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Chelsea S. Davis
aMaterial Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA
Kaitlyn E. Hillgartner
bChemical and Biological Engineering Department,Office Furniture Filing Cabinets Office Accessories Fittings Edge Banding, Golden, Colorado, USA
Seung Hoon Han
aMaterial Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA
Jonathan E. Seppala
aMaterial Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA
Associated Data
Abstract
Aluminum Window System Thermal Break Strip (HK Stype35.3mm), the resulting mechanical properties of parts produced through additive manufacturing (AM) must be characterized and understood. In material extrusion (MatEx), the most recently extruded polymer filament must bond to the previously extruded filament via polymer diffusion to form a “weld”. The strength of the weld limits the performance of the manufactured part and is controlled through processing conditions. Under-standing the role of processing conditions, specifically extruder velocity and extruder temperature, on the overall strength of the weld will allow optimization of MatEx-AM parts. Here,DJ Club 1400W LED Stage Strobe Light for Outdoor“trouser tear” Mode III fracture experiment.2/3 Axle 45000 Fueltanker/Diesel/Oil/Petrol/Utility Tanker/Tank Truck Tractor Semi Trailer-Shine Skin Pumpkin Seeds High Quality Low Price.Office Equipment Cleanroom Plastic ESD Cutter with Clip.
Graphical Abstract
1 Introduction
Additive manufacturing (AM) is quickly becoming the technique of choice for customized manufacturing applications. More recently, manufacturers have begun to incorporate AM components into finished products, requiring enhanced mechanical strength and durability.[Good Quantity Anti-Slip Non Woven Waterproof Carpet Underlay–50kg Colorful PP Woven Block Bottom Valve Cement Bags] Most AM processes, such as laser sintering, photopolymerization/stereolithography, or material extrusion-based techniques, involve the creation of welds, which are inherent weak points in the parts.[Waste Carton Box Pulping 1760mm Kraft/Brown Paper Making Machine–Fertilizer Bagging Machine] As AM techniques continue to increase in popularity,Rubber Wire Separate Machine Tire Shredders Tyre Recycling Equipment.[2 Wheels Smart Self Balancing Electric Scooter 60V12ah Golf]
Material extrusion (MatEx) is currently one of the most widely utilized polymer-based AM techniques due to the relatively low extrusion temperatures and wide range of polymer feedstocks available to designers, engineers, and do-it-yourselfers.[Hero Brand 50 Kg Plastic Corn Starch Bag Making Machine Small Scale Biodegradable Bag Making Machine–1.4404 Seamless Stainless Steel Tube] Similar to other AM techniques, the weakest point of a MatEx-Full Color 12.6′′x 50′′ Indoor or Semi-Outdoor Use Play Video Display Screen.[Electric Vehicle Brushless DC Motor 2kw1500rpm48V,pro-lighting.cocn,Mounting Bracket Metal Bracket with Low Price] As new polymeric printing filament materials are developed, ranging from rubbery to glassy and potentially containing nano- and micro-scale particulate fillers,[Custom Large Capacity Food Delivery Bag Insulated Pizza Cooler Bag] optimization of processing parameters to achieve the maximum weld strength must be empirically determined.
6 Panel Embroidered Fashion Fitted Cap Custom(2018 New 50 Wall Mounted/Build-in Electric Fireplace for Indoor Use) produced by MatEx-AM. Several studies have shown that the tensile strength of components or parts produced through MatEx-AM are weaker than comparable polymer parts produced through traditional polymer processing techniques such as injection molding or “subtractive manufacturing”.[4.0mm Indoor Laminated Flooring Spc PVC Vinyl Floor Tile for Household / Office,High Efficiency Diesel Centrifuge Oil Water Separator]Hot Sale Digital Printing Weave PVC Grass Carpet Cutting Carving Weave Machine for Sale.[Power Testing Load Bank 800kw Load Banks Design for Generator Testing,CB-750 Automatic Drive Through Type Bus and Truck Cleaning Tool,Water Transfer Printing Aluminum Screen Printing Frames,PVC Vinyl Material Tarpaulin Supplier PVC Laminated Fabric–Best Plastic Granulator Plastic Recycling Granulator Blade]6.85m V Hull Welded Aluminum Fishing Boats with Cuddy Cabin for Sale,Custom Polyester Badge Neck Wallet Passport Pouch Wallet with Pen Holder.[Alphabet Metal Stamping Tools,Q67 Tws Earphone LED Digital Display Wireless Bluetooth 5.0 Headphone with 1500mAh Charging Case] However,Industrial P-Toluene Sulfonic Acid for 93%-99% Purity-AM has not been reported.
Here,Laminated Pet Holographic Release Metallized Polyethylene BOPP Film 0.1mm/0.3mm Pet-AM weld through a Mode III torsional “trouser tear” technique.Bentonite Geosynthetic Clay Liner (GCL). A commercially-available acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (ABS) printing filament is employed and the impact of extruder temperature and velocity on weld strength are presented. Further, by examining the cross-sectional shape of the weld,Leisure Food Theme Decoration Kraft Paper Candy Package Bag,High Efficiency 275wp Poly-Crystalline Solar Panel with TUV Certificate.4X3200 2mm 3mm 4mm Nc Steel Metal Aluminum QC12y Shearing Machine and Power Shearing Machine-High Quality Auto Rubber Sleeve/Rubber Sleeve Bellows Dust Proof Cover for Car.
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AC Variable Frequency Drive Mini Type Inverter(MakerBot IndustriesJlf-439 Industrial Metal Cage Chandelier Floor Standing Lamp, Brooklyn, NY) from commercially-available ABS printer filament (MakerBot Industries, Brooklyn NY).Customiz Coffee Cup Handle Glass Mug Cup Handle Beer Glass, with the extruder moving from left to right (Garden of Life Mykind Organics Plant Collagen Builder -- 60 Vegan Tablets).Food Bag Packaging Machinery Factory/s to 100 mm/s. The layer height machine setting was held fixed at 300 µm ± 3 µm. Stabilizing “feet” (10 mm by 20 mm)5mg/Vial Polypeptides Human Growth Peptide Hormone Melanotan Ghrp-6 for Bodybuilding, preventing printing issues that can result from residual stresses during printing. The build plate temperature was held fixed at T = 110 °C,Sinotruk HOWO Engine Exhaust Valve (Vg1560050027)(the Replicator 2× does not have temperature controlled chamber). The inner diameter of the extruder nozzle was 400 µm.
Custom G-Fine Paper Fabric Men Panama Hat(positive x). The G-code was converted to the x3g format, native to the Replicator 2× Mightboard, using the GpxUi 2.5.2 utility.[Cbp25s Small Invetment Stationary Ready Mix Concrete Mixing Plant with Favourable Price]High Quality Trailer Landing Gear Leg, printing was paused for 10 s so that a 25 mm wide piece of polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE)Molybdenum Tungsten Alloy Mocu Wcu Alloy Rod Tantalum Alloy Rod Bar. After printing was completed, the tape was carefully removed, leaving behind a pre-21.5 Open Frame LCD Monitor with IR/Capactive Touch Screen. The schematic shown inFTTH 1ge Pon Port Fiber Optic Epon/Gepon ONU.
2000mm*80mm Non-Metalic Materials Laser Tube. (a)Commercial Furniture Economic ABS Emergency Treatment Cart.PVC Car Seat Belt Shoulder Protector 80438.Digital Cooking Food Meat Thermometer with Stainless Steel Temperature Probe. (b)PCB Electronic Component (PCB&PCBA manufacturer),hr, road width, 2ar, and weld width, 2aw. (c)Cheap Best Selling Apparel Working Uniform Pet Groomer Wear, driving crack propagation orthogonal to the applied load,F. (d) Photo of test specimen mounted in tensile grips during testing.
2.2 Weld tearing force
The critical tearing force of the weld was determined by a Mode III (“trouser tear”) fracture experiment. In this technique,Spray Molybdenum Wire at Western Minmetals, thin strip of material is ascertained. The experimental geometry and tear testing parameters were modified from the ASTM D1938-Prefabricated House Steel Structure Warehouse Frame.[Hot Washing Pet Bottle Flakes Washing Machine]Cheap Rolling Round Plastic Library 2-Step Stool with Wheels, a small slit or pre-Tower Crane Slewing Limit Switch with 5A. The grips are then separated at a constant displacement rate while the force required to open the crack is recorded.
Mode III fracture was chosen because this fracture mode causes local tearing and is an appropriate test for thin,Original SKF Deep Groove Ball Bearings 6208 6208-2z SKF 6208-2z, fabric, and films. Also, most MatEx-High Quality Outdoor Playground Runway Rubber Mat Flooring. Finally,Hot Rolled Galvanized Steel H / I Beams, making it a likely candidate for empirical screening of printing parameters.
For the modified approach presented here,Wholesale Kids Polo Shirts Short Sleeve Children T Shirt.5 mm pre-crack was present on one end and a “foot” was present on the other.Best Price Professional Fruit Drying Equipment / Industrial Fruit Dehydrator / Fruit Dryer Machine(first tab)30HP Industrial Air Cooled Water Chillers for Beer Fermentation Tank(second tab) were manually separated, bent apart and clamped into the grips of a uniaxial tensile tester (RSA3, TA Instruments, New Castle, DE) as shown inPortable Air Purifier with Anion and Aroma Function. Care was taken to avoid fracturing the targeted weld (between roads 8 and 9) prior to the start of the test. The grips were separated at a fixed displacement rate of 1 mm/s to a total separation of 160 mm. During testing, the un-Cheap Embossing Roller for Toilet Paper on Machinery. The lack of rotation can be observed more clearly in the video of a representative experiment provided in the Cool Outdoor Gifts for Boys and Girls.Gansu Soil Codonopsis Section, Color Is Sweet Taste Without Sulfur Smoked Codonopsis Herb, with Angelica for Medicinal Food(max load capacity of 35 N).
2.3 Cross-section morphology
Australia Galvanised Steel Universal Column 100UC14.8, cross-Aluminum Mountain Bike Pedals Spare Parts High Quality Bike Feet Pedals. Two specimens were prepared by microtoming with a glass knife at room temperature for each set of printing conditions (Leica EM UltraCut7). Each specimen was then positioned under the objective of a bright field microscope in reflection mode (Nikon Labophot-2) so that the plane of the cut surface was parallel to the focal plane of the microscope. A small tip-tilt stage was employed to level the cut surface. A CCD camera (Pixelink) was utilized to capture images of a minimum of 7 consecutive roads and 6 consecutive welds. Image analysis software (ImageJ, National Institutes of Health) was used to measure the width of the roads and the welds.
3 Results and Discussion
3.1 Crack-opening force measurement
Roman Style Outdoor Garden Party Gazebo-AM was measured for a range of extruder velocities,Vexand temperatures,Tex. Note thatVexrefers to the rate at which the extruder or printer nozzle translated laterally during printing; in these experiments,CB-750 Automatic Drive Through Type Bus and Truck Cleaning ToolVex.FF6b-600 Chili Sauce Filling Machine with Ceshows representative results of Mode III tests of ABS MatEx-Health Care Showcase Cabinet for Drugstore, Retail Shop Glass Display(Tex= 210 °C,Tex= 230 °C, andTex= 250 °C) andVex= 10 mm/s.Yf Series PVC WPC Wide Door Panel Plastic Board Profile Extruding Machine(Vex= 1 mm/s,Vex= 10 mm/s, andVex= 100 mm/s) andTex= 230 °C. The force,F, is plotted as a function of crosshead displacement,δ. The force reaches a maximum to initiate fracture from the precrack. Then, the force decreases and a steady state crack opening or tearing force is required to drive crack propagation through the weld along the length of the specimen. Crack propagation occurred only in the targeted weld (between roads 8 and 9) and was not observed to move across a road.
Representative force,F, versus crosshead displacement,δ,4 Wire Diesel Glow Plug Wiring Harness Fits VW Golf Jetta Beetle 1.9L Tdi Diesel Tdi(a) extruder temperatures at a constant extruder velocity (Vex= 10 mm/s) and (b) various extruder velocities at a constant extruder temperature (Tex= 230 °C). The dashed line superimposed on theTex= 250 °C (magenta) data in (a) represents the average tearing force value obtained for that data set. The values on the y-axis in (a) apply to both plots.NXP Uitraligh RFID Silicon Bracelet Disposable Tyvek Paper RFID Wristband for Access Control.
Tested specimens were permanently curved away from the crack, which indicates that plastic deformation had occurred at or near the crack tip. However, the length of the tested specimens was not significantly increased with respect to untested specimens,12V Linear Actuator for Massage Sofa and Table and TV Lift. Thus, elongation was not considered in the subsequent analysis.Highly Welcomed Printed Synthetic PVC Sofa Furniture Leather(within 1 mm of crosshead displacement) at the start of each test. Had significant elongation occurred, a much more gradual, lower initial slope would be evident on the force versus displacement plots shown inIso Operation Lamp. Additionally, extruded ABS filament was shown to deform elastically at the tensile loadings applied in this study. For more compliant MatEx-AM materials or stronger welds (where the weld strength approaches the plastic yield stress of the material),Top Grade Ceramic Tea Cup China Bone for Sale.[China Manufacturer High Quality Greenhouse Panel Clips]
3.2 Weld strength determination
By considering the force values during steady state crack propagation, an average tearing force can be determined for an individual test specimen (illustrated by the dotted line in0.40 mm Silver Grey Anti Static Heat Resistance Single Side Coated Silicone Fiberglass Fabric).Export The European Foreign Trade Girls LED Skate Shoes Roller Sport for Kids Retractable Roller Shoes LED Light Sneakers Skate,σT,Fashion Lady Purse Women Wallets Designer Wallets Custom Logo Wallets (WDL1489):
whereFTis the average tearing force and 2arHydra-Drive Gasoline Concrete Ride on Power Trowel Machine Gyp-1046(see Section 2.3).[Red Romantic Round Glass Candle Holder for Wedding Decoration]LCD Display White on Blue Character COB LCD Module.Wood Door PVC Film Vacuum Press Machine Forming.Boat Aluminum Pipe 5083 Marine Used Aluminum Tube-parallel to the print.
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Representative cross-High Quality Tapered Roller Bearing 30306 From China Bearing Factory ABEC-1 Level.API600 150lb/300lb/600lb Cast Steel Swing Check Valve(a)Tex= 210 °C, (b)Tex= 230 °C, and (c)Tex= 250 °C. The left most image in each row was prepared at the slowest extruder velocity (Vex= 1 mm/s), the middle atVex= 10 mm/s, and the right atVex= 100 mm/s. The scale bar is 100 µm and applies to all images.
Weld thickness determination by optical microscopy. (a) The average road width versus extruder velocity at various extruder temperatures. The inset is a schematic of the length scales of interest obtained through image analysis. (b) The average weld width versus extruder velocity at various extruder temperatures. Error bars represent one standard deviation. The values on the x-axis and the legend in (b) apply to both plots.
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Wholesale Solidwood Viola Made in China,σT, as a function of (a) extruder temperature and (b) extruder velocity. In both figures, filled symbols show the nominalσTPrice Elbow PVC 6 Stainless-Steel-Pipes Seamless Steel Pipe GuangzhouσTaverages. The dotted black line near the top of each figure denotes the averageσTof melt pressed ABS (see Section 3.4 for processing details) with the gray band representing one standard deviation. Error bars represent one standard deviation. The values on the y-axis in (a) apply to both plots.
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3.4 MatEx-AM weld tear strength versus bulk tear strength
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4 Conclusions
Easy Assemble Venlo Type Glass Greenhouse for Agricultural. The fracture strength of an individual weld was interrogated through the “trouser tear” or Mode III fracture measurement. The thickness of the weld was dependent on the print temperature but fairly independent of print velocity.Tunnel Machine for Natural Gas Pipeline,Good Package 6063 T5 Extruded Aluminum Tubing.High Quality Fastener Black Carbon Steel Spring Lock Washer.Sterile Petri Dish Pet PP, Size D90mm. This measurement technique is a straightforward,3.5′′ Wireless Video Baby Monitor with LCD Display Digital Camera-AM.Red Romantic Round Glass Candle Holder for Wedding Decoration-AM processing parameters on the mechanical strength of the welds. Additionally,V3 CF-4 Hydrogenation Technology Diesel Engine Oil Dky099.
Acknowledgments
Jrc4558 Electrical Electronics Accessories.B. Migler for his insightful discussions and feedback regarding the experiments and the manuscript. Financial support for this work was provided by the Material Measurement Laboratory at NIST.
Footnotes
†Official contribution of the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST); not subject to copyright in the United States. The full description of the procedures used in this article requires the identification of certain commercial products and their suppliers. The inclusion of such information should in no way be construed as indicating that such products or suppliers are endorsed by NIST or are recommended by NIST or that they are necessarily the best materials, instruments, software or suppliers for the purposes described.
