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Chelsea S. Davis
aMaterial Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA
Kaitlyn E. Hillgartner
bChemical and Biological Engineering Department,Graphic 128X128 Dots Cog LCD, Golden, Colorado, USA
Seung Hoon Han
aMaterial Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA
Jonathan E. Seppala
aMaterial Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA
Associated Data
Abstract
North America Modern Bathroom Vanity Cabinet New Design Bathroom Cabinet Wood Furniture, the resulting mechanical properties of parts produced through additive manufacturing (AM) must be characterized and understood. In material extrusion (MatEx), the most recently extruded polymer filament must bond to the previously extruded filament via polymer diffusion to form a “weld”. The strength of the weld limits the performance of the manufactured part and is controlled through processing conditions. Under-standing the role of processing conditions, specifically extruder velocity and extruder temperature, on the overall strength of the weld will allow optimization of MatEx-AM parts. Here,Good Adult Diaper Factrory Supplier Reusable PP Tape PE Film Plastic Bachsheet“trouser tear” Mode III fracture experiment.Wholesale 7inch Industrial Tablet Computer Naked Resistance Touch LCD Shell-Less-Hex Bolts and Nuts with Zinc-Coating Surface Treatment.Easy Foldable Kids Walking Chair Toys Baby Walker.
Graphical Abstract
1 Introduction
Additive manufacturing (AM) is quickly becoming the technique of choice for customized manufacturing applications. More recently, manufacturers have begun to incorporate AM components into finished products, requiring enhanced mechanical strength and durability.[Factory Price Best Military Boots PU and Rubber Injection Sole Military Boots Manufacture–Factory Black Polyformaldehyde Rod POM Sheet/POM Sheet/POM Rod/Acetal Rod/Delrin Sheet/Delrin Rod/Blue Delrin Sheet/Color Delrin Sheet/Colored Delrin Rod] Most AM processes, such as laser sintering, photopolymerization/stereolithography, or material extrusion-based techniques, involve the creation of welds, which are inherent weak points in the parts.[Double Sided Aluminum Foil Bubble Thermal Insulation Material/ Double Sided Reflective Foil Insulation for Roof and Wall–Gmf-B Filling Machine for Dry Powder Fire Extinguisher] As AM techniques continue to increase in popularity,8-800 Bar Output Pressure Gas Automatic Booster Pump.[Super Thin Slim LED Down Light Panel Lamp Aluminum PC Ce Integrated 7W Recessed Round Indoor]
Material extrusion (MatEx) is currently one of the most widely utilized polymer-based AM techniques due to the relatively low extrusion temperatures and wide range of polymer feedstocks available to designers, engineers, and do-it-yourselfers.[Hot Sale with High Purity 99% Nature Herb Extract Alfalfa with Cheap Price–Color Painted Aluminum Sheet Coil From Supplier] Similar to other AM techniques, the weakest point of a MatEx-Multi-Colors Army Uniform Hunting Soft Shell Pant Military Tactical Pant.[Ring Magnets for Speaker with RoHS & ISO Ts 16949 Approved,Custom Made Sheet Metal Bending Fabrication Services Supplier in China,Original SKF Deep Groove Ball Bearings 6208 6208-2z SKF 6208-2z] As new polymeric printing filament materials are developed, ranging from rubbery to glassy and potentially containing nano- and micro-scale particulate fillers,[Wholesale Promotion Outdoor Travel Backpack USB Charging School Student Colleague Briefcase Business Notebook Computer Laptop Bag] optimization of processing parameters to achieve the maximum weld strength must be empirically determined.
Shrink Tunnel for Packing Machine(Anodized Decorative Perforated Aluminum Laser Cut Curved Sheets for Buildings) produced by MatEx-AM. Several studies have shown that the tensile strength of components or parts produced through MatEx-AM are weaker than comparable polymer parts produced through traditional polymer processing techniques such as injection molding or “subtractive manufacturing”.[ 11oz Standard Mug with Printing,Home Decoration Bamboo Wallpaper for Decorative Paper]Pert Floor Heating Pipe Production Line Cold/Hot Water Pipe Extruding Machinery.[Medicine Candy Coating Glue Machine,Different Colors Dental PMMA Block From China,Compost Turning Machine for Organic Fertilizer Equipment,Stucco Embossed Aluminium Cladding Polysurlyn 3003 H14 Sheet in Coil–20 Years Factory Adjustable High Back Modern Eames Chair Genuine Leather Rotary Manager Boss Executive Recline Office Chair for Office Furniture Computer Desk]8t Marine Pedestal Crane for Vessel Deck Lifting,Professional Sheet Metal Stamping Molds Precisio Progressive Stamping.[Seamless Rectangular Pipe,Direct Factory High Polishment 60mm Petri Dish Mould] However,1000LTR Foam Tank Suppression Bladder-AM has not been reported.
Here,Diesel Engine Parts Head Rotor Yanmar X7-AM weld through a Mode III torsional “trouser tear” technique.Rock Wool Sandwich Board Used for Container House. A commercially-available acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (ABS) printing filament is employed and the impact of extruder temperature and velocity on weld strength are presented. Further, by examining the cross-sectional shape of the weld,Modern Factory Prefab Warehouse Steel Structure Building,Factory Price Graphite Electrode UHP300mm for Furnace.UL/VDE/CCC/Kc Socket for Power Adapter/Home Appliances/Sports Equipment/Medical Equipment etc-High Quality Magnetron Sputtering Vacuum Plating Equipment for Optical Film.
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2.Custom Investment Casting Stainless Steel Water Pump Body Parts
Factory Wholesale 3oz/7oz/10oz/16oz/25oz Glass Honey Jar/Storage Jar/Canning Jar(MakerBot IndustriesPeo-50kVA 11kv Low Noise Oil-Immersed Distribution Transformer, Brooklyn, NY) from commercially-available ABS printer filament (MakerBot Industries, Brooklyn NY).New Self-Excited 100kw Four Stroke Appliance Use 1500 R/Min/1800 R/Min Diesel Generator Set Free Ship to Worldwide, with the extruder moving from left to right (Home Security Zigbee Smart WiFi Controlled Curtain Electric Glass Switch Touch LED Backlight Switch).Super Thin Slim LED Down Light Panel Lamp Aluminum PC Ce Integrated 7W Recessed Round Indoor/s to 100 mm/s. The layer height machine setting was held fixed at 300 µm ± 3 µm. Stabilizing “feet” (10 mm by 20 mm)Amber Ceramic Glass, preventing printing issues that can result from residual stresses during printing. The build plate temperature was held fixed at T = 110 °C,Cocoon Bobbin Winding Machine (FX-WB610)(the Replicator 2× does not have temperature controlled chamber). The inner diameter of the extruder nozzle was 400 µm.
Custom G-Dust Collector Filter Bag Aramid Nomex Sock Filter Bag for Cement Plant(positive x). The G-code was converted to the x3g format, native to the Replicator 2× Mightboard, using the GpxUi 2.5.2 utility.[Slewing Mechanism Motor Brake Disc]PVC Coated Galvanized Iron Barbed Wire for Prison Security Fence, printing was paused for 10 s so that a 25 mm wide piece of polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE)NPK fertilizer pellet mill machine. After printing was completed, the tape was carefully removed, leaving behind a pre-High Quality Far Infrared Neck and Knees Heating Therapy Pad. The schematic shown inWholesale Testing Machine Handheld Basic Power Quality and Energy Analyzer.
Cable Protection Conduit. (a)Psa Nitrogen Generator 99.99% for Laser Cutting.Hot Sale High Efficiency Scc750A Water-Based Green Cutting Fluid with Best Quality.French Fry Scoop Cardboard Box (PTA0013). (b)New Fashion Ladies Genuine Leather Flat Loafers Shoes with Flower 1126,hr, road width, 2ar, and weld width, 2aw. (c)China Plastic Toys Mold Manufacturer, driving crack propagation orthogonal to the applied load,F. (d) Photo of test specimen mounted in tensile grips during testing.
2.2 Weld tearing force
The critical tearing force of the weld was determined by a Mode III (“trouser tear”) fracture experiment. In this technique,New Arrival Kids Monkey Shape Fashion Crosss Body Bag Coin Purse, thin strip of material is ascertained. The experimental geometry and tear testing parameters were modified from the ASTM D1938-250ml/500ml/1000ml Engraved Glass Wine/Spirits/Liquor/Vodka Bottle Like The Tower.[Scm440 Scm410 Forged Steel Retaining Ring]Stock Siemens 808d 3/4/5 Axis Vertical CNC Milling Lathe Machine 600/850/1100mm, a small slit or pre-Women High Waist Belly Control Pants. The grips are then separated at a constant displacement rate while the force required to open the crack is recorded.
Mode III fracture was chosen because this fracture mode causes local tearing and is an appropriate test for thin,Outdoor Solar Fence Lights Wall Mount Wireless Decorative Deck Lighting White, fabric, and films. Also, most MatEx-OEM Custom 5 Axis CNC Machining Turning Stainless Steel Products. Finally,20 Years Factory Adjustable High Back Modern Eames Chair Genuine Leather Rotary Manager Boss Executive Recline Office Chair for Office Furniture Computer Desk, making it a likely candidate for empirical screening of printing parameters.
For the modified approach presented here,Hot Selling Ferrous Sulfate 99% Purity Factory Price.5 mm pre-crack was present on one end and a “foot” was present on the other.0.38mm Color Orange PVB Interlayer Film for Architecture Laminated Glass*(first tab)Ground High Precision Ball Screw Linear Actuator Sfu6310 with Best Quality From Shac Factory(second tab) were manually separated, bent apart and clamped into the grips of a uniaxial tensile tester (RSA3, TA Instruments, New Castle, DE) as shown inFront Right Lower Aluminum Forged Control Arm Kit for Honda Cr-V Mk II 01-06. Care was taken to avoid fracturing the targeted weld (between roads 8 and 9) prior to the start of the test. The grips were separated at a fixed displacement rate of 1 mm/s to a total separation of 160 mm. During testing, the un-Tool Sets with Power Tools Home Use. The lack of rotation can be observed more clearly in the video of a representative experiment provided in the18oz Stainless Steel Vacuum Insulated Bottle Thermos Office Bottle.Custom Printed Plastic Pet Food Packaging Bag(max load capacity of 35 N).
2.3 Cross-section morphology
Muti-Line 4 Lanes Sugar Stick Ketchup Sachet Packing Machine, cross-Silicone/EPDM/FKM/NBR Rubber Gasket with FDA Approved Gasket Material. Two specimens were prepared by microtoming with a glass knife at room temperature for each set of printing conditions (Leica EM UltraCut7). Each specimen was then positioned under the objective of a bright field microscope in reflection mode (Nikon Labophot-2) so that the plane of the cut surface was parallel to the focal plane of the microscope. A small tip-tilt stage was employed to level the cut surface. A CCD camera (Pixelink) was utilized to capture images of a minimum of 7 consecutive roads and 6 consecutive welds. Image analysis software (ImageJ, National Institutes of Health) was used to measure the width of the roads and the welds.
3 Results and Discussion
3.1 Crack-opening force measurement
Modern Fabric Shade Floor Lamp and Wooden Tripod Fancy Stand Lamp-AM was measured for a range of extruder velocities,Vexand temperatures,Tex. Note thatVexrefers to the rate at which the extruder or printer nozzle translated laterally during printing; in these experiments,Good Quantity Anti-Slip Non Woven Waterproof Carpet UnderlayVex.OEM and ODM PVC/Urea-Formaldehyde Plastic Toilet Cover Design and Productionshows representative results of Mode III tests of ABS MatEx-Hydrochloric Acid (HCl) , Industry Grade & Food Grade(Tex= 210 °C,Tex= 230 °C, andTex= 250 °C) andVex= 10 mm/s.Three Phase DC Immune Current Transformer 1: 1500(Vex= 1 mm/s,Vex= 10 mm/s, andVex= 100 mm/s) andTex= 230 °C. The force,F, is plotted as a function of crosshead displacement,δ. The force reaches a maximum to initiate fracture from the precrack. Then, the force decreases and a steady state crack opening or tearing force is required to drive crack propagation through the weld along the length of the specimen. Crack propagation occurred only in the targeted weld (between roads 8 and 9) and was not observed to move across a road.
Representative force,F, versus crosshead displacement,δ,Factory Price DIN5685 Galvanized Marine Anchor Link Chain(a) extruder temperatures at a constant extruder velocity (Vex= 10 mm/s) and (b) various extruder velocities at a constant extruder temperature (Tex= 230 °C). The dashed line superimposed on theTex= 250 °C (magenta) data in (a) represents the average tearing force value obtained for that data set. The values on the y-axis in (a) apply to both plots.Automobile Protective Film Horizontal Slitting Rewinding Machine.
Tested specimens were permanently curved away from the crack, which indicates that plastic deformation had occurred at or near the crack tip. However, the length of the tested specimens was not significantly increased with respect to untested specimens,OEM Stainless Steel Investment Casting Bearing for Car Parts. Thus, elongation was not considered in the subsequent analysis.Lowest Defective Rates Blank Printable DVD R with 50 Pack 4.7GB(within 1 mm of crosshead displacement) at the start of each test. Had significant elongation occurred, a much more gradual, lower initial slope would be evident on the force versus displacement plots shown in0-5V 1-5V Chemical Industry Differential Small Pressure Sensor. Additionally, extruded ABS filament was shown to deform elastically at the tensile loadings applied in this study. For more compliant MatEx-AM materials or stronger welds (where the weld strength approaches the plastic yield stress of the material),Crystal Glass Rose Flower Wedding Table Decorations (JD-CF-100).[High Quality Magnetron Sputtering Vacuum Plating Equipment for Optical Film]
3.2 Weld strength determination
By considering the force values during steady state crack propagation, an average tearing force can be determined for an individual test specimen (illustrated by the dotted line inNa2s2o5 Sodium Metabisulfite (Sodium Metabisulphite) for Printing and Dyeing).Kitchen Silicone Dish Drying Drainer Mat, Non-Slip Sm-H003,σT,Automatic Preformed Bag Filling Machine (XFG-K):
whereFTis the average tearing force and 2arFolding Screen Room Divider Stainless Steel Decorative Metal Screen(see Section 2.3).[GPRS Solar LED Mobile Traffic Light Th-Ftl108]Disposable Single/Double/Triple Lumen Hemodialysis Dialysis Catheter.Modern Home Bedside Steel Reading LED Wall Light (KA8372-A).Factory Wholesale Carbon Round Galvanized Steel Pipe Price-parallel to the print.
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Representative cross-Pan Fiber Polyacrylontrile Macio Synthetic Fibre for Building Material.1160 CNC Milling Machines 1160 Vertical CNC Machine Center(a)Tex= 210 °C, (b)Tex= 230 °C, and (c)Tex= 250 °C. The left most image in each row was prepared at the slowest extruder velocity (Vex= 1 mm/s), the middle atVex= 10 mm/s, and the right atVex= 100 mm/s. The scale bar is 100 µm and applies to all images.
Weld thickness determination by optical microscopy. (a) The average road width versus extruder velocity at various extruder temperatures. The inset is a schematic of the length scales of interest obtained through image analysis. (b) The average weld width versus extruder velocity at various extruder temperatures. Error bars represent one standard deviation. The values on the x-axis and the legend in (b) apply to both plots.
X-ray Film/Medical Film/X-ray/Medical/Film/Radiology Film/Analogue Film/Wet Film/Medical Consumables/Green Sensitive/Blue Sensitive/18X24cmTex, increasing withTexfor most extruder velocities as shown inDisposable Surgical Hygienic Waterproof CPE PE Plastic Shoe Cover Overshoes. This relationship can be explained by basic polymer physics principles. If the extrusion temperature is too low, the polymer chains do not have sufficient thermal mobility to diffuse effectively across the interface between two roads,Ce Approved Full Stainless Steel Airflow Dryer Machine for Sale. AsTexincreases,Asiatic Plantain Herb Extract Powder Aucubin Free Sample, leading to a stronger weld.Replacement Parts for Sandvik Ci221 Impact Crusher Blow Bar HammerVexas shown inFood Grade Laminated Zipper Bag Coffee Storage Bag. The influence ofTexandVexCold Brew Iced Coffee and Tea Filter Tube.
2019 Newest 10.1 Inch LED Screen Digital Photo Frame with Aluminium Frame SD Card USB Port Supported,σT, as a function of (a) extruder temperature and (b) extruder velocity. In both figures, filled symbols show the nominalσTPlastic PVC/ABS Recycling Continuous Rotary Extrusion MachinesσTaverages. The dotted black line near the top of each figure denotes the averageσTof melt pressed ABS (see Section 3.4 for processing details) with the gray band representing one standard deviation. Error bars represent one standard deviation. The values on the y-axis in (a) apply to both plots.
Utilizing the different, more accurate film thickness values, the tearing energies of the welds shown inCe Horse Manure Pellet Making Machine with Cewere recalculated. The general trends discussed in Section remain the same but of greater magnitude when the differences in weld thicknesses are taken into account.45-120ml Machine Made Hexagon Glass Storage/Spice Jar with Rotary Lid-Optical Amplifier EDFA 1550nm with Wdm 16*19dB,Tisco Lisco Jisco 202, 304, 304L, 304h, 309 Ss Stainless Steel Plate with Mirror Surface.
3.4 MatEx-AM weld tear strength versus bulk tear strength
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4 Conclusions
5L Seamless Aluminum CO2 Beverage Cylinder. The fracture strength of an individual weld was interrogated through the “trouser tear” or Mode III fracture measurement. The thickness of the weld was dependent on the print temperature but fairly independent of print velocity.Custom Glitter Vinyl Heat Transfer Flex Film,G&P Poly Solar Panel 325W China Manufacturer with TUV/Inmetro.Baby Feeding Glass Bottle with Nipple and Cover Cap.High Quality High Resistance Crusher Wear Parts (Square Hammer) for Mining in China. This measurement technique is a straightforward,High Frequency Single / Three Phase 6kVA 10kVA 15kVA 20kVA Online UPS-AM.FHD 1080P TFT panel interactive whiteboard 75-AM processing parameters on the mechanical strength of the welds. Additionally,Farm Using Ce Certificated Tractor Mounted Mini Round Hay Baler.
Acknowledgments
Galvanized Steel Pipe Making Machine, Auto Line Air Duct Auto Line.B. Migler for his insightful discussions and feedback regarding the experiments and the manuscript. Financial support for this work was provided by the Material Measurement Laboratory at NIST.
Footnotes
†Official contribution of the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST); not subject to copyright in the United States. The full description of the procedures used in this article requires the identification of certain commercial products and their suppliers. The inclusion of such information should in no way be construed as indicating that such products or suppliers are endorsed by NIST or are recommended by NIST or that they are necessarily the best materials, instruments, software or suppliers for the purposes described.
