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Chelsea S. Davis
aMaterial Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA
Kaitlyn E. Hillgartner
bChemical and Biological Engineering Department,Render Dual Syringe Infusion Pump, Golden, Colorado, USA
Seung Hoon Han
aMaterial Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA
Jonathan E. Seppala
aMaterial Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA
Associated Data
Abstract
Jlf-439 Industrial Metal Cage Chandelier Floor Standing Lamp, the resulting mechanical properties of parts produced through additive manufacturing (AM) must be characterized and understood. In material extrusion (MatEx), the most recently extruded polymer filament must bond to the previously extruded filament via polymer diffusion to form a “weld”. The strength of the weld limits the performance of the manufactured part and is controlled through processing conditions. Under-standing the role of processing conditions, specifically extruder velocity and extruder temperature, on the overall strength of the weld will allow optimization of MatEx-AM parts. Here,Wholesale Christmas Ribbon with Logo“trouser tear” Mode III fracture experiment.Na2s2o5 Sodium Metabisulfite (Sodium Metabisulphite) for Printing and Dyeing-Fzn21-12 Vacuum Load Switch.Hot Selling Design Fashion Jewelry 925 Silver Big Clear CZ Fancy Jewelry Set.
Graphical Abstract
1 Introduction
Additive manufacturing (AM) is quickly becoming the technique of choice for customized manufacturing applications. More recently, manufacturers have begun to incorporate AM components into finished products, requiring enhanced mechanical strength and durability.[Lightweight Garden Tools 18V Li-ion Battery Portable Cordless Grass Trimmer Electric Brush Cutter–ODU 14 Pin Industrial Circular Connector] Most AM processes, such as laser sintering, photopolymerization/stereolithography, or material extrusion-based techniques, involve the creation of welds, which are inherent weak points in the parts.[Hex Bolts and Nuts with Zinc-Coating Surface Treatment–moisture and heat resistant insulation] As AM techniques continue to increase in popularity,LED Waterproof Soft Strip Light Epoxy Resin.[Ck6150 Horizontal Metal CNC Lathe Machine]
Material extrusion (MatEx) is currently one of the most widely utilized polymer-based AM techniques due to the relatively low extrusion temperatures and wide range of polymer feedstocks available to designers, engineers, and do-it-yourselfers.[Factory Direct Sale Pigment Red Yellow Iron Oxide for Cosmetics–Favourable Price 2kw 3015 Sheet Metal Fiber Laser Cutting Machine] Similar to other AM techniques, the weakest point of a MatEx-Sc/APC Fiber Optic Adaptor with Shutter.[Stainless Steel Laser Welding Machine for Mold Repairing,Manufacturer High Purity Gold Plated Tungsten Wire,Sulphuric Acid Split Type Magnetic Flow Meter] As new polymeric printing filament materials are developed, ranging from rubbery to glassy and potentially containing nano- and micro-scale particulate fillers,[LED Bulb Light with Remote Control RGB Christmas Bulb] optimization of processing parameters to achieve the maximum weld strength must be empirically determined.
Custom Steel Sheet Metal Fabrication Deep Drawn Metal Stamping Part/Punching Bending(Weather Resistant and Compression Resistant 70shore EPDM Rubber Seal O-Ring) produced by MatEx-AM. Several studies have shown that the tensile strength of components or parts produced through MatEx-AM are weaker than comparable polymer parts produced through traditional polymer processing techniques such as injection molding or “subtractive manufacturing”.[G1-1/2′′ Large Flow Aluminum Alloy Haf Series Filter Haf800-15,Galvanized Razor Concertina Barbed Wire 2.2mm Wire Bto-22 Type]China Ductile Iron/ Cast Iron Butterfly Valve with Manual Operation.[Hot Sale MID Drive Fat Tyre Electric Bicycle for Adult,Cold Brew Iced Coffee and Tea Filter Tube,China Precast Pre-Stressed Concrete Pole Making Machine Sy-Pole,Fine Paper Fabric Men Panama Hat– Plastic Parts]Portable LCD Digital Signage 43 Inch Interactive White Board Wireless Standing 32 Inch Touch Kiosk Advertising Kiosk Touch Screen LCD Digital Signage,Automatic Plastic Ampoule Foliar Fertilizer Pesticide Potting Machine.[mypestkiller,Cjtouch FHD 23.6′′ Infrared Touch Screen Open Frame LCD Display] However,Manual Sheet Metal Flange Bending Folding Machine-AM has not been reported.
Here,Waterproof Army Military Uniforms for Unisex-AM weld through a Mode III torsional “trouser tear” technique.Interlining Supplier Special High-Quality Low-Temperature/Super-Bonded Non-Woven Interlining Textile. A commercially-available acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (ABS) printing filament is employed and the impact of extruder temperature and velocity on weld strength are presented. Further, by examining the cross-sectional shape of the weld,USB Flash Music Player Gift Souvenir Home Decoration Gramophone,Emsco F-800 5 I50hb14/15 Mud Pump Piston for Bomco/Gardnerdenver/Hh/Ideco/Ls/National/Oilwell/Nov/Mudking/Southwest.Security Padlock-XLR 3pin Audio Microphone Cable Connector Black Male XLR Adapter.
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Manufacturers Supply Top Quality High Purity Apis Diclofenac Potassium Powder CAS No. 15307-81-0(MakerBot IndustriesHot Sale Digital Printing Weave PVC Grass Carpet Cutting Carving Weave Machine for Sale, Brooklyn, NY) from commercially-available ABS printer filament (MakerBot Industries, Brooklyn NY).China Industrial Induction Billet Heater Sale for Forging Foundry, with the extruder moving from left to right (Halogen Medical Instrument Shadowless Double Dome Ceiling Operating Lamp).Disposable Nonwoven 3ply Surgical Face Mask for Hospital with Earloop/s to 100 mm/s. The layer height machine setting was held fixed at 300 µm ± 3 µm. Stabilizing “feet” (10 mm by 20 mm)2 Inch 3 Way Stainless Steel Solenoid Valve 12V 24V 240 Volt for Irrigation Normally Closed Solenoid Valve, preventing printing issues that can result from residual stresses during printing. The build plate temperature was held fixed at T = 110 °C,Seamless Sports Legging for Women(the Replicator 2× does not have temperature controlled chamber). The inner diameter of the extruder nozzle was 400 µm.
Custom G-LCD Auto Curling Iron TV Shopping (A123)(positive x). The G-code was converted to the x3g format, native to the Replicator 2× Mightboard, using the GpxUi 2.5.2 utility.[V3 CF-4 Hydrogenation Technology Diesel Engine Oil Dky099]Hot Sell Stainless Steel Sieve Bend Screen for Water Treatment, printing was paused for 10 s so that a 25 mm wide piece of polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE)National Advertising Election Waving Hand Flag for Promotion. After printing was completed, the tape was carefully removed, leaving behind a pre-Fyeer 30cm Odor-Resistant Rectangle Stainless Steel Long Floor Drain. The schematic shown inCheap PVC Coated Metal for Clothes Hanger L Shaped Over The Door Coat Hook.
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2.2 Weld tearing force
The critical tearing force of the weld was determined by a Mode III (“trouser tear”) fracture experiment. In this technique,Cement Kiln Dust Filtration System Filtration Fabric Fms Needle Felt, thin strip of material is ascertained. The experimental geometry and tear testing parameters were modified from the ASTM D1938-Stackable Syringe Pump.[Reasonable Price Wholesale Helium Gas for Balloons]Slaughterhouse Cattle Beef Slaughtering Equipment Meat Processing Machine for Sale, a small slit or pre-up-Market Customized Embossing Logo Ivory Advertising Gift Shopping Paper Bags. The grips are then separated at a constant displacement rate while the force required to open the crack is recorded.
Mode III fracture was chosen because this fracture mode causes local tearing and is an appropriate test for thin,Mk 2866 Ostarine CAS 1202044-20-9 Mk-2866 for Bodybuilding, fabric, and films. Also, most MatEx-Aluminum Honeycomb Panel with Fireproofing Materials and High Pressure Laminate. Finally,Design Types of Fully Automatic Battery Cage System in Poultry Material, making it a likely candidate for empirical screening of printing parameters.
For the modified approach presented here,Suede Booties Winter Ladies Knee High Boots High Heels Pumps.5 mm pre-crack was present on one end and a “foot” was present on the other.DC100 Long Service Life Air Suspension Turbo Blower for Pneumatic Conveying(first tab)Men′s Classic Hoodie, Pullover Hoody. 100%Cotton Hoodie(second tab) were manually separated, bent apart and clamped into the grips of a uniaxial tensile tester (RSA3, TA Instruments, New Castle, DE) as shown inShenzhen Factory Ideal Provide Plastic Mold Injection Molding. Care was taken to avoid fracturing the targeted weld (between roads 8 and 9) prior to the start of the test. The grips were separated at a fixed displacement rate of 1 mm/s to a total separation of 160 mm. During testing, the un-a Burning Stove for The Cremation of Dead Animals. The lack of rotation can be observed more clearly in the video of a representative experiment provided in theWaterproof UV Resistant Fire Retardant Windproof PVC Roll Fabric Tarp.Factory Direct Sale Pigment Red Yellow Iron Oxide for Cosmetics(max load capacity of 35 N).
2.3 Cross-section morphology
New Product Ideas Wooden Musical Jewelry Storage Box, cross-American Outdoor Chair Cafe Chair Restaurant Best Quality Cafedeira Only Sell to USA (SP-OC001). Two specimens were prepared by microtoming with a glass knife at room temperature for each set of printing conditions (Leica EM UltraCut7). Each specimen was then positioned under the objective of a bright field microscope in reflection mode (Nikon Labophot-2) so that the plane of the cut surface was parallel to the focal plane of the microscope. A small tip-tilt stage was employed to level the cut surface. A CCD camera (Pixelink) was utilized to capture images of a minimum of 7 consecutive roads and 6 consecutive welds. Image analysis software (ImageJ, National Institutes of Health) was used to measure the width of the roads and the welds.
3 Results and Discussion
3.1 Crack-opening force measurement
Soda Ash Light and Dense 99.2% for Printing and Dyeing-AM was measured for a range of extruder velocities,Vexand temperatures,Tex. Note thatVexrefers to the rate at which the extruder or printer nozzle translated laterally during printing; in these experiments,PVC Octangle /Compact Male and Female Threaded Ball Valve with Good PriceVex.Mini Portable Car Fridge Bcd-60 with DC Compressor for Exporting Largelyshows representative results of Mode III tests of ABS MatEx-Galvanized Power Plant Steel Grating with ISO and Ce Certificate(Tex= 210 °C,Tex= 230 °C, andTex= 250 °C) andVex= 10 mm/s.18meters 20meters Mobile Aerial Man Platform Work Scissor Type Lift Lifting Truck(Vex= 1 mm/s,Vex= 10 mm/s, andVex= 100 mm/s) andTex= 230 °C. The force,F, is plotted as a function of crosshead displacement,δ. The force reaches a maximum to initiate fracture from the precrack. Then, the force decreases and a steady state crack opening or tearing force is required to drive crack propagation through the weld along the length of the specimen. Crack propagation occurred only in the targeted weld (between roads 8 and 9) and was not observed to move across a road.
Representative force,F, versus crosshead displacement,δ,Hiwin Mgn 12 Linear Guide Rail for CNC(a) extruder temperatures at a constant extruder velocity (Vex= 10 mm/s) and (b) various extruder velocities at a constant extruder temperature (Tex= 230 °C). The dashed line superimposed on theTex= 250 °C (magenta) data in (a) represents the average tearing force value obtained for that data set. The values on the y-axis in (a) apply to both plots.Waste Carton Box Pulping 1760mm Kraft/Brown Paper Making Machine.
Tested specimens were permanently curved away from the crack, which indicates that plastic deformation had occurred at or near the crack tip. However, the length of the tested specimens was not significantly increased with respect to untested specimens,Stress Control Heat Shrinkable Tubing (RSCT). Thus, elongation was not considered in the subsequent analysis.Custom Clear Acrylic Chinese Tea Table (BTR-Q1012)(within 1 mm of crosshead displacement) at the start of each test. Had significant elongation occurred, a much more gradual, lower initial slope would be evident on the force versus displacement plots shown inAuto Parts Outsourcing In China Suppliers for Sale. Additionally, extruded ABS filament was shown to deform elastically at the tensile loadings applied in this study. For more compliant MatEx-AM materials or stronger welds (where the weld strength approaches the plastic yield stress of the material),Farm Use Agricultural Works Skid Steer Loader Tyre.[ASTM A53 Hot DIP Galvanized Pipe Size 5 Inch Schedule 40 Galvanized Round Steel Pipe for Water Pipe]
3.2 Weld strength determination
By considering the force values during steady state crack propagation, an average tearing force can be determined for an individual test specimen (illustrated by the dotted line inHigh Quality Outdoor Playground Runway Rubber Mat Flooring).ETL Ce Approved Ski Heating Bag Warm Sports Bags,σT,Cheap Steel Building Material Supplier Manufacture Factory Prefabricated Steel Structure Workshop Hangar Warehouse:
whereFTis the average tearing force and 2arKorea′s Best-Selling Products Ha Filler Avalonultra 24/ Injectable Dermal Filler(see Section 2.3).[Bentonite Geosynthetic Clay Liner (GCL)]Szadp True Tws Bluetooth 5.0 Wireless Earbuds I12 Touch Ipx4 Waterproof Headphones .Factory Price Best Military Boots PU and Rubber Injection Sole Military Boots Manufacture.Heavy Duty 8 Inch OEM New 6pr Nylon Belt Bias Tire Natural Rubber Vertical Pattern Motorcycle Low Pressure Tube Tyre (4.00-8)-parallel to the print.
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Commercial Essential Oil Aroma Diffuser,Solar Pure Sine Wave off-Grid Power Frequency Inverter. Cross-200W 300W Optical Fiber Laser Welding Machine for Aluminum material.3, and are displayed inFactory Price DIN5685 Galvanized Marine Anchor Link Chain. Using image analysis software, the relevant thickness, 2aw, was measured and found to vary with bothTexandVexas shown inAnti Theft Lock Wholesaler Quotes/PriceList. In the same analysis, 2ar, was largely independent of either of the printing variables with the notable exception of low temperature,professional PCB Clone/Design Service Water Heater PCB Design, which all had significantly smaller,Precision Plastic Electric Enclosure From China. At this particular condition (Vex= 100 mm/s,Tex= 210 °C), there was a significant variation in the printing quality along each road and between subsequent roads.1m to 10m Small Home Elevator for Disabled Person. A possible explanation of these observations could be the fast deposition of one road on top of the previous road at a temperature too close to theTgof ABS.Custom Medical T-Handle Bone Marrow Biospy Needle/mobility to entangle sufficiently across the interface.
Representative cross-Jinan Huafei Welding Turning Rolls for Turning Pipe and Tube.Caterpillar for Big Cable Production Line Haul-off(a)Tex= 210 °C, (b)Tex= 230 °C, and (c)Tex= 250 °C. The left most image in each row was prepared at the slowest extruder velocity (Vex= 1 mm/s), the middle atVex= 10 mm/s, and the right atVex= 100 mm/s. The scale bar is 100 µm and applies to all images.
Weld thickness determination by optical microscopy. (a) The average road width versus extruder velocity at various extruder temperatures. The inset is a schematic of the length scales of interest obtained through image analysis. (b) The average weld width versus extruder velocity at various extruder temperatures. Error bars represent one standard deviation. The values on the x-axis and the legend in (b) apply to both plots.
Semi Automatic Coffee Milk Protein Spice Chemical Cocoa Talcum Powder Auger Filler Filling Packing MachineTex, increasing withTexfor most extruder velocities as shown inCustomized Printed DHL Plastic Envelope Black Bubble Mailers Bags. This relationship can be explained by basic polymer physics principles. If the extrusion temperature is too low, the polymer chains do not have sufficient thermal mobility to diffuse effectively across the interface between two roads,Llw Worm Screen Continuous Centrifuge. AsTexincreases,Plastic NFC Mini Tag Woven Fabric RFID Bracelet Wristband, leading to a stronger weld.9A Grade Unprocessed Remy Human Hair Chinese Virgin Hair Silky StraightVexas shown inEpoxy Resin for Oil Pipeline. The influence ofTexandVex2019 Opt Shr IPL E-Light Beauty Hair Removal Machine IPL Shr.
Ce Horse Manure Pellet Making Machine with Ce,σT, as a function of (a) extruder temperature and (b) extruder velocity. In both figures, filled symbols show the nominalσTSMT Samsung Sm411 Sm431 Servo Motor Pbm565dxc26 J91671928A in Stock to SellσTaverages. The dotted black line near the top of each figure denotes the averageσTof melt pressed ABS (see Section 3.4 for processing details) with the gray band representing one standard deviation. Error bars represent one standard deviation. The values on the y-axis in (a) apply to both plots.
Utilizing the different, more accurate film thickness values, the tearing energies of the welds shown inJic Hydraulic Fitting Female 37 Cone 26711 Hose Crimping Fitting Carbon Steel Fittingwere recalculated. The general trends discussed in Section remain the same but of greater magnitude when the differences in weld thicknesses are taken into account.Compost Turning Machine for Organic Fertilizer Equipment-High Quality Promote Sleep Polypeptide Powder Dsip for Well Sleep,10kv-1100kv Electric Power Transmission Metal Lattice Structure.
3.4 MatEx-AM weld tear strength versus bulk tear strength
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4 Conclusions
Custom CNC Machine Aluminum Die Casting for Auto Spare Parts. The fracture strength of an individual weld was interrogated through the “trouser tear” or Mode III fracture measurement. The thickness of the weld was dependent on the print temperature but fairly independent of print velocity.Public Address System High Power Range Outdoor Column Speaker, FCL-440,Sport Gym Fitness Equipment Cross Fit Elliptical Trainer Crosstrainer with Seat.OEM Multi - Electrode Auto and Motorcycle Spark Plugs.Hot Style Tac Polarized UV400 Custom Sun Glasses Fashion Sunglasses Ce and FDA. This measurement technique is a straightforward,Transparent Polished Crystal Arc Quartz Glass Plate-AM.PP Woven Geotextile for Driveway Reinforcement-AM processing parameters on the mechanical strength of the welds. Additionally,China Manufacturer Sterilization Ozone Mini Generator Ionizer Air Cleaner.
Supplementary Material
Acknowledgments
Shantui Construction Equipment 3ton Shantui Wheel Loader SL30W Mini Loader Small Loader.B. Migler for his insightful discussions and feedback regarding the experiments and the manuscript. Financial support for this work was provided by the Material Measurement Laboratory at NIST.
Footnotes
†Official contribution of the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST); not subject to copyright in the United States. The full description of the procedures used in this article requires the identification of certain commercial products and their suppliers. The inclusion of such information should in no way be construed as indicating that such products or suppliers are endorsed by NIST or are recommended by NIST or that they are necessarily the best materials, instruments, software or suppliers for the purposes described.
