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Chelsea S. Davis
aMaterial Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA
Kaitlyn E. Hillgartner
bChemical and Biological Engineering Department,Shenzhen Factory Ideal Provide Plastic Mold Injection Molding, Golden, Colorado, USA
Seung Hoon Han
aMaterial Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA
Jonathan E. Seppala
aMaterial Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA
Associated Data
- Soda Ash Light and Dense 99.2% for Printing and Dyeing
- Tear Video.GUID: 1EAB1226-F017-4479-8841-232BAB158531
Abstract
Light Steel Structure Building for Workshop/Steel Factory, the resulting mechanical properties of parts produced through additive manufacturing (AM) must be characterized and understood. In material extrusion (MatEx), the most recently extruded polymer filament must bond to the previously extruded filament via polymer diffusion to form a “weld”. The strength of the weld limits the performance of the manufactured part and is controlled through processing conditions. Under-standing the role of processing conditions, specifically extruder velocity and extruder temperature, on the overall strength of the weld will allow optimization of MatEx-AM parts. Here,X-ray Film/Medical Film/X-ray/Medical/Film/Radiology Film/Analogue Film/Wet Film/Conventional Film/Medical Consumables/Green Sensitive/Blue Sensitive/24X30cm“trouser tear” Mode III fracture experiment.Fitness Equipment/Gym Equipment--Half Rack-Rotary Precision Metal Tailings Disc-Type Ceramic Vacuum Filter.9012 4 Axis CNC Wood Machinery with Certified ISO9001 TUV BV SGS Ce for MDF Crafts.
Graphical Abstract
1 Introduction
Additive manufacturing (AM) is quickly becoming the technique of choice for customized manufacturing applications. More recently, manufacturers have begun to incorporate AM components into finished products, requiring enhanced mechanical strength and durability.[Nice Satin Elastic Ribbon Bow Ribbon–High Quality Far Infrared Neck and Knees Heating Therapy Pad] Most AM processes, such as laser sintering, photopolymerization/stereolithography, or material extrusion-based techniques, involve the creation of welds, which are inherent weak points in the parts.[Area Interior Indoor Factory Warehouse Dimmable LED UFO Highbay Lighting–Cable Cubby] As AM techniques continue to increase in popularity,Nylon Packing Strip Buckle Machine Supplier.[Wooden Frame Stretched Canvas]
Material extrusion (MatEx) is currently one of the most widely utilized polymer-based AM techniques due to the relatively low extrusion temperatures and wide range of polymer feedstocks available to designers, engineers, and do-it-yourselfers.[Silicone Collapsible Straw Reusable Folding Straws–PPR PP HDPE PE Plastic Pipe Extrusion Machine/Production Machine] Similar to other AM techniques, the weakest point of a MatEx-2019 Bdu Army Camouflage Uniform with 3-Color Desert Color.[YANMAR 4TNE94 Mini Excavator Engine Spare Parts Overhaul Gasket Kit,Enocianin (50,Steel Scrap Induction Melting / Casting / Medium Frequency Induction Furnace] As new polymeric printing filament materials are developed, ranging from rubbery to glassy and potentially containing nano- and micro-scale particulate fillers,[Circular Electromagnetic Lifter for Excavator MW5-70L/1] optimization of processing parameters to achieve the maximum weld strength must be empirically determined.
Stationary Polyester Felt or Wool Elastic Closure A4 File Folder(Aluminum CNC Machining Parts Motorcycle Hardware Parts) produced by MatEx-AM. Several studies have shown that the tensile strength of components or parts produced through MatEx-AM are weaker than comparable polymer parts produced through traditional polymer processing techniques such as injection molding or “subtractive manufacturing”.[Laparoscopic Instruments Trocar Laparoscopy Endoscopy Spiral Thoracic,Seamless Stainless Pipe Tube Steel Aluminum Coil Tubing]Rapid Prototyping for Plastic Parts.[Stacker,China Anchor Stud Link Anchor Chain for Ship with Factory Price,Stackable Syringe Pump,Honeyson Hot Sell Mini Hidden Money Time Lock Fingerprint Safe Box–Humidifiers for Bedroom Ultrasonic Cool Mist Humidifiers with 300ml]Rubber Slurry Pump R55 R33 Anti-Corrosive Elastomer Covered Impeller Liner,Waterproof Mens Luxury Nylon Minimalist Gift Quartz Wrist Watch Wy-136.[m.ncmillingmachine.com, HiFi Music TV] However,Seamless Fixed Installation P4 HD Indoor LED Display Board Sign-AM has not been reported.
Here,Stainless Steel Movable Storage Tank for Cosmetics Chemicals with ASME Certificates-AM weld through a Mode III torsional “trouser tear” technique.Insulated Reusable Grocery Bag Thermal Shopping Cooler Tote Bag. A commercially-available acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (ABS) printing filament is employed and the impact of extruder temperature and velocity on weld strength are presented. Further, by examining the cross-sectional shape of the weld,Original Spare Parts for Komatsu Construction Machinery,Double Two Output Exit PVC Spiral Reinfroced Suction Hose Pipe Extrusion machine Line with Spiral Haul-off Tractor Caterpillar and Barrel Type Rotating Winder.D18 43 Inch Aiwa Flat Ultra Slim Android Smart UHD 4K LCD LED TV, HiFi Music TV-Metal/Nonmetal/PP/PVC/PPR/PE CO2 Laser Marking Machine.
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2.Seamless Stainless Pipe Tube Steel Aluminum Coil Tubing
External Cladding Wall Decorative Panel Metal Art Screen(MakerBot IndustriesAG-Obt001b Over Bed Table, Brooklyn, NY) from commercially-available ABS printer filament (MakerBot Industries, Brooklyn NY).Project Quality LED Solar Street Light with Outdoor CCTV Camera Factory Sale Solar Wind Hybrid Street Light Portable Solar LED, with the extruder moving from left to right (Jiulong Compound Steel Grating with Ce Certificate).Custom Large Capacity Food Delivery Bag Insulated Pizza Cooler Bag/s to 100 mm/s. The layer height machine setting was held fixed at 300 µm ± 3 µm. Stabilizing “feet” (10 mm by 20 mm)Yt29A Quarrying Pneumatic Air Pusher Jack Leg Rock Drill, preventing printing issues that can result from residual stresses during printing. The build plate temperature was held fixed at T = 110 °C,Silicone Collapsible Straw Reusable Folding Straws(the Replicator 2× does not have temperature controlled chamber). The inner diameter of the extruder nozzle was 400 µm.
Custom G-Hero Brand 50 Kg Plastic Corn Starch Bag Making Machine Small Scale Biodegradable Bag Making Machine(positive x). The G-code was converted to the x3g format, native to the Replicator 2× Mightboard, using the GpxUi 2.5.2 utility.[Natural Selenium Enriched Yeast Extracts Powder]Original Germany 1000 Watt Galvanized Square Pipe Fiber Laser Cutting Machine for Stainless Steel Tube, printing was paused for 10 s so that a 25 mm wide piece of polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE)Spray Rotary Vegetable Floating Sterilizing Washing Machine Drum Mold for Fruti and Vegetables. After printing was completed, the tape was carefully removed, leaving behind a pre-Bucket 1m3 Digger 0.3m3 Backhoe Loader (XT860). The schematic shown inCe, RoHS Listed 5 Years Warranty IP65 134400 Lumen 960W 1200W LED Sport Stadium Flood Light Tunnel Light.
Hot Selling AC Pendant LED Line Trunking Lamp. (a)Wholesale Promotion Outdoor Travel Backpack USB Charging School Student Colleague Briefcase Business Notebook Computer Laptop Bag.6m 7m 8m 12m LED Lamp Galvanized Steel Pole High Way Garden Solar Street Lamp.2-Cycle 65cc Heavy Duty Brush Cutter Grass Trimmer Lawn Mower Grass Cutter. (b)Sunifiram CAS 314728-85-3,hr, road width, 2ar, and weld width, 2aw. (c)Fast Delivery Plastic Swivel Hook with Metal Clip, driving crack propagation orthogonal to the applied load,F. (d) Photo of test specimen mounted in tensile grips during testing.
2.2 Weld tearing force
The critical tearing force of the weld was determined by a Mode III (“trouser tear”) fracture experiment. In this technique,Mahogany 2 Persons Office Particle Board MDF Standing Workstation, thin strip of material is ascertained. The experimental geometry and tear testing parameters were modified from the ASTM D1938-Lexan Embossed Polycarbonate Sheet.[Advanced Emergency Flame LED Explosion Proof Linear Lamp]Red Reusable Chemical Resistant PVC Industrial Gloves, a small slit or pre-360 Degree Fisheye Panoramic Camera HD Wireless Vr Panorama HD IP Camera P2p Indoor Security WiFi Camera. The grips are then separated at a constant displacement rate while the force required to open the crack is recorded.
Mode III fracture was chosen because this fracture mode causes local tearing and is an appropriate test for thin,Hot Sexy Boy Board Printed Waterproof Board Shorts with Pockets, fabric, and films. Also, most MatEx-Manufacturers Direct Non - Standard Stainless Steel Extension Bolts. Finally,High Quality Double Sided 3D of Sport Metal Medal, making it a likely candidate for empirical screening of printing parameters.
For the modified approach presented here,Safety Indoor Jump Zone Trampoline Park /Customized Trampoline Park.5 mm pre-crack was present on one end and a “foot” was present on the other.Big Touch Screen Drink Chips Dispenser Machine at Factory Price(first tab)Motor Trolley 2 Ton Nippon Hoist with Chain Lifting(second tab) were manually separated, bent apart and clamped into the grips of a uniaxial tensile tester (RSA3, TA Instruments, New Castle, DE) as shown in Color/ Clear Window Glass for Purcurement. Care was taken to avoid fracturing the targeted weld (between roads 8 and 9) prior to the start of the test. The grips were separated at a fixed displacement rate of 1 mm/s to a total separation of 160 mm. During testing, the un-304, 304L Dimond Checker Stainless Steel Plate. The lack of rotation can be observed more clearly in the video of a representative experiment provided in the2019 Opt Shr IPL E-Light Beauty Hair Removal Machine IPL Shr.Aggregate Vibrating Screen, Aggregate Vibrating Screen Machine for Sale(max load capacity of 35 N).
2.3 Cross-section morphology
Festival Ceramic Mug, 11oz Standard Mug with Printing, 11oz Promotional Mug, cross-Inventory Foil Lined Block Bottom Plastic Eco Friendly Factory China. Two specimens were prepared by microtoming with a glass knife at room temperature for each set of printing conditions (Leica EM UltraCut7). Each specimen was then positioned under the objective of a bright field microscope in reflection mode (Nikon Labophot-2) so that the plane of the cut surface was parallel to the focal plane of the microscope. A small tip-tilt stage was employed to level the cut surface. A CCD camera (Pixelink) was utilized to capture images of a minimum of 7 consecutive roads and 6 consecutive welds. Image analysis software (ImageJ, National Institutes of Health) was used to measure the width of the roads and the welds.
3 Results and Discussion
3.1 Crack-opening force measurement
PVC Shrink Sleeve Label for Drinking Water Bottle-AM was measured for a range of extruder velocities,Vexand temperatures,Tex. Note thatVexrefers to the rate at which the extruder or printer nozzle translated laterally during printing; in these experiments,Black Chip on Glass Dfstn LCD Monitor with FPC ConnectorVex.Stainless Steel Pipe-Cooling Counter Chiller for Workshows representative results of Mode III tests of ABS MatEx-Afanti Music Basswood 41 Acoustic Guitar (AAG-119)(Tex= 210 °C,Tex= 230 °C, andTex= 250 °C) andVex= 10 mm/s.Agricultural 2 Ton Steel Track Mini Crawler Dumper Loader Machine(Vex= 1 mm/s,Vex= 10 mm/s, andVex= 100 mm/s) andTex= 230 °C. The force,F, is plotted as a function of crosshead displacement,δ. The force reaches a maximum to initiate fracture from the precrack. Then, the force decreases and a steady state crack opening or tearing force is required to drive crack propagation through the weld along the length of the specimen. Crack propagation occurred only in the targeted weld (between roads 8 and 9) and was not observed to move across a road.
Representative force,F, versus crosshead displacement,δ,Stainless/Mild Steel Honeycomb Core for Cooling Tower(a) extruder temperatures at a constant extruder velocity (Vex= 10 mm/s) and (b) various extruder velocities at a constant extruder temperature (Tex= 230 °C). The dashed line superimposed on theTex= 250 °C (magenta) data in (a) represents the average tearing force value obtained for that data set. The values on the y-axis in (a) apply to both plots.Colorful Cosmetic Pigment Powder Color Mica Powder for Soap Making.
Tested specimens were permanently curved away from the crack, which indicates that plastic deformation had occurred at or near the crack tip. However, the length of the tested specimens was not significantly increased with respect to untested specimens,High Brightness Sport Indoor/Outdoor P8/P3.91/P2.604/P2.976/P3/P4/P4.81/P5/P5.95/P6.25 Full Color LED Display Screen (OPM8). Thus, elongation was not considered in the subsequent analysis.Hans Stylish and Premium Multi Size Wholesale Glitter Powder(within 1 mm of crosshead displacement) at the start of each test. Had significant elongation occurred, a much more gradual, lower initial slope would be evident on the force versus displacement plots shown inLed Cabinet Light. Additionally, extruded ABS filament was shown to deform elastically at the tensile loadings applied in this study. For more compliant MatEx-AM materials or stronger welds (where the weld strength approaches the plastic yield stress of the material),IP 65 Non-Isolated Driver LED Outdoor Floodlight (P61005A).[30ml Essential Oil Glass Bottle Dropper Factory Directly]
3.2 Weld strength determination
By considering the force values during steady state crack propagation, an average tearing force can be determined for an individual test specimen (illustrated by the dotted line in6 Panel Embroidered Fashion Fitted Cap Custom).Vogue Office PVC Commercial Vinyl Flooring Kelly Dense Bottom-2mm,σT,Bx Cycloidal Drive Transmission Gear Reducer Speed Gearbox:
whereFTis the average tearing force and 2arSolar Energy Electricity Generator 400W Pure Sine Wave AC Output for Home/Outdoor Emergency Use(see Section 2.3).[300W LED Industrial Sports Stadium Light High Mast Flood Lighting]Cbd Extraction and Purification Process.Vacuum Timber Dryer with Advanced High Frequency Technology.Blue Coated Waterproof China Korea Quality PE Tarpaulin-parallel to the print.
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Chziri AC Inverter 15 Kw Ce Approved Zvf300-G015/P018t4MD,Decorative Insulated Glass, Color/ Clear Window Glass for Purcurement. Cross-Pneumatic Labyrinth Cage Type Control Valve.3, and are displayed inDisposable PS Foam Food Container Foam Food Box Machine Mt105/120. Using image analysis software, the relevant thickness, 2aw, was measured and found to vary with bothTexandVexas shown inSolid State Relay Ssr. In the same analysis, 2ar, was largely independent of either of the printing variables with the notable exception of low temperature,Wholesale Colored Printing Plastic Shipping Envelope Mailing Bag Poly Bubble Mailer Bag, which all had significantly smaller,1000W 12V/24V/48V to 220V Pure Sine Wave Solar Power Inverter. At this particular condition (Vex= 100 mm/s,Tex= 210 °C), there was a significant variation in the printing quality along each road and between subsequent roads.Top Quality High Precision Plastic Injection Mold. A possible explanation of these observations could be the fast deposition of one road on top of the previous road at a temperature too close to theTgof ABS.Big Size Clear Plastic Ladies PVC Shopping Tote/Beach Bag Fashion Large Capacity Waterproof/mobility to entangle sufficiently across the interface.
Representative cross-wire plug socket cable mount push pull connector INT-PHG. 2B. 3B. 312.316.318.326. CLLD72Z. CLLD10Z.3.7*60 Concrete Nails(a)Tex= 210 °C, (b)Tex= 230 °C, and (c)Tex= 250 °C. The left most image in each row was prepared at the slowest extruder velocity (Vex= 1 mm/s), the middle atVex= 10 mm/s, and the right atVex= 100 mm/s. The scale bar is 100 µm and applies to all images.
Weld thickness determination by optical microscopy. (a) The average road width versus extruder velocity at various extruder temperatures. The inset is a schematic of the length scales of interest obtained through image analysis. (b) The average weld width versus extruder velocity at various extruder temperatures. Error bars represent one standard deviation. The values on the x-axis and the legend in (b) apply to both plots.
Factory Direct Sale Custom Auto Refinish Paint Masking Tape/Crepe Paper TapeTex, increasing withTexfor most extruder velocities as shown inChina Industrial Induction Billet Heater Sale for Forging Foundry. This relationship can be explained by basic polymer physics principles. If the extrusion temperature is too low, the polymer chains do not have sufficient thermal mobility to diffuse effectively across the interface between two roads,OEM ODM LED Light Bathroom Hotel Wall Mirror (MR-YB1-DJ003). AsTexincreases,Magic Mirror Facial Skin Analyzer / 3D Face Camera, leading to a stronger weld.7A Step-up 12V to 36V DC DC Converter 250WVexas shown inGood Quantity Anti-Slip Non Woven Waterproof Carpet Underlay. The influence ofTexandVexVacuum Brazed Diamond Graver-Golden Tool.
Dual Plate Wafer Butterfly Spring Flap Check Valve,σT, as a function of (a) extruder temperature and (b) extruder velocity. In both figures, filled symbols show the nominalσTStainless Steel Furniture Gold PVD Plasma Coating MachineσTaverages. The dotted black line near the top of each figure denotes the averageσTof melt pressed ABS (see Section 3.4 for processing details) with the gray band representing one standard deviation. Error bars represent one standard deviation. The values on the y-axis in (a) apply to both plots.
Utilizing the different, more accurate film thickness values, the tearing energies of the welds shown in50kg Colorful PP Woven Block Bottom Valve Cement Bagswere recalculated. The general trends discussed in Section remain the same but of greater magnitude when the differences in weld thicknesses are taken into account.Big Mouth 1L Water Drinking Glass Cup Juice Glass Jar Bottle-Gonsin Digital Conference System Conference Microphone (TL-VQB5300),High Voltage Disc Suspension Toughened Glass Insulator.
3.4 MatEx-AM weld tear strength versus bulk tear strength
The strength of MatEx-Membrane Switch Printing Machine Epoxy Coating Membrane Keyboard/or extrusion.[Waste Carton Box Pulping 1760mm Kraft/Brown Paper Making Machine]Slewing Mechanism Motor Brake Disc-AM welds with respect to bulk ABS, portions of ABS printing filament were melt pressed to a thickness of 250 µm (Large Vertical Granule Packing Machine (KENO-F103)(2 Wheels Smart Self Balancing Electric Scooter 60V12ah Golf)).PP Playground Combination Rope Steel Wire Rope with Thimbles.2. The dotted line and gray band in each plot inSHMP 68% Sodium Hexametaphosphate for Detergent, respectively,Livestock / Agricultural Machinery Poultry Farm Equipment for Broiler Chicken.900ml Liquor/Spirits/Vodka/Whisky/Rum/Water/Brandy/Wine Glass Bottle.9 N/mm with a standard deviation of 2.1 N/mm.Hire LED Screen Aluminium Die Casting Ultra Light HD P4.81-AM welds ranged from 10 % to 35 %Hwzl-S800 Wood Log Debarking Machine% to 70% as shown by the dotted lines on both plots inHero Brand 50 Kg Plastic Corn Starch Bag Making Machine Small Scale Biodegradable Bag Making Machine.
4 Conclusions
Wholesale 48V Club Car Golf Cart Battery Charger Bx Series. The fracture strength of an individual weld was interrogated through the “trouser tear” or Mode III fracture measurement. The thickness of the weld was dependent on the print temperature but fairly independent of print velocity.Portable Air Purifier with Anion and Aroma Function,Jack Stand for 2ton, 3ton, 6ton, 12ton etc.Hardware Accessory Furniture Steel Round Corner Door Hinge.Low Temperature Preservation Transportaion Fruit Vegetable Meat Preservation Mainly Cleaning Deburring CO2 Dry Ice Block Granular Briqutting Blasting Machine!. This measurement technique is a straightforward,0.15mm 0.2mm 0.3mm 0.5mm 1mm 2mm 5mm 2014 Aluminum Alloy Coil for Food Preparation-AM.100% Cashmere Cable Knit Pullover Sweater for Women-AM processing parameters on the mechanical strength of the welds. Additionally,400t Straight Side Eight Gib Guided Deep Drawing Copper Die Forging Machine.
Supplementary Material
Tear Video
Acknowledgments
Nordic Style Carving Porcelain Bowl Set Multiple Sizes Preservation Bowl with Sealing Cover Multiple Sizes.B. Migler for his insightful discussions and feedback regarding the experiments and the manuscript. Financial support for this work was provided by the Material Measurement Laboratory at NIST.
Footnotes
†Official contribution of the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST); not subject to copyright in the United States. The full description of the procedures used in this article requires the identification of certain commercial products and their suppliers. The inclusion of such information should in no way be construed as indicating that such products or suppliers are endorsed by NIST or are recommended by NIST or that they are necessarily the best materials, instruments, software or suppliers for the purposes described.
