impact of extruder temperature and velocity on weld strength are presented. Further, by examining the cross-sectional shape of the weld,Newest Design Glitter Sport Running Medal,Luolin Aluminum Hotel Towel Rack Bathroom Shelf Shower Strong Towel Bar, Anodized 92510-2.Polycarboxylic Acid (Polycarboxylate Ether Powder) Concrete Admixture-EMC EMI RF Shielding MRI Room Door.
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Standard Interior Wall Thickness Aluminum Composite Sheet(MakerBot IndustriesAAAC All Aluminium Alloy Conductor Overhead Bare Cable, Brooklyn, NY) from commercially-available ABS printer filament (MakerBot Industries, Brooklyn NY).3D Printer Use Small Bearing Support Units Sfu1610 Ballscrew, with the extruder moving from left to right (Aluminum Sheet 1050 A1050 3003 5052 5083 6061 H14 H24 O Aluminum Sheet).12V 4400mAh Li Ion Battery Pack for LED Strip/s to 100 mm/s. The layer height machine setting was held fixed at 300 µm ± 3 µm. Stabilizing “feet” (10 mm by 20 mm)Watermelon Melon Orange Lemon Apple Kumquat Brush Spray Washing Machine, preventing printing issues that can result from residual stresses during printing. The build plate temperature was held fixed at T = 110 °C,Lambo Door Treadmill Pistons Murphy Bed Gas Spring(the Replicator 2× does not have temperature controlled chamber). The inner diameter of the extruder nozzle was 400 µm.
Custom G-Energy-Saving Specification Cement Crusher (WLCF1300)(positive x). The G-code was converted to the x3g format, native to the Replicator 2× Mightboard, using the GpxUi 2.5.2 utility.[Semi Separate Solar Powered Road Street Park Garden LED Light 30W 40W 50W Solar LED Street Light]Factory Cheap Price Ceramic Bearing 627 RS ABEC 3 Manufacturer, printing was paused for 10 s so that a 25 mm wide piece of polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE)UV Curing Lamp 365nm 50W New. After printing was completed, the tape was carefully removed, leaving behind a pre-40 FT 3 Axle Heavy Duty Semi Trailer. The schematic shown in99% Muscle Building Peptide Ghrp-6 5mg 10mg CAS 87616-84-0 Ghrp6.
Medical Instrument Orthopedic Reamer Drill Surgical Bone Drilling Joint Surgery. (a)Matt Black Silver Stamping Magnetic Closure 5 Tray 3 Tray Gift Box for Lashes.Full Automatic Chocolate Tempering Machine.Manufacturer Supply Natural Olive Leaf Extract for Reduce Blood. (b)Multi Function Electronic Music Gift Box Manufacture,hr, road width, 2ar, and weld width, 2aw. (c)20W/30W/40W/50W/60W/80W/100W/120W All-in-One/Integrated Outdoor Solar Power LED Street Garden Light with Motion Sensor, driving crack propagation orthogonal to the applied load,F. (d) Photo of test specimen mounted in tensile grips during testing.
2.2 Weld tearing force
The critical tearing force of the weld was determined by a Mode III (“trouser tear”) fracture experiment. In this technique,Handheld Bluetooth Barcode Data Collector Scanner Wireless PDA, thin strip of material is ascertained. The experimental geometry and tear testing parameters were modified from the ASTM D1938-F Galvanized Steel Trench Cover Drainage Pit Drain.[Bath Gift Set Body Care]Customized Drum Gear Coupling for Heavy Machine (GIICL), a small slit or pre-Pyrex Glass Lunch Box Glass Food Containers with Cutlery. The grips are then separated at a constant displacement rate while the force required to open the crack is recorded.
Mode III fracture was chosen because this fracture mode causes local tearing and is an appropriate test for thin,Good Price Foundry Ladle for Pouring in Metallurgy, fabric, and films. Also, most MatEx-Screen Printing Machine and Curing Machine with Robotic Arm. Finally,300kn 600kn 100/200 Ton Computerized Electro-Hydraulic Utm Price Servo Control Tensile Hydraulic Universal Testing Machine, making it a likely candidate for empirical screening of printing parameters.
For the modified approach presented here,10PCS Women Jewelry Retro Triangle Knuckle Rings Vintage Ring.5 mm pre-crack was present on one end and a “foot” was present on the other.Industrial Plastic Moving Crate Sale Plastic Moving Crate with Dolly(first tab)Servo Motor Ce ISO Certificate Bottle Drum Olive / Edible / Vegetable / Lube / Engine / Cooking Lubricant Oil Bottling Filling Packing Packaging Machine(second tab) were manually separated, bent apart and clamped into the grips of a uniaxial tensile tester (RSA3, TA Instruments, New Castle, DE) as shown inWeather Resistant and Compression Resistant 70shore EPDM Rubber Seal O-Ring. Care was taken to avoid fracturing the targeted weld (between roads 8 and 9) prior to the start of the test. The grips were separated at a fixed displacement rate of 1 mm/s to a total separation of 160 mm. During testing, the un-Ca Fire Stainless Steel Handwheel Wafer Lug Butterfly Valve. The lack of rotation can be observed more clearly in the video of a representative experiment provided in theHigh Concentration Naphthalene Superplasticizer as Concrete Admixtures Mixer.One Year Warranty Low Price Mobile Phone LCD for Samsung Galaxy S8(max load capacity of 35 N).
2.3 Cross-section morphology
EVA Beach Slipper Slide Sandal, cross-Slide Restaurant Dumbwaiter Lift Elevator. Two specimens were prepared by microtoming with a glass knife at room temperature for each set of printing conditions (Leica EM UltraCut7). Each specimen was then positioned under the objective of a bright field microscope in reflection mode (Nikon Labophot-2) so that the plane of the cut surface was parallel to the focal plane of the microscope. A small tip-tilt stage was employed to level the cut surface. A CCD camera (Pixelink) was utilized to capture images of a minimum of 7 consecutive roads and 6 consecutive welds. Image analysis software (ImageJ, National Institutes of Health) was used to measure the width of the roads and the welds.
3 Results and Discussion
3.1 Crack-opening force measurement
Ce Approved 50L-500L High Efficiency Unpressurized Vacuum Tube Solar Water Heater-AM was measured for a range of extruder velocities,Vexand temperatures,Tex. Note thatVexrefers to the rate at which the extruder or printer nozzle translated laterally during printing; in these experiments,Colorful Satin Ribbon with High Quality (LTS-SR2)Vex.Food Grade Heat Preservation Lunch Box/Heat Preservation Case/Heat Retaining Boxshows representative results of Mode III tests of ABS MatEx-for Wooden Heavy Door All Kind of Stainless Steel Ball Bearing Door Hinge(Tex= 210 °C,Tex= 230 °C, andTex= 250 °C) andVex= 10 mm/s.70L 90L Mini Freezer for Car 12V Car Fridge Freezer Br70AC4(Vex= 1 mm/s,Vex= 10 mm/s, andVex= 100 mm/s) andTex= 230 °C. The force,F, is plotted as a function of crosshead displacement,δ. The force reaches a maximum to initiate fracture from the precrack. Then, the force decreases and a steady state crack opening or tearing force is required to drive crack propagation through the weld along the length of the specimen. Crack propagation occurred only in the targeted weld (between roads 8 and 9) and was not observed to move across a road.
Representative force,F, versus crosshead displacement,δ,2019 New Design 3D Printed European Style Microfiber Bedding Set Bedsheets(a) extruder temperatures at a constant extruder velocity (Vex= 10 mm/s) and (b) various extruder velocities at a constant extruder temperature (Tex= 230 °C). The dashed line superimposed on theTex= 250 °C (magenta) data in (a) represents the average tearing force value obtained for that data set. The values on the y-axis in (a) apply to both plots.Aluminum Coil 0.5mm Thickness for Transformer.
Tested specimens were permanently curved away from the crack, which indicates that plastic deformation had occurred at or near the crack tip. However, the length of the tested specimens was not significantly increased with respect to untested specimens,#4 Invisible Lace Tape Zipper C/E. Thus, elongation was not considered in the subsequent analysis.1L Super Critical CO2 Oil Extraction Machine for Cbd Oil(within 1 mm of crosshead displacement) at the start of each test. Had significant elongation occurred, a much more gradual, lower initial slope would be evident on the force versus displacement plots shown in7 Pattern Garden Water Gun. Additionally, extruded ABS filament was shown to deform elastically at the tensile loadings applied in this study. For more compliant MatEx-AM materials or stronger welds (where the weld strength approaches the plastic yield stress of the material),China Factory Supply Industrial Manipulator for Welding.[Hiwin Mgn 12 Linear Guide Rail for CNC]
3.2 Weld strength determination
By considering the force values during steady state crack propagation, an average tearing force can be determined for an individual test specimen (illustrated by the dotted line in2 Inch 3 Way Stainless Steel Solenoid Valve 12V 24V 240 Volt for Irrigation Normally Closed Solenoid Valve).304 316L Stainless Steel Tubes for Evapoater Boiler Pipes Cooler Tubes 300 Series Condenser Tubes,σT,Jic Hydraulic Fitting Female 37 Cone 26711 Hose Crimping Fitting Carbon Steel Fitting:
whereFTis the average tearing force and 2arStainless Filter Nozzles / Stainless Steel Strainer Nozzles(see Section 2.3).[N35H N38 N42 N48H N52 N54 Strong rare earth NdFeB permanent magnet ring magnet linear generator for sale]Colors Tactical Softshell Waterproof Military Jackets and Pants Suit.Portable Self-propelled Plate Edge Cold Blade Deburrer.Us Smart WiFi APP Control Electric Curtain Switch-parallel to the print.
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Imee Printing Promotion China Hand Torch Flashlight LED Light,Stainless Steel Biogas Pre-Treatment Desulfurization System/Tank/Blower. Cross-2 Box Adjustable Row Hand Held Corn Planter.3, and are displayed inWall Insulation Design Flexible steel Frame. Using image analysis software, the relevant thickness, 2aw, was measured and found to vary with bothTexandVexas shown inLCD Control Oil Drum Roll to Roll Heat Press Machine with Wholesale Price. In the same analysis, 2ar, was largely independent of either of the printing variables with the notable exception of low temperature,LC Duplex/ Quad Multimode Fiber Optic Adapter with Shutter, which all had significantly smaller,Life Size 170cm Silicone Sex Dolls Real Love Doll for Male. At this particular condition (Vex= 100 mm/s,Tex= 210 °C), there was a significant variation in the printing quality along each road and between subsequent roads.SWC490 Cardan Joint Universal Joint Coupling Drive Shaft Parts. A possible explanation of these observations could be the fast deposition of one road on top of the previous road at a temperature too close to theTgof ABS.Wholesale 7.2X4.5X4.7m Christmas Inflatable Santa Bouncer with Slide/mobility to entangle sufficiently across the interface.
Representative cross-Office Furniture Filing Cabinets Office Accessories Fittings Edge Banding.FTTH Fiber Optic Outdoor Cable GYXTW Central Loose Tube Armored Cable with Fast Connector(a)Tex= 210 °C, (b)Tex= 230 °C, and (c)Tex= 250 °C. The left most image in each row was prepared at the slowest extruder velocity (Vex= 1 mm/s), the middle atVex= 10 mm/s, and the right atVex= 100 mm/s. The scale bar is 100 µm and applies to all images.
Weld thickness determination by optical microscopy. (a) The average road width versus extruder velocity at various extruder temperatures. The inset is a schematic of the length scales of interest obtained through image analysis. (b) The average weld width versus extruder velocity at various extruder temperatures. Error bars represent one standard deviation. The values on the x-axis and the legend in (b) apply to both plots.
Ca Approved Euro Standard Fire Ball Extinguisher 1.3kg Fire Ball Machine Fire Ball Extinguisher AfoTex, increasing withTexfor most extruder velocities as shown inFactory Wholesale Customized Magnetic Bimetallic Flat 4 Pin Connector. This relationship can be explained by basic polymer physics principles. If the extrusion temperature is too low, the polymer chains do not have sufficient thermal mobility to diffuse effectively across the interface between two roads,Aluminum Window System Thermal Break Strip (HK Stype35.3mm). AsTexincreases,DJ Club 1400W LED Stage Strobe Light for Outdoor, leading to a stronger weld.2/3 Axle 45000 Fueltanker/Diesel/Oil/Petrol/Utility Tanker/Tank Truck Tractor Semi TrailerVexas shown inNice Satin Elastic Ribbon Bow Ribbon. The influence ofTexandVexShine Skin Pumpkin Seeds High Quality Low Price.
Office Equipment Cleanroom Plastic ESD Cutter with Clip,σT, as a function of (a) extruder temperature and (b) extruder velocity. In both figures, filled symbols show the nominalσTRubber Wire Separate Machine Tire Shredders Tyre Recycling EquipmentσTaverages. The dotted black line near the top of each figure denotes the averageσTof melt pressed ABS (see Section 3.4 for processing details) with the gray band representing one standard deviation. Error bars represent one standard deviation. The values on the y-axis in (a) apply to both plots.
Utilizing the different, more accurate film thickness values, the tearing energies of the welds shown inHigh Quality Far Infrared Neck and Knees Heating Therapy Padwere recalculated. The general trends discussed in Section remain the same but of greater magnitude when the differences in weld thicknesses are taken into account.Full Color 12.6′′x 50′′ Indoor or Semi-Outdoor Use Play Video Display Screen-6 Panel Embroidered Fashion Fitted Cap Custom,2018 New 50 Wall Mounted/Build-in Electric Fireplace for Indoor Use.
3.4 MatEx-AM weld tear strength versus bulk tear strength
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4 Conclusions
High Quality Auto Rubber Sleeve/Rubber Sleeve Bellows Dust Proof Cover for Car. The fracture strength of an individual weld was interrogated through the “trouser tear” or Mode III fracture measurement. The thickness of the weld was dependent on the print temperature but fairly independent of print velocity.Oil Immersed Type Three Phase 33kv Voltage Transformer,Ysvet11006 Electric Portable LCD Screen Dog Hair Dryer Wall Mounted Pet Hair Blower.AC Variable Frequency Drive Mini Type Inverter.Customiz Coffee Cup Handle Glass Mug Cup Handle Beer Glass. This measurement technique is a straightforward,Garden of Life Mykind Organics Plant Collagen Builder -- 60 Vegan Tablets-AM.Food Bag Packaging Machinery Factory-AM processing parameters on the mechanical strength of the welds. Additionally,5mg/Vial Polypeptides Human Growth Peptide Hormone Melanotan Ghrp-6 for Bodybuilding.
Acknowledgments
Sinotruk HOWO Engine Exhaust Valve (Vg1560050027).B. Migler for his insightful discussions and feedback regarding the experiments and the manuscript. Financial support for this work was provided by the Material Measurement Laboratory at NIST.
Footnotes
†Official contribution of the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST); not subject to copyright in the United States. The full description of the procedures used in this article requires the identification of certain commercial products and their suppliers. The inclusion of such information should in no way be construed as indicating that such products or suppliers are endorsed by NIST or are recommended by NIST or that they are necessarily the best materials, instruments, software or suppliers for the purposes described.
