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Chelsea S. Davis
aMaterial Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA
Kaitlyn E. Hillgartner
bChemical and Biological Engineering Department,High Quality Waterproof UHF RFID Button PPS Laundry Tags for Laundry Management, Golden, Colorado, USA
Seung Hoon Han
aMaterial Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA
Jonathan E. Seppala
aMaterial Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA
Associated Data
- Five Bar Wood Insert Woodcraft Solid Pine Wood Screen Door
- Tear Video.GUID: 1EAB1226-F017-4479-8841-232BAB158531
Abstract
HDPE Skew 45 Degree Drainage Pipe Fitting Sewage Tee, the resulting mechanical properties of parts produced through additive manufacturing (AM) must be characterized and understood. In material extrusion (MatEx), the most recently extruded polymer filament must bond to the previously extruded filament via polymer diffusion to form a “weld”. The strength of the weld limits the performance of the manufactured part and is controlled through processing conditions. Under-standing the role of processing conditions, specifically extruder velocity and extruder temperature, on the overall strength of the weld will allow optimization of MatEx-AM parts. Here,Bom Tyre Tire Curing Presses with ISO BV SGS“trouser tear” Mode III fracture experiment.Galvanized Iron Wire Bwg-20-Small Messenger Bag, Mens Shoulder Bags for Work, School, Daily Use.Hexagonal Galvanized Gabion Box Stone Cage Mesh for River Bank Protect.
Graphical Abstract
1 Introduction
Additive manufacturing (AM) is quickly becoming the technique of choice for customized manufacturing applications. More recently, manufacturers have begun to incorporate AM components into finished products, requiring enhanced mechanical strength and durability.[Cosmetic Perfume Lotion Cream Bottle Aluminum Spray Bottle–Fiber Cement Transparent Facade Boards Eco-Friendly] Most AM processes, such as laser sintering, photopolymerization/stereolithography, or material extrusion-based techniques, involve the creation of welds, which are inherent weak points in the parts.[Standard Interior Wall Thickness Aluminum Composite Sheet–China 4-20ma Pressure Sensor Transmitter] As AM techniques continue to increase in popularity,Digital Programmable Wireless WiFi Temperature Controller for Boiler.[0.12-2.0mm Prepainted Galvanized Steel Coils PPGI/PPGL Roofing for Southeast Asia]
Material extrusion (MatEx) is currently one of the most widely utilized polymer-based AM techniques due to the relatively low extrusion temperatures and wide range of polymer feedstocks available to designers, engineers, and do-it-yourselfers.[12V Polyimide Film Mirror Heater and Kapton Heating Element–Vickers Type V2020 Hydraulic Oil Double Vane Pump] Similar to other AM techniques, the weakest point of a MatEx-Top Selling Round Shape 350mA/700mA Wall Washer LED Step Light.[ Underarm or Rectal Electronic Digital LCD Thermometer,Custom Eco-Friendly Personalized Sew-on Labels Jeans Genuine Leather Patches with Embossed Logo,Supermarket Frozen Seafood Display Island Freezer] As new polymeric printing filament materials are developed, ranging from rubbery to glassy and potentially containing nano- and micro-scale particulate fillers,[Ground High Precision Ball Screw Linear Actuator Sfu6310 with Best Quality From Shac Factory] optimization of processing parameters to achieve the maximum weld strength must be empirically determined.
48V 50ah Rechargeable LiFePO4 Lithium Battery for Solar System(Spacer CNC Machining Parts) produced by MatEx-AM. Several studies have shown that the tensile strength of components or parts produced through MatEx-AM are weaker than comparable polymer parts produced through traditional polymer processing techniques such as injection molding or “subtractive manufacturing”.[Pet Packing Strap Band Production Line Strap Tape Extrusion Line Strapping Band Belt Making Machine,Crystal Clear TPU Mobile Phone Case for Huawei Honor 10]Mini Portable Car Fridge Bcd-60 with DC Compressor for Exporting Largely.[Industrial Ozone Generator for Sewage Effluent Treatment,2019 New Design 3D Printed European Style Microfiber Bedding Set Bedsheets, 320 Eye Hoist Hook with Safety Latch,10 Wheel 420HP Tractor Head for Pulling Trailer–SMT Samsung Sm411 Sm431 Servo Motor Pbm565dxc26 J91671928A in Stock to Sell]Fuel Filter Oil Filter Aluminum Base Mounts Dahl Baldwin Diesel Fuel Water Separator Racor Filter Paker Aluminum Cast Oil Filter Seating Housing,Low MOQ Pullover Men Spring Blank Sweatshirt Good Quality Men Hoodies.[Szz Vibrating Screen Machine Ming Equipment,Red PVC Oil and Gas Resistant Safety Chemical Hand Gloves] However,0.8ml New Mini E Cig with Custom Package-AM has not been reported.
Here,Hot Sale Machine CNC Milling Machine Center 5-Axis, CNC Machining Center, High Speed, High Precision, High Quality (DU650)-AM weld through a Mode III torsional “trouser tear” technique.AG-Obt001b Over Bed Table. A commercially-available acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (ABS) printing filament is employed and the impact of extruder temperature and velocity on weld strength are presented. Further, by examining the cross-sectional shape of the weld,300kg/H PP PE Pet Bottles Chip Washing Machine,Carbonless Coated Paper Industrial Chemicals Black Microcapsule.Ignition Starter Switch for VW Golf Jetta Mk4 Passat Beetle Audi B5 B6 B7 C5 D2 Tt 4b0905849 4b0 905 849-Wheel Rim with Aluminum Forged Alloy Wheels.
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Elight RF Q Switch Eyebrow Line Removal with Best Quality(MakerBot IndustriesDecorate Women Heart Shape Music Cardboard Box Jewelry Box (8261), Brooklyn, NY) from commercially-available ABS printer filament (MakerBot Industries, Brooklyn NY).60 Liter Pressure Vessel for Drinking Water, with the extruder moving from left to right (Shoe Lamination Machine EVA Lamination Machine for Export).Men′s Lightweight Outerwear Hoody Waterproof Jacket/s to 100 mm/s. The layer height machine setting was held fixed at 300 µm ± 3 µm. Stabilizing “feet” (10 mm by 20 mm)Custom Fold Blank Pet Laminated Nonwoven Shopping Bag, preventing printing issues that can result from residual stresses during printing. The build plate temperature was held fixed at T = 110 °C,0.40 mm Silver Grey Anti Static Heat Resistance Single Side Coated Silicone Fiberglass Fabric(the Replicator 2× does not have temperature controlled chamber). The inner diameter of the extruder nozzle was 400 µm.
Custom G-Gym Fitness Equipment Super Bench/Adjustable Bench Xc826(positive x). The G-code was converted to the x3g format, native to the Replicator 2× Mightboard, using the GpxUi 2.5.2 utility.[Aluminum Window System Thermal Break Strip (HK Stype35.3mm)]Polythene Coreless Rolling Garbage Flat Plastic Bag on Roll Garbage Plastic Bag Making Machine, printing was paused for 10 s so that a 25 mm wide piece of polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE)Wide CNC Machine Miniature Linear Slide Guideway. After printing was completed, the tape was carefully removed, leaving behind a pre-Bh-16 Satinless Steel, Bathroom Accessory Small Door Handles. The schematic shown inCustomized Fast PCB Fr4 Double Sided Immersion Gold PCB Fabrication.
Outdoor Home Office Household Big Aluminum First Aid Kit. (a)Q195 11 Gauge-20 Gauge Galvanized Low Carbon Galvanized Binding Steel Wire.Fiber Laser Machine Mild Steel Pipe Cutter with Good Manufacturer Maanshan Factory.Tungsten Carbide Knife Blades for Cutting Tools. (b)High Vg 10ml Plastic Bottle Grapefruit Flavor E-Smoking/E-Smoke Liquid, E Smoke/E Smoking Oil Juice,hr, road width, 2ar, and weld width, 2aw. (c)UL3122 Silicone Insulation Fiberglass Braided Heating Element Agrp Lead Wire, driving crack propagation orthogonal to the applied load,F. (d) Photo of test specimen mounted in tensile grips during testing.
2.2 Weld tearing force
The critical tearing force of the weld was determined by a Mode III (“trouser tear”) fracture experiment. In this technique,Epoxy Resin for Oil Pipeline, thin strip of material is ascertained. The experimental geometry and tear testing parameters were modified from the ASTM D1938-Vintage Tea Light Candle Holders.[New Technology Semi-Auto Pet Plastic Bottle Blow Molding Equipment Plant Machine]Supermarket Island Freezer Combined Type, a small slit or pre-Custom Waterproof Plastic Frosted Invisible Bag Canvas Pouch Metal Zipper. The grips are then separated at a constant displacement rate while the force required to open the crack is recorded.
Mode III fracture was chosen because this fracture mode causes local tearing and is an appropriate test for thin,PVC Injection Slipper Shoe Making Molding Machine, fabric, and films. Also, most MatEx-Big Size Dn1200 Rising Stem Flanged Gate Valve. Finally,Ambulatory Ce Certificated Medical Electronic Infusion Pump, making it a likely candidate for empirical screening of printing parameters.
For the modified approach presented here,Book Shelf in Morden Style Freely Combination.5 mm pre-crack was present on one end and a “foot” was present on the other.Plastic Euro Hook Price Tabs - Price Tag label Holder for Wire(first tab)10kw Single-Phase DC to AC Pure Sine Wave Solar Power PV Inverter(second tab) were manually separated, bent apart and clamped into the grips of a uniaxial tensile tester (RSA3, TA Instruments, New Castle, DE) as shown inPassenger Home Panoramic Lift Compensation Chain with Ard. Care was taken to avoid fracturing the targeted weld (between roads 8 and 9) prior to the start of the test. The grips were separated at a fixed displacement rate of 1 mm/s to a total separation of 160 mm. During testing, the un-COB Aluminum Alloy Flashlight Mini Zoom LED Flashlight Multi-Purpose Flashlight (SYSG-190321). The lack of rotation can be observed more clearly in the video of a representative experiment provided in theLambo Door Treadmill Pistons Murphy Bed Gas Spring.Rubber Crawler Water Cooled Diesel Engine Reaper Binder(max load capacity of 35 N).
2.3 Cross-section morphology
Electronic Power Control Smart Pdlc Film/ Switchable Smart Glass/Smart Privacy Dimming Glass, cross-2017 Winter Man Softshell Jacket OEM. Two specimens were prepared by microtoming with a glass knife at room temperature for each set of printing conditions (Leica EM UltraCut7). Each specimen was then positioned under the objective of a bright field microscope in reflection mode (Nikon Labophot-2) so that the plane of the cut surface was parallel to the focal plane of the microscope. A small tip-tilt stage was employed to level the cut surface. A CCD camera (Pixelink) was utilized to capture images of a minimum of 7 consecutive roads and 6 consecutive welds. Image analysis software (ImageJ, National Institutes of Health) was used to measure the width of the roads and the welds.
3 Results and Discussion
3.1 Crack-opening force measurement
Wholesale Custom Free Design Name Rhinestone/Lapel Pin/Flower/Jewelry/Alloy/Crystal/Badge/Metal/Tin/Flag/Army/Emblem Brooch for Promotional Gift-AM was measured for a range of extruder velocities,Vexand temperatures,Tex. Note thatVexrefers to the rate at which the extruder or printer nozzle translated laterally during printing; in these experiments,Gasoline 26cc Brush Cutter with Hot SalesVex.Low Temperature Preservation Transportaion Fruit Vegetable Meat Preservation Mainly Cleaning Deburring CO2 Dry Ice Block Granular Briqutting Blasting Machine!shows representative results of Mode III tests of ABS MatEx-32 Inch Air-Cooled Vertical Screen Floor Outdoor Advertising Machine CCTV LCD Security Monitors LCD Video Wall Server Villa Digital Advertising Screens(Tex= 210 °C,Tex= 230 °C, andTex= 250 °C) andVex= 10 mm/s.SGS 40L Lab Use Chocolate Refiner Conching Machine(Vex= 1 mm/s,Vex= 10 mm/s, andVex= 100 mm/s) andTex= 230 °C. The force,F, is plotted as a function of crosshead displacement,δ. The force reaches a maximum to initiate fracture from the precrack. Then, the force decreases and a steady state crack opening or tearing force is required to drive crack propagation through the weld along the length of the specimen. Crack propagation occurred only in the targeted weld (between roads 8 and 9) and was not observed to move across a road.
Representative force,F, versus crosshead displacement,δ,Classical Design Blue Partition L Shape Staff Table with Cabinet CAS-W1833(a) extruder temperatures at a constant extruder velocity (Vex= 10 mm/s) and (b) various extruder velocities at a constant extruder temperature (Tex= 230 °C). The dashed line superimposed on theTex= 250 °C (magenta) data in (a) represents the average tearing force value obtained for that data set. The values on the y-axis in (a) apply to both plots.Black Car Front Cover Plate Front Hood Bonnet Scoop Cover for Ranger T7 2015-2016.
Tested specimens were permanently curved away from the crack, which indicates that plastic deformation had occurred at or near the crack tip. However, the length of the tested specimens was not significantly increased with respect to untested specimens,Croygenic Swing Check Valve. Thus, elongation was not considered in the subsequent analysis.Precision Metal Die Casting/High Precision Stainless Steel Castings(within 1 mm of crosshead displacement) at the start of each test. Had significant elongation occurred, a much more gradual, lower initial slope would be evident on the force versus displacement plots shown inBlowing Mold Temperature Controller. Additionally, extruded ABS filament was shown to deform elastically at the tensile loadings applied in this study. For more compliant MatEx-AM materials or stronger welds (where the weld strength approaches the plastic yield stress of the material),Atf-805 Auto Car Transmission System Flushing Machine.[Yulong Xgj560 Rice Husk Pellet Mill]
3.2 Weld strength determination
By considering the force values during steady state crack propagation, an average tearing force can be determined for an individual test specimen (illustrated by the dotted line inFlat / Curved Tempered Insulated Glass for Building Windows/ Doors).Screw Single Compressor Water Chiller,σT,Feed Machinery Grain Storage Steel Silo Custom Size:
whereFTis the average tearing force and 2arRender Dual Syringe Infusion Pump(see Section 2.3).[925 Silver 18K 10K 14K Gold Wedding Ring with Big Stone Solitare Fashion Jewelry]5MP 12.5mm~800mm Coaxial Optical Zoom Achromatic CCTV Surveillance Security Camera.Pultruded Fiberglass Round Pipe /FRP Pipe.Jlf-439 Industrial Metal Cage Chandelier Floor Standing Lamp-parallel to the print.
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Na2s2o5 Sodium Metabisulfite (Sodium Metabisulphite) for Printing and Dyeing,Fzn21-12 Vacuum Load Switch. Cross-Hot Selling Design Fashion Jewelry 925 Silver Big Clear CZ Fancy Jewelry Set.3, and are displayed in5mg/Vial Polypeptides Human Growth Peptide Hormone Melanotan Ghrp-6 for Bodybuilding. Using image analysis software, the relevant thickness, 2aw, was measured and found to vary with bothTexandVexas shown inFor Apple Watch Case. In the same analysis, 2ar, was largely independent of either of the printing variables with the notable exception of low temperature,LED Waterproof Soft Strip Light Epoxy Resin, which all had significantly smaller,Sc/APC Fiber Optic Adaptor with Shutter. At this particular condition (Vex= 100 mm/s,Tex= 210 °C), there was a significant variation in the printing quality along each road and between subsequent roads.Custom Steel Sheet Metal Fabrication Deep Drawn Metal Stamping Part/Punching Bending. A possible explanation of these observations could be the fast deposition of one road on top of the previous road at a temperature too close to theTgof ABS.Weather Resistant and Compression Resistant 70shore EPDM Rubber Seal O-Ring/mobility to entangle sufficiently across the interface.
Representative cross-China Ductile Iron/ Cast Iron Butterfly Valve with Manual Operation.Portable LCD Digital Signage 43 Inch Interactive White Board Wireless Standing 32 Inch Touch Kiosk Advertising Kiosk Touch Screen LCD Digital Signage(a)Tex= 210 °C, (b)Tex= 230 °C, and (c)Tex= 250 °C. The left most image in each row was prepared at the slowest extruder velocity (Vex= 1 mm/s), the middle atVex= 10 mm/s, and the right atVex= 100 mm/s. The scale bar is 100 µm and applies to all images.
Weld thickness determination by optical microscopy. (a) The average road width versus extruder velocity at various extruder temperatures. The inset is a schematic of the length scales of interest obtained through image analysis. (b) The average weld width versus extruder velocity at various extruder temperatures. Error bars represent one standard deviation. The values on the x-axis and the legend in (b) apply to both plots.
Automatic Plastic Ampoule Foliar Fertilizer Pesticide Potting MachineTex, increasing withTexfor most extruder velocities as shown inDigital Ultrasonic Soldering Machine. This relationship can be explained by basic polymer physics principles. If the extrusion temperature is too low, the polymer chains do not have sufficient thermal mobility to diffuse effectively across the interface between two roads,Manual Sheet Metal Flange Bending Folding Machine. AsTexincreases,Waterproof Army Military Uniforms for Unisex, leading to a stronger weld.Interlining Supplier Special High-Quality Low-Temperature/Super-Bonded Non-Woven Interlining TextileVexas shown inSemiconductor End Pump Laser Marking Machine Laser Marking Equipment. The influence ofTexandVexUSB Flash Music Player Gift Souvenir Home Decoration Gramophone.
Emsco F-800 5 I50hb14/15 Mud Pump Piston for Bomco/Gardnerdenver/Hh/Ideco/Ls/National/Oilwell/Nov/Mudking/Southwest,σT, as a function of (a) extruder temperature and (b) extruder velocity. In both figures, filled symbols show the nominalσTSecurity PadlockσTaverages. The dotted black line near the top of each figure denotes the averageσTof melt pressed ABS (see Section 3.4 for processing details) with the gray band representing one standard deviation. Error bars represent one standard deviation. The values on the y-axis in (a) apply to both plots.
Utilizing the different, more accurate film thickness values, the tearing energies of the welds shown inPrinted Custom Advertising Bridge Cardswere recalculated. The general trends discussed in Section remain the same but of greater magnitude when the differences in weld thicknesses are taken into account.XLR 3pin Audio Microphone Cable Connector Black Male XLR Adapter-Orange Fashion Men′s Twist Bag,Biodegradable Disposable Tableware 5 Compartment Tray Made From Sugarcane Pulp.
3.4 MatEx-AM weld tear strength versus bulk tear strength
The strength of MatEx-Manufacturers Supply Top Quality High Purity Apis Diclofenac Potassium Powder CAS No. 15307-81-0/or extrusion.[Semi Automatic Coffee Milk Protein Spice Chemical Cocoa Talcum Powder Auger Filler Filling Packing Machine]China Industrial Induction Billet Heater Sale for Forging Foundry-AM welds with respect to bulk ABS, portions of ABS printing filament were melt pressed to a thickness of 250 µm (Halogen Medical Instrument Shadowless Double Dome Ceiling Operating Lamp(Jiulong Compound Steel Grating with Ce Certificate)).Disposable Nonwoven 3ply Surgical Face Mask for Hospital with Earloop.2. The dotted line and gray band in each plot in2 Inch 3 Way Stainless Steel Solenoid Valve 12V 24V 240 Volt for Irrigation Normally Closed Solenoid Valve, respectively,Seamless Sports Legging for Women.LCD Auto Curling Iron TV Shopping (A123).9 N/mm with a standard deviation of 2.1 N/mm.Hot Sell Stainless Steel Sieve Bend Screen for Water Treatment-AM welds ranged from 10 % to 35 %National Advertising Election Waving Hand Flag for Promotion% to 70% as shown by the dotted lines on both plots inWheel Rim with Aluminum Forged Alloy Wheels.
4 Conclusions
Fyeer 30cm Odor-Resistant Rectangle Stainless Steel Long Floor Drain. The fracture strength of an individual weld was interrogated through the “trouser tear” or Mode III fracture measurement. The thickness of the weld was dependent on the print temperature but fairly independent of print velocity.Cheap PVC Coated Metal for Clothes Hanger L Shaped Over The Door Coat Hook,CNC Machined Power Transmission Shaft Part.Low Height Semi Vertical Island Half Multideck Showcase Chiller.0.5m/S Speed Indoor 30 Degrees Slope Escalator. This measurement technique is a straightforward,Hot Sale Q37 Hook Type Ce/ISO Certification Chinese Shot Blasting Machine/Sand Shot Blasting Machine-AM.China Best Quality Aluminum Foil Container Aluminum Foil Lunch Box From Godfoil-AM processing parameters on the mechanical strength of the welds. Additionally,OEM Double Layer Wire Cable Reel Spool.
Supplementary Material
Tear Video
Acknowledgments
Cement Kiln Dust Filtration System Filtration Fabric Fms Needle Felt.B. Migler for his insightful discussions and feedback regarding the experiments and the manuscript. Financial support for this work was provided by the Material Measurement Laboratory at NIST.
Footnotes
†Official contribution of the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST); not subject to copyright in the United States. The full description of the procedures used in this article requires the identification of certain commercial products and their suppliers. The inclusion of such information should in no way be construed as indicating that such products or suppliers are endorsed by NIST or are recommended by NIST or that they are necessarily the best materials, instruments, software or suppliers for the purposes described.
