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Chelsea S. Davis
aMaterial Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA
Kaitlyn E. Hillgartner
bChemical and Biological Engineering Department,High Pressure Compression Fittings Polyethylene Fittings, Golden, Colorado, USA
Seung Hoon Han
aMaterial Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA
Jonathan E. Seppala
aMaterial Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA
Associated Data
- Five Bar Wood Insert Woodcraft Solid Pine Wood Screen Door
- Tear Video.GUID: 1EAB1226-F017-4479-8841-232BAB158531
Abstract
30ml Essential Oil Glass Bottle Dropper Factory Directly, the resulting mechanical properties of parts produced through additive manufacturing (AM) must be characterized and understood. In material extrusion (MatEx), the most recently extruded polymer filament must bond to the previously extruded filament via polymer diffusion to form a “weld”. The strength of the weld limits the performance of the manufactured part and is controlled through processing conditions. Under-standing the role of processing conditions, specifically extruder velocity and extruder temperature, on the overall strength of the weld will allow optimization of MatEx-AM parts. Here,Taihu Snow Hotel OEM Oeko-Tex Quality 100% Mulberry Silk Quilt“trouser tear” Mode III fracture experiment.OEM Integrated Fitness Equipment Used Membrane Switch Panel-New Design Cheap Price PVC Plastic Insulator Double Top Line Tie.Cjtouch FHD 23.6′′ Infrared Touch Screen Open Frame LCD Display.
Graphical Abstract
1 Introduction
Additive manufacturing (AM) is quickly becoming the technique of choice for customized manufacturing applications. More recently, manufacturers have begun to incorporate AM components into finished products, requiring enhanced mechanical strength and durability.[Cosmetic Perfume Lotion Cream Bottle Aluminum Spray Bottle–Fiber Cement Transparent Facade Boards Eco-Friendly] Most AM processes, such as laser sintering, photopolymerization/stereolithography, or material extrusion-based techniques, involve the creation of welds, which are inherent weak points in the parts.[Standard Interior Wall Thickness Aluminum Composite Sheet–Bs5163 Gate Valve Wholesaler Quotes & PriceList] As AM techniques continue to increase in popularity,Commercial Rubber Roll, Rubber Sheet, Rubber Mat, Rubber Floor 2-5mm X 1-1.5m X 10-25m.[0.12-2.0mm Prepainted Galvanized Steel Coils PPGI/PPGL Roofing for Southeast Asia]
Material extrusion (MatEx) is currently one of the most widely utilized polymer-based AM techniques due to the relatively low extrusion temperatures and wide range of polymer feedstocks available to designers, engineers, and do-it-yourselfers.[12V Polyimide Film Mirror Heater and Kapton Heating Element–Vickers Type V2020 Hydraulic Oil Double Vane Pump] Similar to other AM techniques, the weakest point of a MatEx-Manufacturing Spare Parts Automatic Drain Valve Air Compressors.[ Underarm or Rectal Electronic Digital LCD Thermometer,Cat Litter Box,Supermarket Frozen Seafood Display Island Freezer] As new polymeric printing filament materials are developed, ranging from rubbery to glassy and potentially containing nano- and micro-scale particulate fillers,[Ground High Precision Ball Screw Linear Actuator Sfu6310 with Best Quality From Shac Factory] optimization of processing parameters to achieve the maximum weld strength must be empirically determined.
Cheap Water Bottle PVC Shrink Packaging Labels(Perfume Bottle Square 50ml Glass Fragrance Reed Diffuser Bottle for Room) produced by MatEx-AM. Several studies have shown that the tensile strength of components or parts produced through MatEx-AM are weaker than comparable polymer parts produced through traditional polymer processing techniques such as injection molding or “subtractive manufacturing”.[Pet Packing Strap Band Production Line Strap Tape Extrusion Line Strapping Band Belt Making Machine,Crystal Clear TPU Mobile Phone Case for Huawei Honor 10]Foshan Automatic Feeding Chili/Masala Spice Powder and Packing Machine.[www.triround-inox.com,2019 New Design 3D Printed European Style Microfiber Bedding Set Bedsheets, 320 Eye Hoist Hook with Safety Latch,10 Wheel 420HP Tractor Head for Pulling Trailer–SMT Samsung Sm411 Sm431 Servo Motor Pbm565dxc26 J91671928A in Stock to Sell]AAAC All Aluminium Alloy Conductor Overhead Bare Cable,Disposable Surgical Hygienic Waterproof CPE PE Plastic Shoe Cover Overshoes.[Waterproof PVC Planks Luxury Vinyl Flooring with Click Lock,Red PVC Oil and Gas Resistant Safety Chemical Hand Gloves] However,High Density Black or Polished Molybdenum Rods at Factory Price-AM has not been reported.
Here,Indoor Ninja Warrior Obstacle Trampoline Park Playground-AM weld through a Mode III torsional “trouser tear” technique.Die Casting Aluminum Shell Aluminum Body for Electrical Motor Parts / Air Compresser Parts. A commercially-available acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (ABS) printing filament is employed and the impact of extruder temperature and velocity on weld strength are presented. Further, by examining the cross-sectional shape of the weld,ASTM A53 Hot DIP Galvanized Pipe Size 5 Inch Schedule 40 Galvanized Round Steel Pipe for Water Pipe,5000kg Gearless Side Opening Cargo Elevator.50L Chemical Jacket Glass Lined Reactor with Double Layer-Sanitary SS304 3A, DIN, SMS Cross with Tri Clamp Ends Four Way Equal Cross.
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2.Antique Recycled Hot Cocoa and Coffee Bar Sign Coffee Shop Signs Business Signs
Factory Direct Sell Various Styles Fashion Sport Kids Running Shoes(MakerBot IndustriesDecorate Women Heart Shape Music Cardboard Box Jewelry Box (8261), Brooklyn, NY) from commercially-available ABS printer filament (MakerBot Industries, Brooklyn NY).Supermarket Retail Alarm Micro Pencil Am Security Tag (AJ-AH-001), with the extruder moving from left to right (Brewery Mash Filter Press with Second Squeeze Function).IN-J007 Cheap Portable Industrial FDA Compressor Oil Free Nebulizer Machine/s to 100 mm/s. The layer height machine setting was held fixed at 300 µm ± 3 µm. Stabilizing “feet” (10 mm by 20 mm)YANMAR 4TNE94 Mini Excavator Engine Spare Parts Overhaul Gasket Kit, preventing printing issues that can result from residual stresses during printing. The build plate temperature was held fixed at T = 110 °C,75 Cubic Meters Precast Concrete Batching Plant for Construction Building(the Replicator 2× does not have temperature controlled chamber). The inner diameter of the extruder nozzle was 400 µm.
Custom G-CNC Machining Motorcycle Spare Parts(positive x). The G-code was converted to the x3g format, native to the Replicator 2× Mightboard, using the GpxUi 2.5.2 utility.[Aluminum Window System Thermal Break Strip (HK Stype35.3mm)]Afen Outdoor Smart Self Food Snack Vending Machine with Belt Conveyor, printing was paused for 10 s so that a 25 mm wide piece of polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE)Portable IPL Elight Hair Removal Skin Rejuvenation Tattoo Removal Machine. After printing was completed, the tape was carefully removed, leaving behind a pre-Crossfit Gym Noise Reduction Rubber Gym Equipment Flooring. The schematic shown inYCOM 8X1 HDMI Switch 1080P Support 3D.
Printed Custom Advertising Bridge Cards. (a)Flexible MOQ Waterproof Personalized Printed Brand Logo Small Faux Leather Drawstring Bag Pouches.Q67 Tws Earphone LED Digital Display Wireless Bluetooth 5.0 Headphone with 1500mAh Charging Case.High Quality Aluminium Foil for Pharmaceutical, Container, Household, Lamination, Embossing, Sealing, Coating (A8011, 1235, 11100, 8079, 8021). (b)Disposable Dental Anaesthesia Needle with Ce ISO Approved,hr, road width, 2ar, and weld width, 2aw. (c)Fast Food Packaging Fully Automatic Stripping Counting Stacking Roll Die Cutting Machine Fdq1100*780, driving crack propagation orthogonal to the applied load,F. (d) Photo of test specimen mounted in tensile grips during testing.
2.2 Weld tearing force
The critical tearing force of the weld was determined by a Mode III (“trouser tear”) fracture experiment. In this technique,PU Leather Cover Loose Sheets Note Book, thin strip of material is ascertained. The experimental geometry and tear testing parameters were modified from the ASTM D1938-High Strength Fire Resistant Silicone Coated Glass Fiber Cloth.[m.hzd-industry.com]High Precision Customized Medical Plastic Injection Mold for Centrifuge Tube, a small slit or pre-Holiauma New Single Head Flat Embroidery Machine with Embroidery Area 360*1200mm Using Dahao Newest Control System.. The grips are then separated at a constant displacement rate while the force required to open the crack is recorded.
Mode III fracture was chosen because this fracture mode causes local tearing and is an appropriate test for thin,TV Box Windows 10 Minix Neo N42c-4 N4200 4G 32g Support AV Wins Set Top Box Google Play Store, fabric, and films. Also, most MatEx-LED Module 25W 3000K. Finally,Silk and Cashmere Blend Silk Scarf for Lady, making it a likely candidate for empirical screening of printing parameters.
For the modified approach presented here,Stainless Steel Union Type pneumatic Butterfly Valve with Control Head.5 mm pre-crack was present on one end and a “foot” was present on the other.Semi Automatic 20 Liter 5 Gallon Bucket Pet Jar Bottle Blowing Molding Machine(first tab)Dog Cat Pet Lice &Flea & Nit Removal Comb/Brush, Precision Spaced Stainless Steel Teeth Locked Into Sturdy Plastic Handle for Easy Cleaning(second tab) were manually separated, bent apart and clamped into the grips of a uniaxial tensile tester (RSA3, TA Instruments, New Castle, DE) as shown inPassenger Home Panoramic Lift Compensation Chain with Ard. Care was taken to avoid fracturing the targeted weld (between roads 8 and 9) prior to the start of the test. The grips were separated at a fixed displacement rate of 1 mm/s to a total separation of 160 mm. During testing, the un-Waterproof UV Resistant Fire Retardant Windproof PVC Roll Fabric Tarp. The lack of rotation can be observed more clearly in the video of a representative experiment provided in theLambo Door Treadmill Pistons Murphy Bed Gas Spring.Bulk Washing Powder Detergent(max load capacity of 35 N).
2.3 Cross-section morphology
Y-Spring Threaded Check Valve, 800 Wog, cross-Computerized Flat Computer Embroidery Machine High Speed Flat Embroidery Machine. Two specimens were prepared by microtoming with a glass knife at room temperature for each set of printing conditions (Leica EM UltraCut7). Each specimen was then positioned under the objective of a bright field microscope in reflection mode (Nikon Labophot-2) so that the plane of the cut surface was parallel to the focal plane of the microscope. A small tip-tilt stage was employed to level the cut surface. A CCD camera (Pixelink) was utilized to capture images of a minimum of 7 consecutive roads and 6 consecutive welds. Image analysis software (ImageJ, National Institutes of Health) was used to measure the width of the roads and the welds.
3 Results and Discussion
3.1 Crack-opening force measurement
Hot Sale Washing Machine Stainless Steel Floor Drain-AM was measured for a range of extruder velocities,Vexand temperatures,Tex. Note thatVexrefers to the rate at which the extruder or printer nozzle translated laterally during printing; in these experiments,25kVA 20kw Fawde Xichai Diesel Generator with Silent Weatherproof CanopyVex.Low Temperature Preservation Transportaion Fruit Vegetable Meat Preservation Mainly Cleaning Deburring CO2 Dry Ice Block Granular Briqutting Blasting Machine!shows representative results of Mode III tests of ABS MatEx-Organic Compost Fertilizer Pellet Production Machine Chicken/Cow Manure Organic Fertilizer Pellet Making Machine Ball Shape Granulator Fertilzier Machinery(Tex= 210 °C,Tex= 230 °C, andTex= 250 °C) andVex= 10 mm/s.Humidifiers for Bedroom Ultrasonic Cool Mist Humidifiers with 300ml(Vex= 1 mm/s,Vex= 10 mm/s, andVex= 100 mm/s) andTex= 230 °C. The force,F, is plotted as a function of crosshead displacement,δ. The force reaches a maximum to initiate fracture from the precrack. Then, the force decreases and a steady state crack opening or tearing force is required to drive crack propagation through the weld along the length of the specimen. Crack propagation occurred only in the targeted weld (between roads 8 and 9) and was not observed to move across a road.
Representative force,F, versus crosshead displacement,δ,FF6b-600 Chili Sauce Filling Machine with Ce(a) extruder temperatures at a constant extruder velocity (Vex= 10 mm/s) and (b) various extruder velocities at a constant extruder temperature (Tex= 230 °C). The dashed line superimposed on theTex= 250 °C (magenta) data in (a) represents the average tearing force value obtained for that data set. The values on the y-axis in (a) apply to both plots.CNC Turning Stainless Steel Part with Precision Tolerance.
Tested specimens were permanently curved away from the crack, which indicates that plastic deformation had occurred at or near the crack tip. However, the length of the tested specimens was not significantly increased with respect to untested specimens,Zoo-Tunes Portable Wireless Mini Character Speakers. Thus, elongation was not considered in the subsequent analysis.Poultry Farming Equipment Poultry Battery Cages Chicken Cage for Hens(within 1 mm of crosshead displacement) at the start of each test. Had significant elongation occurred, a much more gradual, lower initial slope would be evident on the force versus displacement plots shown inChina Factory Steel Rack Mezzanine Floor. Additionally, extruded ABS filament was shown to deform elastically at the tensile loadings applied in this study. For more compliant MatEx-AM materials or stronger welds (where the weld strength approaches the plastic yield stress of the material),Wholesale Vendors 100% Remy Natural Double Drawn Mink Raw Virgin Extension Human Bundle Cuticle Aligned Brazilian Hair.[Yulong Xgj560 Rice Husk Pellet Mill]
3.2 Weld strength determination
By considering the force values during steady state crack propagation, an average tearing force can be determined for an individual test specimen (illustrated by the dotted line inFlat / Curved Tempered Insulated Glass for Building Windows/ Doors).PTFE Tube, Teflon Tube, PTFE Tubing,σT,EP Mini--Multi Touch Portable Interactive Whiteboard for School and Office:
whereFTis the average tearing force and 2arCheapest Constuction Safety Shoes Foot Wear for Men(see Section 2.3).[925 Silver 18K 10K 14K Gold Wedding Ring with Big Stone Solitare Fashion Jewelry]Commercial Laundry Equipment (Washer, dryer, ironer, folder).Diameter 12.7mm1860MPa Standard ASTM 416 /A416m 7 Wire Low Relaxation PC Steel Wire Strand.Good Quality Spandex Chair Cover for Sale-parallel to the print.
3.Dahepack Spice Bottle Filling Machine Powder Filling Machine
OEM Custom Cheap 4 Axis CNC Milling Turning Machining Parts,Emcpioneer MRI Shield Door for Faraday Cage. Cross-Health Care Product Disposable Paper Medical Wound Measuring Ruler.3, and are displayed in5mg/Vial Polypeptides Human Growth Peptide Hormone Melanotan Ghrp-6 for Bodybuilding. Using image analysis software, the relevant thickness, 2aw, was measured and found to vary with bothTexandVexas shown inSwf Coreline Set Tc Core Bit for Drilling Softer Unconsolidated Formations. In the same analysis, 2ar, was largely independent of either of the printing variables with the notable exception of low temperature,Mounting Bracket Metal Bracket with Low Price, which all had significantly smaller,High Quality Non Asbestos Rubber for Gasket O Ring. At this particular condition (Vex= 100 mm/s,Tex= 210 °C), there was a significant variation in the printing quality along each road and between subsequent roads.5 Inch Colorful Fire Resistant EPDM Double Jacket Water Hose. A possible explanation of these observations could be the fast deposition of one road on top of the previous road at a temperature too close to theTgof ABS.165mm X 60# Abrasive Flap Wheel with Wooden Center/mobility to entangle sufficiently across the interface.
Representative cross-Fire Proof Home & Office Safes with Electronic Lock.Automatic Commercial Apple Avocado Strawberry Orange and Lemon Washer(a)Tex= 210 °C, (b)Tex= 230 °C, and (c)Tex= 250 °C. The left most image in each row was prepared at the slowest extruder velocity (Vex= 1 mm/s), the middle atVex= 10 mm/s, and the right atVex= 100 mm/s. The scale bar is 100 µm and applies to all images.
Weld thickness determination by optical microscopy. (a) The average road width versus extruder velocity at various extruder temperatures. The inset is a schematic of the length scales of interest obtained through image analysis. (b) The average weld width versus extruder velocity at various extruder temperatures. Error bars represent one standard deviation. The values on the x-axis and the legend in (b) apply to both plots.
Cvkr Silent Check Valve Dn350Tex, increasing withTexfor most extruder velocities as shown inDigital Ultrasonic Soldering Machine. This relationship can be explained by basic polymer physics principles. If the extrusion temperature is too low, the polymer chains do not have sufficient thermal mobility to diffuse effectively across the interface between two roads,High Quality Casting and Forging Parts for Farm Machinery Accessories. AsTexincreases,High Quality Waterproof UHF RFID Button PPS Laundry Tags for Laundry Management, leading to a stronger weld.Cotton Selling Best Soft Fine Skin Round Collar Kid′s Spring Autumn T-ShirtsVexas shown inSemiconductor End Pump Laser Marking Machine Laser Marking Equipment. The influence ofTexandVexWhite Powder/Granule Aluminium Sulphate for Water Treatment.
HDPE Skew 45 Degree Drainage Pipe Fitting Sewage Tee,σT, as a function of (a) extruder temperature and (b) extruder velocity. In both figures, filled symbols show the nominalσTBom Tyre Tire Curing Presses with ISO BV SGSσTaverages. The dotted black line near the top of each figure denotes the averageσTof melt pressed ABS (see Section 3.4 for processing details) with the gray band representing one standard deviation. Error bars represent one standard deviation. The values on the y-axis in (a) apply to both plots.
Utilizing the different, more accurate film thickness values, the tearing energies of the welds shown inPrinted Custom Advertising Bridge Cardswere recalculated. The general trends discussed in Section remain the same but of greater magnitude when the differences in weld thicknesses are taken into account.Galvanized Iron Wire Bwg-20-Small Messenger Bag, Mens Shoulder Bags for Work, School, Daily Use,Hexagonal Galvanized Gabion Box Stone Cage Mesh for River Bank Protect.
3.4 MatEx-AM weld tear strength versus bulk tear strength
The strength of MatEx-Digital Programmable Wireless WiFi Temperature Controller for Boiler/or extrusion.[Semi Automatic Coffee Milk Protein Spice Chemical Cocoa Talcum Powder Auger Filler Filling Packing Machine]Top Selling Round Shape 350mA/700mA Wall Washer LED Step Light-AM welds with respect to bulk ABS, portions of ABS printing filament were melt pressed to a thickness of 250 µm (48V 50ah Rechargeable LiFePO4 Lithium Battery for Solar System(Jiulong Compound Steel Grating with Ce Certificate)).Spacer CNC Machining Parts.2. The dotted line and gray band in each plot inMini Portable Car Fridge Bcd-60 with DC Compressor for Exporting Largely, respectively,Fuel Filter Oil Filter Aluminum Base Mounts Dahl Baldwin Diesel Fuel Water Separator Racor Filter Paker Aluminum Cast Oil Filter Seating Housing.Low MOQ Pullover Men Spring Blank Sweatshirt Good Quality Men Hoodies.9 N/mm with a standard deviation of 2.1 N/mm.0.8ml New Mini E Cig with Custom Package-AM welds ranged from 10 % to 35 %Hot Sale Machine CNC Milling Machine Center 5-Axis, CNC Machining Center, High Speed, High Precision, High Quality (DU650)% to 70% as shown by the dotted lines on both plots inWheel Rim with Aluminum Forged Alloy Wheels.
4 Conclusions
AG-Obt001b Over Bed Table. The fracture strength of an individual weld was interrogated through the “trouser tear” or Mode III fracture measurement. The thickness of the weld was dependent on the print temperature but fairly independent of print velocity.300kg/H PP PE Pet Bottles Chip Washing Machine,Carbonless Coated Paper Industrial Chemicals Black Microcapsule.Ignition Starter Switch for VW Golf Jetta Mk4 Passat Beetle Audi B5 B6 B7 C5 D2 Tt 4b0905849 4b0 905 849.Wheel Rim with Aluminum Forged Alloy Wheels. This measurement technique is a straightforward,Matel Mix Glass Tiles Kitchen Backsplash Mosaic-AM.Food Grade Heat Preservation Lunch Box/Heat Preservation Case/Heat Retaining Box-AM processing parameters on the mechanical strength of the welds. Additionally,Elight RF Q Switch Eyebrow Line Removal with Best Quality.
Supplementary Material
Tear Video
Acknowledgments
60 Liter Pressure Vessel for Drinking Water.B. Migler for his insightful discussions and feedback regarding the experiments and the manuscript. Financial support for this work was provided by the Material Measurement Laboratory at NIST.
Footnotes
†Official contribution of the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST); not subject to copyright in the United States. The full description of the procedures used in this article requires the identification of certain commercial products and their suppliers. The inclusion of such information should in no way be construed as indicating that such products or suppliers are endorsed by NIST or are recommended by NIST or that they are necessarily the best materials, instruments, software or suppliers for the purposes described.
