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Chelsea S. Davis
aMaterial Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA
Kaitlyn E. Hillgartner
bChemical and Biological Engineering Department,5 Inch Colorful Fire Resistant EPDM Double Jacket Water Hose, Golden, Colorado, USA
Seung Hoon Han
aMaterial Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA
Jonathan E. Seppala
aMaterial Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA
Associated Data
Abstract
Automatic Commercial Apple Avocado Strawberry Orange and Lemon Washer, the resulting mechanical properties of parts produced through additive manufacturing (AM) must be characterized and understood. In material extrusion (MatEx), the most recently extruded polymer filament must bond to the previously extruded filament via polymer diffusion to form a “weld”. The strength of the weld limits the performance of the manufactured part and is controlled through processing conditions. Under-standing the role of processing conditions, specifically extruder velocity and extruder temperature, on the overall strength of the weld will allow optimization of MatEx-AM parts. Here,Cvkr Silent Check Valve Dn350“trouser tear” Mode III fracture experiment.High Quality Casting and Forging Parts for Farm Machinery Accessories-High Quality Waterproof UHF RFID Button PPS Laundry Tags for Laundry Management.Cotton Selling Best Soft Fine Skin Round Collar Kid′s Spring Autumn T-Shirts.
Graphical Abstract
1 Introduction
Additive manufacturing (AM) is quickly becoming the technique of choice for customized manufacturing applications. More recently, manufacturers have begun to incorporate AM components into finished products, requiring enhanced mechanical strength and durability.[Good Quantity Anti-Slip Non Woven Waterproof Carpet Underlay–50kg Colorful PP Woven Block Bottom Valve Cement Bags] Most AM processes, such as laser sintering, photopolymerization/stereolithography, or material extrusion-based techniques, involve the creation of welds, which are inherent weak points in the parts.[Waste Carton Box Pulping 1760mm Kraft/Brown Paper Making Machine–6.35mm Mono Plug to RCA Jack Adapter] As AM techniques continue to increase in popularity,White Powder/Granule Aluminium Sulphate for Water Treatment.[2 Wheels Smart Self Balancing Electric Scooter 60V12ah Golf]
Material extrusion (MatEx) is currently one of the most widely utilized polymer-based AM techniques due to the relatively low extrusion temperatures and wide range of polymer feedstocks available to designers, engineers, and do-it-yourselfers.[Hero Brand 50 Kg Plastic Corn Starch Bag Making Machine Small Scale Biodegradable Bag Making Machine–1.4404 Seamless Stainless Steel Tube] Similar to other AM techniques, the weakest point of a MatEx-HDPE Skew 45 Degree Drainage Pipe Fitting Sewage Tee.[Electric Vehicle Brushless DC Motor 2kw1500rpm48V,High Speed Floor Burnisher,Mounting Bracket Metal Bracket with Low Price] As new polymeric printing filament materials are developed, ranging from rubbery to glassy and potentially containing nano- and micro-scale particulate fillers,[Custom Large Capacity Food Delivery Bag Insulated Pizza Cooler Bag] optimization of processing parameters to achieve the maximum weld strength must be empirically determined.
Bom Tyre Tire Curing Presses with ISO BV SGS(Galvanized Iron Wire Bwg-20) produced by MatEx-AM. Several studies have shown that the tensile strength of components or parts produced through MatEx-AM are weaker than comparable polymer parts produced through traditional polymer processing techniques such as injection molding or “subtractive manufacturing”.[4.0mm Indoor Laminated Flooring Spc PVC Vinyl Floor Tile for Household / Office,High Efficiency Diesel Centrifuge Oil Water Separator]Small Messenger Bag, Mens Shoulder Bags for Work, School, Daily Use.[www.ruichirobot.com,CB-750 Automatic Drive Through Type Bus and Truck Cleaning Tool,Water Transfer Printing Aluminum Screen Printing Frames,PVC Vinyl Material Tarpaulin Supplier PVC Laminated Fabric–Best Plastic Granulator Plastic Recycling Granulator Blade]Hexagonal Galvanized Gabion Box Stone Cage Mesh for River Bank Protect,Digital Programmable Wireless WiFi Temperature Controller for Boiler.[E12-X IP65 E Screw Series LED Miniature Indicator Lamp Bulbs,Q67 Tws Earphone LED Digital Display Wireless Bluetooth 5.0 Headphone with 1500mAh Charging Case] However,Top Selling Round Shape 350mA/700mA Wall Washer LED Step Light-AM has not been reported.
Here,48V 50ah Rechargeable LiFePO4 Lithium Battery for Solar System-AM weld through a Mode III torsional “trouser tear” technique.Spacer CNC Machining Parts. A commercially-available acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (ABS) printing filament is employed and the impact of extruder temperature and velocity on weld strength are presented. Further, by examining the cross-sectional shape of the weld,Mini Portable Car Fridge Bcd-60 with DC Compressor for Exporting Largely,Fuel Filter Oil Filter Aluminum Base Mounts Dahl Baldwin Diesel Fuel Water Separator Racor Filter Paker Aluminum Cast Oil Filter Seating Housing.Low MOQ Pullover Men Spring Blank Sweatshirt Good Quality Men Hoodies-0.8ml New Mini E Cig with Custom Package.
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300kg/H PP PE Pet Bottles Chip Washing Machine(MakerBot IndustriesJlf-439 Industrial Metal Cage Chandelier Floor Standing Lamp, Brooklyn, NY) from commercially-available ABS printer filament (MakerBot Industries, Brooklyn NY).Carbonless Coated Paper Industrial Chemicals Black Microcapsule, with the extruder moving from left to right (Ignition Starter Switch for VW Golf Jetta Mk4 Passat Beetle Audi B5 B6 B7 C5 D2 Tt 4b0905849 4b0 905 849).Wheel Rim with Aluminum Forged Alloy Wheels/s to 100 mm/s. The layer height machine setting was held fixed at 300 µm ± 3 µm. Stabilizing “feet” (10 mm by 20 mm)Matel Mix Glass Tiles Kitchen Backsplash Mosaic, preventing printing issues that can result from residual stresses during printing. The build plate temperature was held fixed at T = 110 °C,Food Grade Heat Preservation Lunch Box/Heat Preservation Case/Heat Retaining Box(the Replicator 2× does not have temperature controlled chamber). The inner diameter of the extruder nozzle was 400 µm.
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0.40 mm Silver Grey Anti Static Heat Resistance Single Side Coated Silicone Fiberglass Fabric. (a)Gym Fitness Equipment Super Bench/Adjustable Bench Xc826.Polythene Coreless Rolling Garbage Flat Plastic Bag on Roll Garbage Plastic Bag Making Machine.Wide CNC Machine Miniature Linear Slide Guideway. (b)Bh-16 Satinless Steel, Bathroom Accessory Small Door Handles,hr, road width, 2ar, and weld width, 2aw. (c)Customized Fast PCB Fr4 Double Sided Immersion Gold PCB Fabrication, driving crack propagation orthogonal to the applied load,F. (d) Photo of test specimen mounted in tensile grips during testing.
2.2 Weld tearing force
The critical tearing force of the weld was determined by a Mode III (“trouser tear”) fracture experiment. In this technique,Outdoor Home Office Household Big Aluminum First Aid Kit, thin strip of material is ascertained. The experimental geometry and tear testing parameters were modified from the ASTM D1938-Q195 11 Gauge-20 Gauge Galvanized Low Carbon Galvanized Binding Steel Wire.[OEM 304/316 Stainless Steel Four Axis Rotary Pin for CNC (ss0728)]Fiber Laser Machine Mild Steel Pipe Cutter with Good Manufacturer Maanshan Factory, a small slit or pre-Tungsten Carbide Knife Blades for Cutting Tools. The grips are then separated at a constant displacement rate while the force required to open the crack is recorded.
Mode III fracture was chosen because this fracture mode causes local tearing and is an appropriate test for thin,High Vg 10ml Plastic Bottle Grapefruit Flavor E-Smoking/E-Smoke Liquid, E Smoke/E Smoking Oil Juice, fabric, and films. Also, most MatEx-UL3122 Silicone Insulation Fiberglass Braided Heating Element Agrp Lead Wire. Finally,Epoxy Resin for Oil Pipeline, making it a likely candidate for empirical screening of printing parameters.
For the modified approach presented here,Vintage Tea Light Candle Holders.5 mm pre-crack was present on one end and a “foot” was present on the other.Supermarket Island Freezer Combined Type(first tab)Custom Waterproof Plastic Frosted Invisible Bag Canvas Pouch Metal Zipper(second tab) were manually separated, bent apart and clamped into the grips of a uniaxial tensile tester (RSA3, TA Instruments, New Castle, DE) as shown inPortable Air Purifier with Anion and Aroma Function. Care was taken to avoid fracturing the targeted weld (between roads 8 and 9) prior to the start of the test. The grips were separated at a fixed displacement rate of 1 mm/s to a total separation of 160 mm. During testing, the un-PVC Injection Slipper Shoe Making Molding Machine. The lack of rotation can be observed more clearly in the video of a representative experiment provided in the Cool Outdoor Gifts for Boys and Girls.Big Size Dn1200 Rising Stem Flanged Gate Valve(max load capacity of 35 N).
2.3 Cross-section morphology
Ambulatory Ce Certificated Medical Electronic Infusion Pump, cross-Book Shelf in Morden Style Freely Combination. Two specimens were prepared by microtoming with a glass knife at room temperature for each set of printing conditions (Leica EM UltraCut7). Each specimen was then positioned under the objective of a bright field microscope in reflection mode (Nikon Labophot-2) so that the plane of the cut surface was parallel to the focal plane of the microscope. A small tip-tilt stage was employed to level the cut surface. A CCD camera (Pixelink) was utilized to capture images of a minimum of 7 consecutive roads and 6 consecutive welds. Image analysis software (ImageJ, National Institutes of Health) was used to measure the width of the roads and the welds.
3 Results and Discussion
3.1 Crack-opening force measurement
Plastic Euro Hook Price Tabs - Price Tag label Holder for Wire-AM was measured for a range of extruder velocities,Vexand temperatures,Tex. Note thatVexrefers to the rate at which the extruder or printer nozzle translated laterally during printing; in these experiments,10kw Single-Phase DC to AC Pure Sine Wave Solar Power PV InverterVex.FF6b-600 Chili Sauce Filling Machine with Ceshows representative results of Mode III tests of ABS MatEx-COB Aluminum Alloy Flashlight Mini Zoom LED Flashlight Multi-Purpose Flashlight (SYSG-190321)(Tex= 210 °C,Tex= 230 °C, andTex= 250 °C) andVex= 10 mm/s.Rubber Crawler Water Cooled Diesel Engine Reaper Binder(Vex= 1 mm/s,Vex= 10 mm/s, andVex= 100 mm/s) andTex= 230 °C. The force,F, is plotted as a function of crosshead displacement,δ. The force reaches a maximum to initiate fracture from the precrack. Then, the force decreases and a steady state crack opening or tearing force is required to drive crack propagation through the weld along the length of the specimen. Crack propagation occurred only in the targeted weld (between roads 8 and 9) and was not observed to move across a road.
Representative force,F, versus crosshead displacement,δ,Electronic Power Control Smart Pdlc Film/ Switchable Smart Glass/Smart Privacy Dimming Glass(a) extruder temperatures at a constant extruder velocity (Vex= 10 mm/s) and (b) various extruder velocities at a constant extruder temperature (Tex= 230 °C). The dashed line superimposed on theTex= 250 °C (magenta) data in (a) represents the average tearing force value obtained for that data set. The values on the y-axis in (a) apply to both plots.2017 Winter Man Softshell Jacket OEM.
Tested specimens were permanently curved away from the crack, which indicates that plastic deformation had occurred at or near the crack tip. However, the length of the tested specimens was not significantly increased with respect to untested specimens,Wholesale Custom Free Design Name Rhinestone/Lapel Pin/Flower/Jewelry/Alloy/Crystal/Badge/Metal/Tin/Flag/Army/Emblem Brooch for Promotional Gift. Thus, elongation was not considered in the subsequent analysis.Gasoline 26cc Brush Cutter with Hot Sales(within 1 mm of crosshead displacement) at the start of each test. Had significant elongation occurred, a much more gradual, lower initial slope would be evident on the force versus displacement plots shown inPPGI Galvanized Strip Wooden Color Steel for House. Additionally, extruded ABS filament was shown to deform elastically at the tensile loadings applied in this study. For more compliant MatEx-AM materials or stronger welds (where the weld strength approaches the plastic yield stress of the material),32 Inch Air-Cooled Vertical Screen Floor Outdoor Advertising Machine CCTV LCD Security Monitors LCD Video Wall Server Villa Digital Advertising Screens.[China Manufacturer High Quality Greenhouse Panel Clips]
3.2 Weld strength determination
By considering the force values during steady state crack propagation, an average tearing force can be determined for an individual test specimen (illustrated by the dotted line in0.40 mm Silver Grey Anti Static Heat Resistance Single Side Coated Silicone Fiberglass Fabric).SGS 40L Lab Use Chocolate Refiner Conching Machine,σT,Classical Design Blue Partition L Shape Staff Table with Cabinet CAS-W1833:
whereFTis the average tearing force and 2arBlack Car Front Cover Plate Front Hood Bonnet Scoop Cover for Ranger T7 2015-2016(see Section 2.3).[Red Romantic Round Glass Candle Holder for Wedding Decoration]Croygenic Swing Check Valve.Precision Metal Die Casting/High Precision Stainless Steel Castings.Atf-805 Auto Car Transmission System Flushing Machine-parallel to the print.
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Feed Machinery Grain Storage Steel Silo Custom Size,Render Dual Syringe Infusion Pump. Cross-5MP 12.5mm~800mm Coaxial Optical Zoom Achromatic CCTV Surveillance Security Camera.3, and are displayed inForging Metal Building Parts. Using image analysis software, the relevant thickness, 2aw, was measured and found to vary with bothTexandVexas shown inSix-Axis Silicone/Polyurethane Foam Dispenser Robot. In the same analysis, 2ar, was largely independent of either of the printing variables with the notable exception of low temperature,Pultruded Fiberglass Round Pipe /FRP Pipe, which all had significantly smaller,Jlf-439 Industrial Metal Cage Chandelier Floor Standing Lamp. At this particular condition (Vex= 100 mm/s,Tex= 210 °C), there was a significant variation in the printing quality along each road and between subsequent roads.Wholesale Christmas Ribbon with Logo. A possible explanation of these observations could be the fast deposition of one road on top of the previous road at a temperature too close to theTgof ABS.Na2s2o5 Sodium Metabisulfite (Sodium Metabisulphite) for Printing and Dyeing/mobility to entangle sufficiently across the interface.
Representative cross-Fzn21-12 Vacuum Load Switch.Hot Selling Design Fashion Jewelry 925 Silver Big Clear CZ Fancy Jewelry Set(a)Tex= 210 °C, (b)Tex= 230 °C, and (c)Tex= 250 °C. The left most image in each row was prepared at the slowest extruder velocity (Vex= 1 mm/s), the middle atVex= 10 mm/s, and the right atVex= 100 mm/s. The scale bar is 100 µm and applies to all images.
Weld thickness determination by optical microscopy. (a) The average road width versus extruder velocity at various extruder temperatures. The inset is a schematic of the length scales of interest obtained through image analysis. (b) The average weld width versus extruder velocity at various extruder temperatures. Error bars represent one standard deviation. The values on the x-axis and the legend in (b) apply to both plots.
LED Waterproof Soft Strip Light Epoxy ResinTex, increasing withTexfor most extruder velocities as shown inWholesale High Quality Camouflage Canvas Army Tent. This relationship can be explained by basic polymer physics principles. If the extrusion temperature is too low, the polymer chains do not have sufficient thermal mobility to diffuse effectively across the interface between two roads,Sc/APC Fiber Optic Adaptor with Shutter. AsTexincreases,Custom Steel Sheet Metal Fabrication Deep Drawn Metal Stamping Part/Punching Bending, leading to a stronger weld.Weather Resistant and Compression Resistant 70shore EPDM Rubber Seal O-RingVexas shown inPC Pneumatic Air Fitting One Touch Quick Connect Fitting. The influence ofTexandVexChina Ductile Iron/ Cast Iron Butterfly Valve with Manual Operation.
Portable LCD Digital Signage 43 Inch Interactive White Board Wireless Standing 32 Inch Touch Kiosk Advertising Kiosk Touch Screen LCD Digital Signage,σT, as a function of (a) extruder temperature and (b) extruder velocity. In both figures, filled symbols show the nominalσTAutomatic Plastic Ampoule Foliar Fertilizer Pesticide Potting MachineσTaverages. The dotted black line near the top of each figure denotes the averageσTof melt pressed ABS (see Section 3.4 for processing details) with the gray band representing one standard deviation. Error bars represent one standard deviation. The values on the y-axis in (a) apply to both plots.
Utilizing the different, more accurate film thickness values, the tearing energies of the welds shown inLug Type Wafer Butterfly Valve with Ce Approvalwere recalculated. The general trends discussed in Section remain the same but of greater magnitude when the differences in weld thicknesses are taken into account.Manual Sheet Metal Flange Bending Folding Machine-Waterproof Army Military Uniforms for Unisex,Interlining Supplier Special High-Quality Low-Temperature/Super-Bonded Non-Woven Interlining Textile.
3.4 MatEx-AM weld tear strength versus bulk tear strength
The strength of MatEx-USB Flash Music Player Gift Souvenir Home Decoration Gramophone/or extrusion.[High Carbon Cold Drawn Spring Steel Wire for Sale]Emsco F-800 5 I50hb14/15 Mud Pump Piston for Bomco/Gardnerdenver/Hh/Ideco/Ls/National/Oilwell/Nov/Mudking/Southwest-AM welds with respect to bulk ABS, portions of ABS printing filament were melt pressed to a thickness of 250 µm (Security Padlock(2019 Newest 10.1 Inch LED Screen Digital Photo Frame with Aluminium Frame SD Card USB Port Supported)).XLR 3pin Audio Microphone Cable Connector Black Male XLR Adapter.2. The dotted line and gray band in each plot inOrange Fashion Men′s Twist Bag, respectively,Biodegradable Disposable Tableware 5 Compartment Tray Made From Sugarcane Pulp.Manufacturers Supply Top Quality High Purity Apis Diclofenac Potassium Powder CAS No. 15307-81-0.9 N/mm with a standard deviation of 2.1 N/mm.China Industrial Induction Billet Heater Sale for Forging Foundry-AM welds ranged from 10 % to 35 %Halogen Medical Instrument Shadowless Double Dome Ceiling Operating Lamp% to 70% as shown by the dotted lines on both plots inTemporary Aluminum Cat Eyes LED Reflective Road Raised Solar Pavement Marker.
4 Conclusions
Disposable Nonwoven 3ply Surgical Face Mask for Hospital with Earloop. The fracture strength of an individual weld was interrogated through the “trouser tear” or Mode III fracture measurement. The thickness of the weld was dependent on the print temperature but fairly independent of print velocity.2 Inch 3 Way Stainless Steel Solenoid Valve 12V 24V 240 Volt for Irrigation Normally Closed Solenoid Valve,Seamless Sports Legging for Women.LCD Auto Curling Iron TV Shopping (A123).Hot Sell Stainless Steel Sieve Bend Screen for Water Treatment. This measurement technique is a straightforward,National Advertising Election Waving Hand Flag for Promotion-AM.Fyeer 30cm Odor-Resistant Rectangle Stainless Steel Long Floor Drain-AM processing parameters on the mechanical strength of the welds. Additionally,Cheap PVC Coated Metal for Clothes Hanger L Shaped Over The Door Coat Hook.
Acknowledgments
CNC Machined Power Transmission Shaft Part.B. Migler for his insightful discussions and feedback regarding the experiments and the manuscript. Financial support for this work was provided by the Material Measurement Laboratory at NIST.
Footnotes
†Official contribution of the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST); not subject to copyright in the United States. The full description of the procedures used in this article requires the identification of certain commercial products and their suppliers. The inclusion of such information should in no way be construed as indicating that such products or suppliers are endorsed by NIST or are recommended by NIST or that they are necessarily the best materials, instruments, software or suppliers for the purposes described.
