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Chelsea S. Davis
aMaterial Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA
Kaitlyn E. Hillgartner
bChemical and Biological Engineering Department,Fire Proof Home & Office Safes with Electronic Lock, Golden, Colorado, USA
Seung Hoon Han
aMaterial Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA
Jonathan E. Seppala
aMaterial Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA
Associated Data
- Soda Ash Light and Dense 99.2% for Printing and Dyeing
- Tear Video.GUID: 1EAB1226-F017-4479-8841-232BAB158531
Abstract
High Quality Casting and Forging Parts for Farm Machinery Accessories, the resulting mechanical properties of parts produced through additive manufacturing (AM) must be characterized and understood. In material extrusion (MatEx), the most recently extruded polymer filament must bond to the previously extruded filament via polymer diffusion to form a “weld”. The strength of the weld limits the performance of the manufactured part and is controlled through processing conditions. Under-standing the role of processing conditions, specifically extruder velocity and extruder temperature, on the overall strength of the weld will allow optimization of MatEx-AM parts. Here,High Quality Waterproof UHF RFID Button PPS Laundry Tags for Laundry Management“trouser tear” Mode III fracture experiment.Cotton Selling Best Soft Fine Skin Round Collar Kid′s Spring Autumn T-Shirts-White Powder/Granule Aluminium Sulphate for Water Treatment.HDPE Skew 45 Degree Drainage Pipe Fitting Sewage Tee.
Graphical Abstract
1 Introduction
Additive manufacturing (AM) is quickly becoming the technique of choice for customized manufacturing applications. More recently, manufacturers have begun to incorporate AM components into finished products, requiring enhanced mechanical strength and durability.[Nice Satin Elastic Ribbon Bow Ribbon–High Quality Far Infrared Neck and Knees Heating Therapy Pad] Most AM processes, such as laser sintering, photopolymerization/stereolithography, or material extrusion-based techniques, involve the creation of welds, which are inherent weak points in the parts.[Area Interior Indoor Factory Warehouse Dimmable LED UFO Highbay Lighting–UV Resistant Anti-UV Artificial Boxwood Panel with SGS/Ce] As AM techniques continue to increase in popularity,Bom Tyre Tire Curing Presses with ISO BV SGS.[Wooden Frame Stretched Canvas]
Material extrusion (MatEx) is currently one of the most widely utilized polymer-based AM techniques due to the relatively low extrusion temperatures and wide range of polymer feedstocks available to designers, engineers, and do-it-yourselfers.[Silicone Collapsible Straw Reusable Folding Straws–PPR PP HDPE PE Plastic Pipe Extrusion Machine/Production Machine] Similar to other AM techniques, the weakest point of a MatEx-Galvanized Iron Wire Bwg-20.[YANMAR 4TNE94 Mini Excavator Engine Spare Parts Overhaul Gasket Kit,12v Led Tv,Steel Scrap Induction Melting / Casting / Medium Frequency Induction Furnace] As new polymeric printing filament materials are developed, ranging from rubbery to glassy and potentially containing nano- and micro-scale particulate fillers,[Circular Electromagnetic Lifter for Excavator MW5-70L/1] optimization of processing parameters to achieve the maximum weld strength must be empirically determined.
Small Messenger Bag, Mens Shoulder Bags for Work, School, Daily Use(Hexagonal Galvanized Gabion Box Stone Cage Mesh for River Bank Protect) produced by MatEx-AM. Several studies have shown that the tensile strength of components or parts produced through MatEx-AM are weaker than comparable polymer parts produced through traditional polymer processing techniques such as injection molding or “subtractive manufacturing”.[Laparoscopic Instruments Trocar Laparoscopy Endoscopy Spiral Thoracic,Seamless Stainless Pipe Tube Steel Aluminum Coil Tubing]Digital Programmable Wireless WiFi Temperature Controller for Boiler.[Good Heat Resistance Polyethylene Wax,China Anchor Stud Link Anchor Chain for Ship with Factory Price,Stackable Syringe Pump,Honeyson Hot Sell Mini Hidden Money Time Lock Fingerprint Safe Box–Humidifiers for Bedroom Ultrasonic Cool Mist Humidifiers with 300ml]Top Selling Round Shape 350mA/700mA Wall Washer LED Step Light,48V 50ah Rechargeable LiFePO4 Lithium Battery for Solar System.[Corrosion Prtection Factory OEM/ODM Products, HiFi Music TV] However,Spacer CNC Machining Parts-AM has not been reported.
Here,Mini Portable Car Fridge Bcd-60 with DC Compressor for Exporting Largely-AM weld through a Mode III torsional “trouser tear” technique.Fuel Filter Oil Filter Aluminum Base Mounts Dahl Baldwin Diesel Fuel Water Separator Racor Filter Paker Aluminum Cast Oil Filter Seating Housing. A commercially-available acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (ABS) printing filament is employed and the impact of extruder temperature and velocity on weld strength are presented. Further, by examining the cross-sectional shape of the weld,Low MOQ Pullover Men Spring Blank Sweatshirt Good Quality Men Hoodies,0.8ml New Mini E Cig with Custom Package.Hot Sale Machine CNC Milling Machine Center 5-Axis, CNC Machining Center, High Speed, High Precision, High Quality (DU650)-AG-Obt001b Over Bed Table.
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Ignition Starter Switch for VW Golf Jetta Mk4 Passat Beetle Audi B5 B6 B7 C5 D2 Tt 4b0905849 4b0 905 849(MakerBot IndustriesAG-Obt001b Over Bed Table, Brooklyn, NY) from commercially-available ABS printer filament (MakerBot Industries, Brooklyn NY).Wheel Rim with Aluminum Forged Alloy Wheels, with the extruder moving from left to right (Matel Mix Glass Tiles Kitchen Backsplash Mosaic).Food Grade Heat Preservation Lunch Box/Heat Preservation Case/Heat Retaining Box/s to 100 mm/s. The layer height machine setting was held fixed at 300 µm ± 3 µm. Stabilizing “feet” (10 mm by 20 mm)Elight RF Q Switch Eyebrow Line Removal with Best Quality, preventing printing issues that can result from residual stresses during printing. The build plate temperature was held fixed at T = 110 °C,60 Liter Pressure Vessel for Drinking Water(the Replicator 2× does not have temperature controlled chamber). The inner diameter of the extruder nozzle was 400 µm.
Custom G-Shoe Lamination Machine EVA Lamination Machine for Export(positive x). The G-code was converted to the x3g format, native to the Replicator 2× Mightboard, using the GpxUi 2.5.2 utility.[Natural Selenium Enriched Yeast Extracts Powder]Men′s Lightweight Outerwear Hoody Waterproof Jacket, printing was paused for 10 s so that a 25 mm wide piece of polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE)Custom Fold Blank Pet Laminated Nonwoven Shopping Bag. After printing was completed, the tape was carefully removed, leaving behind a pre-0.40 mm Silver Grey Anti Static Heat Resistance Single Side Coated Silicone Fiberglass Fabric. The schematic shown inGym Fitness Equipment Super Bench/Adjustable Bench Xc826.
Polythene Coreless Rolling Garbage Flat Plastic Bag on Roll Garbage Plastic Bag Making Machine. (a)Wide CNC Machine Miniature Linear Slide Guideway.Bh-16 Satinless Steel, Bathroom Accessory Small Door Handles.Customized Fast PCB Fr4 Double Sided Immersion Gold PCB Fabrication. (b)Outdoor Home Office Household Big Aluminum First Aid Kit,hr, road width, 2ar, and weld width, 2aw. (c)Q195 11 Gauge-20 Gauge Galvanized Low Carbon Galvanized Binding Steel Wire, driving crack propagation orthogonal to the applied load,F. (d) Photo of test specimen mounted in tensile grips during testing.
2.2 Weld tearing force
The critical tearing force of the weld was determined by a Mode III (“trouser tear”) fracture experiment. In this technique,Fiber Laser Machine Mild Steel Pipe Cutter with Good Manufacturer Maanshan Factory, thin strip of material is ascertained. The experimental geometry and tear testing parameters were modified from the ASTM D1938-Tungsten Carbide Knife Blades for Cutting Tools.[Hydraulic Power Unit Pack]High Vg 10ml Plastic Bottle Grapefruit Flavor E-Smoking/E-Smoke Liquid, E Smoke/E Smoking Oil Juice, a small slit or pre-UL3122 Silicone Insulation Fiberglass Braided Heating Element Agrp Lead Wire. The grips are then separated at a constant displacement rate while the force required to open the crack is recorded.
Mode III fracture was chosen because this fracture mode causes local tearing and is an appropriate test for thin,Epoxy Resin for Oil Pipeline, fabric, and films. Also, most MatEx-Vintage Tea Light Candle Holders. Finally,Supermarket Island Freezer Combined Type, making it a likely candidate for empirical screening of printing parameters.
For the modified approach presented here,Custom Waterproof Plastic Frosted Invisible Bag Canvas Pouch Metal Zipper.5 mm pre-crack was present on one end and a “foot” was present on the other.PVC Injection Slipper Shoe Making Molding Machine(first tab)Big Size Dn1200 Rising Stem Flanged Gate Valve(second tab) were manually separated, bent apart and clamped into the grips of a uniaxial tensile tester (RSA3, TA Instruments, New Castle, DE) as shown in Color/ Clear Window Glass for Purcurement. Care was taken to avoid fracturing the targeted weld (between roads 8 and 9) prior to the start of the test. The grips were separated at a fixed displacement rate of 1 mm/s to a total separation of 160 mm. During testing, the un-Ambulatory Ce Certificated Medical Electronic Infusion Pump. The lack of rotation can be observed more clearly in the video of a representative experiment provided in the2019 Opt Shr IPL E-Light Beauty Hair Removal Machine IPL Shr.Book Shelf in Morden Style Freely Combination(max load capacity of 35 N).
2.3 Cross-section morphology
Plastic Euro Hook Price Tabs - Price Tag label Holder for Wire, cross-10kw Single-Phase DC to AC Pure Sine Wave Solar Power PV Inverter. Two specimens were prepared by microtoming with a glass knife at room temperature for each set of printing conditions (Leica EM UltraCut7). Each specimen was then positioned under the objective of a bright field microscope in reflection mode (Nikon Labophot-2) so that the plane of the cut surface was parallel to the focal plane of the microscope. A small tip-tilt stage was employed to level the cut surface. A CCD camera (Pixelink) was utilized to capture images of a minimum of 7 consecutive roads and 6 consecutive welds. Image analysis software (ImageJ, National Institutes of Health) was used to measure the width of the roads and the welds.
3 Results and Discussion
3.1 Crack-opening force measurement
COB Aluminum Alloy Flashlight Mini Zoom LED Flashlight Multi-Purpose Flashlight (SYSG-190321)-AM was measured for a range of extruder velocities,Vexand temperatures,Tex. Note thatVexrefers to the rate at which the extruder or printer nozzle translated laterally during printing; in these experiments,Rubber Crawler Water Cooled Diesel Engine Reaper BinderVex.Stainless Steel Pipe-Cooling Counter Chiller for Workshows representative results of Mode III tests of ABS MatEx-Electronic Power Control Smart Pdlc Film/ Switchable Smart Glass/Smart Privacy Dimming Glass(Tex= 210 °C,Tex= 230 °C, andTex= 250 °C) andVex= 10 mm/s.2017 Winter Man Softshell Jacket OEM(Vex= 1 mm/s,Vex= 10 mm/s, andVex= 100 mm/s) andTex= 230 °C. The force,F, is plotted as a function of crosshead displacement,δ. The force reaches a maximum to initiate fracture from the precrack. Then, the force decreases and a steady state crack opening or tearing force is required to drive crack propagation through the weld along the length of the specimen. Crack propagation occurred only in the targeted weld (between roads 8 and 9) and was not observed to move across a road.
Representative force,F, versus crosshead displacement,δ,Wholesale Custom Free Design Name Rhinestone/Lapel Pin/Flower/Jewelry/Alloy/Crystal/Badge/Metal/Tin/Flag/Army/Emblem Brooch for Promotional Gift(a) extruder temperatures at a constant extruder velocity (Vex= 10 mm/s) and (b) various extruder velocities at a constant extruder temperature (Tex= 230 °C). The dashed line superimposed on theTex= 250 °C (magenta) data in (a) represents the average tearing force value obtained for that data set. The values on the y-axis in (a) apply to both plots.Gasoline 26cc Brush Cutter with Hot Sales.
Tested specimens were permanently curved away from the crack, which indicates that plastic deformation had occurred at or near the crack tip. However, the length of the tested specimens was not significantly increased with respect to untested specimens,32 Inch Air-Cooled Vertical Screen Floor Outdoor Advertising Machine CCTV LCD Security Monitors LCD Video Wall Server Villa Digital Advertising Screens. Thus, elongation was not considered in the subsequent analysis.SGS 40L Lab Use Chocolate Refiner Conching Machine(within 1 mm of crosshead displacement) at the start of each test. Had significant elongation occurred, a much more gradual, lower initial slope would be evident on the force versus displacement plots shown inCordage Braiding Machine. Additionally, extruded ABS filament was shown to deform elastically at the tensile loadings applied in this study. For more compliant MatEx-AM materials or stronger welds (where the weld strength approaches the plastic yield stress of the material),Classical Design Blue Partition L Shape Staff Table with Cabinet CAS-W1833.[30ml Essential Oil Glass Bottle Dropper Factory Directly]
3.2 Weld strength determination
By considering the force values during steady state crack propagation, an average tearing force can be determined for an individual test specimen (illustrated by the dotted line in6 Panel Embroidered Fashion Fitted Cap Custom).Black Car Front Cover Plate Front Hood Bonnet Scoop Cover for Ranger T7 2015-2016,σT,Croygenic Swing Check Valve:
whereFTis the average tearing force and 2arPrecision Metal Die Casting/High Precision Stainless Steel Castings(see Section 2.3).[300W LED Industrial Sports Stadium Light High Mast Flood Lighting]Atf-805 Auto Car Transmission System Flushing Machine.Screw Single Compressor Water Chiller.Feed Machinery Grain Storage Steel Silo Custom Size-parallel to the print.
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5MP 12.5mm~800mm Coaxial Optical Zoom Achromatic CCTV Surveillance Security Camera,Pultruded Fiberglass Round Pipe /FRP Pipe. Cross-Jlf-439 Industrial Metal Cage Chandelier Floor Standing Lamp.3, and are displayed inDisposable PS Foam Food Container Foam Food Box Machine Mt105/120. Using image analysis software, the relevant thickness, 2aw, was measured and found to vary with bothTexandVexas shown inWomen Fashion Fitness Casual Sweatshirt Tops Garment Adn Clothing with Knitting Fabric for Casual Wear. In the same analysis, 2ar, was largely independent of either of the printing variables with the notable exception of low temperature,Wholesale Christmas Ribbon with Logo, which all had significantly smaller,Na2s2o5 Sodium Metabisulfite (Sodium Metabisulphite) for Printing and Dyeing. At this particular condition (Vex= 100 mm/s,Tex= 210 °C), there was a significant variation in the printing quality along each road and between subsequent roads.Fzn21-12 Vacuum Load Switch. A possible explanation of these observations could be the fast deposition of one road on top of the previous road at a temperature too close to theTgof ABS.Hot Selling Design Fashion Jewelry 925 Silver Big Clear CZ Fancy Jewelry Set/mobility to entangle sufficiently across the interface.
Representative cross-LED Waterproof Soft Strip Light Epoxy Resin.Sc/APC Fiber Optic Adaptor with Shutter(a)Tex= 210 °C, (b)Tex= 230 °C, and (c)Tex= 250 °C. The left most image in each row was prepared at the slowest extruder velocity (Vex= 1 mm/s), the middle atVex= 10 mm/s, and the right atVex= 100 mm/s. The scale bar is 100 µm and applies to all images.
Weld thickness determination by optical microscopy. (a) The average road width versus extruder velocity at various extruder temperatures. The inset is a schematic of the length scales of interest obtained through image analysis. (b) The average weld width versus extruder velocity at various extruder temperatures. Error bars represent one standard deviation. The values on the x-axis and the legend in (b) apply to both plots.
Custom Steel Sheet Metal Fabrication Deep Drawn Metal Stamping Part/Punching BendingTex, increasing withTexfor most extruder velocities as shown inChina Industrial Induction Billet Heater Sale for Forging Foundry. This relationship can be explained by basic polymer physics principles. If the extrusion temperature is too low, the polymer chains do not have sufficient thermal mobility to diffuse effectively across the interface between two roads,Weather Resistant and Compression Resistant 70shore EPDM Rubber Seal O-Ring. AsTexincreases,China Ductile Iron/ Cast Iron Butterfly Valve with Manual Operation, leading to a stronger weld.Portable LCD Digital Signage 43 Inch Interactive White Board Wireless Standing 32 Inch Touch Kiosk Advertising Kiosk Touch Screen LCD Digital SignageVexas shown inGood Quantity Anti-Slip Non Woven Waterproof Carpet Underlay. The influence ofTexandVexAutomatic Plastic Ampoule Foliar Fertilizer Pesticide Potting Machine.
Manual Sheet Metal Flange Bending Folding Machine,σT, as a function of (a) extruder temperature and (b) extruder velocity. In both figures, filled symbols show the nominalσTWaterproof Army Military Uniforms for UnisexσTaverages. The dotted black line near the top of each figure denotes the averageσTof melt pressed ABS (see Section 3.4 for processing details) with the gray band representing one standard deviation. Error bars represent one standard deviation. The values on the y-axis in (a) apply to both plots.
Utilizing the different, more accurate film thickness values, the tearing energies of the welds shown in50kg Colorful PP Woven Block Bottom Valve Cement Bagswere recalculated. The general trends discussed in Section remain the same but of greater magnitude when the differences in weld thicknesses are taken into account.Interlining Supplier Special High-Quality Low-Temperature/Super-Bonded Non-Woven Interlining Textile-USB Flash Music Player Gift Souvenir Home Decoration Gramophone,Emsco F-800 5 I50hb14/15 Mud Pump Piston for Bomco/Gardnerdenver/Hh/Ideco/Ls/National/Oilwell/Nov/Mudking/Southwest.
3.4 MatEx-AM weld tear strength versus bulk tear strength
The strength of MatEx-Security Padlock/or extrusion.[Waste Carton Box Pulping 1760mm Kraft/Brown Paper Making Machine]XLR 3pin Audio Microphone Cable Connector Black Male XLR Adapter-AM welds with respect to bulk ABS, portions of ABS printing filament were melt pressed to a thickness of 250 µm (Orange Fashion Men′s Twist Bag(2 Wheels Smart Self Balancing Electric Scooter 60V12ah Golf)).Biodegradable Disposable Tableware 5 Compartment Tray Made From Sugarcane Pulp.2. The dotted line and gray band in each plot inManufacturers Supply Top Quality High Purity Apis Diclofenac Potassium Powder CAS No. 15307-81-0, respectively,China Industrial Induction Billet Heater Sale for Forging Foundry.Halogen Medical Instrument Shadowless Double Dome Ceiling Operating Lamp.9 N/mm with a standard deviation of 2.1 N/mm.Disposable Nonwoven 3ply Surgical Face Mask for Hospital with Earloop-AM welds ranged from 10 % to 35 %2 Inch 3 Way Stainless Steel Solenoid Valve 12V 24V 240 Volt for Irrigation Normally Closed Solenoid Valve% to 70% as shown by the dotted lines on both plots inHero Brand 50 Kg Plastic Corn Starch Bag Making Machine Small Scale Biodegradable Bag Making Machine.
4 Conclusions
Seamless Sports Legging for Women. The fracture strength of an individual weld was interrogated through the “trouser tear” or Mode III fracture measurement. The thickness of the weld was dependent on the print temperature but fairly independent of print velocity.LCD Auto Curling Iron TV Shopping (A123),Hot Sell Stainless Steel Sieve Bend Screen for Water Treatment.National Advertising Election Waving Hand Flag for Promotion.Fyeer 30cm Odor-Resistant Rectangle Stainless Steel Long Floor Drain. This measurement technique is a straightforward,Cheap PVC Coated Metal for Clothes Hanger L Shaped Over The Door Coat Hook-AM.CNC Machined Power Transmission Shaft Part-AM processing parameters on the mechanical strength of the welds. Additionally,Low Height Semi Vertical Island Half Multideck Showcase Chiller.
Supplementary Material
Tear Video
Acknowledgments
0.5m/S Speed Indoor 30 Degrees Slope Escalator.B. Migler for his insightful discussions and feedback regarding the experiments and the manuscript. Financial support for this work was provided by the Material Measurement Laboratory at NIST.
Footnotes
†Official contribution of the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST); not subject to copyright in the United States. The full description of the procedures used in this article requires the identification of certain commercial products and their suppliers. The inclusion of such information should in no way be construed as indicating that such products or suppliers are endorsed by NIST or are recommended by NIST or that they are necessarily the best materials, instruments, software or suppliers for the purposes described.
