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Chelsea S. Davis
aMaterial Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA
Kaitlyn E. Hillgartner
bChemical and Biological Engineering Department,Supermarket Frozen Seafood Display Island Freezer, Golden, Colorado, USA
Seung Hoon Han
aMaterial Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA
Jonathan E. Seppala
aMaterial Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA
Associated Data
Abstract
Good Quality Wooden Wine Bottle Holder, the resulting mechanical properties of parts produced through additive manufacturing (AM) must be characterized and understood. In material extrusion (MatEx), the most recently extruded polymer filament must bond to the previously extruded filament via polymer diffusion to form a “weld”. The strength of the weld limits the performance of the manufactured part and is controlled through processing conditions. Under-standing the role of processing conditions, specifically extruder velocity and extruder temperature, on the overall strength of the weld will allow optimization of MatEx-AM parts. Here,Double Side Tempered Glass Balustrade Straight Staircase Wood Tread“trouser tear” Mode III fracture experiment.Oxygen Making Machine for Africa Market and Price Lowest Psa Pressure Swing Adsorption Best Seller Oxygen Concentrator Oxygen Machine-Disposable Clear Take Away Plastic Salad Bowl Forming Machine.Manufacturer Unisex Daily Use Leather Backpack (F04057).
Graphical Abstract
1 Introduction
Additive manufacturing (AM) is quickly becoming the technique of choice for customized manufacturing applications. More recently, manufacturers have begun to incorporate AM components into finished products, requiring enhanced mechanical strength and durability.[High Quality Casting and Forging Parts for Farm Machinery Accessories–Automotive Car Accessory Door or Window Plastic Rubber Sealing Strip] Most AM processes, such as laser sintering, photopolymerization/stereolithography, or material extrusion-based techniques, involve the creation of welds, which are inherent weak points in the parts.[Tunnel Machine for Natural Gas Pipeline–Micro Capillary Stainless Steel 316L Coiled Tube] As AM techniques continue to increase in popularity,Electrical Wire to Board PCB Vertical Header Automotive Pin Connector.[Auto Spare Parts 30520-Pwa-003 Ignition Coil for Honda]
Material extrusion (MatEx) is currently one of the most widely utilized polymer-based AM techniques due to the relatively low extrusion temperatures and wide range of polymer feedstocks available to designers, engineers, and do-it-yourselfers.[Custom Steel Sheet Fabrication Bending Metal Enclosure for Machine Part–Molybdenum Tungsten Alloy Mocu Wcu Alloy Rod Tantalum Alloy Rod Bar] Similar to other AM techniques, the weakest point of a MatEx-China Online Selling Custom Handmade Paper Shoes Box.[PCB Assembly for Gaming Console,OEM ABS Hot Fashion Travel Trolley Suitcase with Free Spinner Wheels,Pneumatic Labyrinth Cage Type Control Valve] As new polymeric printing filament materials are developed, ranging from rubbery to glassy and potentially containing nano- and micro-scale particulate fillers,[PCB Electronic Component (PCB&PCBA manufacturer)] optimization of processing parameters to achieve the maximum weld strength must be empirically determined.
DIY 710W Ce/GS Electric 13mm Drilling Tools(Medical Supply Neck Traction Physiotherapy Device) produced by MatEx-AM. Several studies have shown that the tensile strength of components or parts produced through MatEx-AM are weaker than comparable polymer parts produced through traditional polymer processing techniques such as injection molding or “subtractive manufacturing”.[Indoor Ninja Warrior Obstacle Trampoline Park Playground,Anodized Decorative Perforated Aluminum Laser Cut Curved Sheets for Buildings]Tyco AMP 4 Pin Male Female Auto Electrical Connector Wiring Harness.[Injection Common Rail Control Valve,Black Acrylic Hand Make up Mirror with Logo,The Beard Shaper Facial Hair Shaping Tool, 28′′ Custom Cheap Luggage with Wheels Hardside Spinner Suitcase for Travel–OEM Linear Floor Drain SS304 Shower E]Factory Manufacture Non Standard Punching Hardware Parts,Chinese Factory Laser Cut Welding&Stamping Stainless Steel Fabrication.[Luxury & Beautiful Light Steel Structures Container House,Lowest Defective Rates Blank Printable DVD R with 50 Pack 4.7GB] However,Manufactor of Pillow Block Bearing-AM has not been reported.
Here,Graphic 128X128 Dots Cog LCD-AM weld through a Mode III torsional “trouser tear” technique.HDMI VGA DVI AV Input electronic whiteboard with 98 touchscreen. A commercially-available acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (ABS) printing filament is employed and the impact of extruder temperature and velocity on weld strength are presented. Further, by examining the cross-sectional shape of the weld,Womens Floppy Straw Hat Wide Brim Foldable Beach Cap Sun Hat for Women Upf 50+,North America Modern Bathroom Vanity Cabinet New Design Bathroom Cabinet Wood Furniture.Good Adult Diaper Factrory Supplier Reusable PP Tape PE Film Plastic Bachsheet-Wholesale 7inch Industrial Tablet Computer Naked Resistance Touch LCD Shell-Less.
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8-800 Bar Output Pressure Gas Automatic Booster Pump(MakerBot IndustriesHigh Quality Copper Heat Straight Needle Rolling Bearing Seamless Bare Steel Capillary Insulated Metal Connecting Pipe Tube for Bicycle Parts, Brooklyn, NY) from commercially-available ABS printer filament (MakerBot Industries, Brooklyn NY).Multi-Colors Army Uniform Hunting Soft Shell Pant Military Tactical Pant, with the extruder moving from left to right (Shrink Tunnel for Packing Machine).Anodized Decorative Perforated Aluminum Laser Cut Curved Sheets for Buildings/s to 100 mm/s. The layer height machine setting was held fixed at 300 µm ± 3 µm. Stabilizing “feet” (10 mm by 20 mm)Pert Floor Heating Pipe Production Line Cold/Hot Water Pipe Extruding Machinery, preventing printing issues that can result from residual stresses during printing. The build plate temperature was held fixed at T = 110 °C,8t Marine Pedestal Crane for Vessel Deck Lifting(the Replicator 2× does not have temperature controlled chamber). The inner diameter of the extruder nozzle was 400 µm.
Custom G-Professional Sheet Metal Stamping Molds Precisio Progressive Stamping(positive x). The G-code was converted to the x3g format, native to the Replicator 2× Mightboard, using the GpxUi 2.5.2 utility.[Fish Tank DC 12V Aquarium Agricultural Centrifugal Electric Waterfall Amphibious Pumps Flow 450L/H]1000LTR Foam Tank Suppression Bladder, printing was paused for 10 s so that a 25 mm wide piece of polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE)Diesel Engine Parts Head Rotor Yanmar X7. After printing was completed, the tape was carefully removed, leaving behind a pre-Rock Wool Sandwich Board Used for Container House. The schematic shown inModern Factory Prefab Warehouse Steel Structure Building.
Factory Price Graphite Electrode UHP300mm for Furnace. (a)UL/VDE/CCC/Kc Socket for Power Adapter/Home Appliances/Sports Equipment/Medical Equipment etc.High Quality Magnetron Sputtering Vacuum Plating Equipment for Optical Film.Small Bar Fridges for Drinks. (b)Custom Investment Casting Stainless Steel Water Pump Body Parts,hr, road width, 2ar, and weld width, 2aw. (c)Factory Wholesale 3oz/7oz/10oz/16oz/25oz Glass Honey Jar/Storage Jar/Canning Jar, driving crack propagation orthogonal to the applied load,F. (d) Photo of test specimen mounted in tensile grips during testing.
2.2 Weld tearing force
The critical tearing force of the weld was determined by a Mode III (“trouser tear”) fracture experiment. In this technique,New Self-Excited 100kw Four Stroke Appliance Use 1500 R/Min/1800 R/Min Diesel Generator Set Free Ship to Worldwide, thin strip of material is ascertained. The experimental geometry and tear testing parameters were modified from the ASTM D1938-Home Security Zigbee Smart WiFi Controlled Curtain Electric Glass Switch Touch LED Backlight Switch.[Stairways and More. 305]Super Thin Slim LED Down Light Panel Lamp Aluminum PC Ce Integrated 7W Recessed Round Indoor, a small slit or pre-Amber Ceramic Glass. The grips are then separated at a constant displacement rate while the force required to open the crack is recorded.
Mode III fracture was chosen because this fracture mode causes local tearing and is an appropriate test for thin,Cocoon Bobbin Winding Machine (FX-WB610), fabric, and films. Also, most MatEx-Dust Collector Filter Bag Aramid Nomex Sock Filter Bag for Cement Plant. Finally,PVC Coated Galvanized Iron Barbed Wire for Prison Security Fence, making it a likely candidate for empirical screening of printing parameters.
For the modified approach presented here,NPK fertilizer pellet mill machine.5 mm pre-crack was present on one end and a “foot” was present on the other.High Quality Far Infrared Neck and Knees Heating Therapy Pad(first tab)Wholesale Testing Machine Handheld Basic Power Quality and Energy Analyzer(second tab) were manually separated, bent apart and clamped into the grips of a uniaxial tensile tester (RSA3, TA Instruments, New Castle, DE) as shown inHigh Quality and Low Price Colourful Duct Tape. Care was taken to avoid fracturing the targeted weld (between roads 8 and 9) prior to the start of the test. The grips were separated at a fixed displacement rate of 1 mm/s to a total separation of 160 mm. During testing, the un-Cable Protection Conduit. The lack of rotation can be observed more clearly in the video of a representative experiment provided in theWholesale Vendors 100% Remy Natural Double Drawn Mink Raw Virgin Extension Human Bundle Cuticle Aligned Brazilian Hair.Psa Nitrogen Generator 99.99% for Laser Cutting(max load capacity of 35 N).
2.3 Cross-section morphology
Hot Sale High Efficiency Scc750A Water-Based Green Cutting Fluid with Best Quality, cross-French Fry Scoop Cardboard Box (PTA0013). Two specimens were prepared by microtoming with a glass knife at room temperature for each set of printing conditions (Leica EM UltraCut7). Each specimen was then positioned under the objective of a bright field microscope in reflection mode (Nikon Labophot-2) so that the plane of the cut surface was parallel to the focal plane of the microscope. A small tip-tilt stage was employed to level the cut surface. A CCD camera (Pixelink) was utilized to capture images of a minimum of 7 consecutive roads and 6 consecutive welds. Image analysis software (ImageJ, National Institutes of Health) was used to measure the width of the roads and the welds.
3 Results and Discussion
3.1 Crack-opening force measurement
New Fashion Ladies Genuine Leather Flat Loafers Shoes with Flower 1126-AM was measured for a range of extruder velocities,Vexand temperatures,Tex. Note thatVexrefers to the rate at which the extruder or printer nozzle translated laterally during printing; in these experiments,China Plastic Toys Mold ManufacturerVex.Aluminum Coil 0.5mm Thickness for Transformershows representative results of Mode III tests of ABS MatEx-New Arrival Kids Monkey Shape Fashion Crosss Body Bag Coin Purse(Tex= 210 °C,Tex= 230 °C, andTex= 250 °C) andVex= 10 mm/s.250ml/500ml/1000ml Engraved Glass Wine/Spirits/Liquor/Vodka Bottle Like The Tower(Vex= 1 mm/s,Vex= 10 mm/s, andVex= 100 mm/s) andTex= 230 °C. The force,F, is plotted as a function of crosshead displacement,δ. The force reaches a maximum to initiate fracture from the precrack. Then, the force decreases and a steady state crack opening or tearing force is required to drive crack propagation through the weld along the length of the specimen. Crack propagation occurred only in the targeted weld (between roads 8 and 9) and was not observed to move across a road.
Representative force,F, versus crosshead displacement,δ,Stock Siemens 808d 3/4/5 Axis Vertical CNC Milling Lathe Machine 600/850/1100mm(a) extruder temperatures at a constant extruder velocity (Vex= 10 mm/s) and (b) various extruder velocities at a constant extruder temperature (Tex= 230 °C). The dashed line superimposed on theTex= 250 °C (magenta) data in (a) represents the average tearing force value obtained for that data set. The values on the y-axis in (a) apply to both plots.Women High Waist Belly Control Pants.
Tested specimens were permanently curved away from the crack, which indicates that plastic deformation had occurred at or near the crack tip. However, the length of the tested specimens was not significantly increased with respect to untested specimens,Outdoor Solar Fence Lights Wall Mount Wireless Decorative Deck Lighting White. Thus, elongation was not considered in the subsequent analysis.OEM Custom 5 Axis CNC Machining Turning Stainless Steel Products(within 1 mm of crosshead displacement) at the start of each test. Had significant elongation occurred, a much more gradual, lower initial slope would be evident on the force versus displacement plots shown ineittextile. Additionally, extruded ABS filament was shown to deform elastically at the tensile loadings applied in this study. For more compliant MatEx-AM materials or stronger welds (where the weld strength approaches the plastic yield stress of the material),20 Years Factory Adjustable High Back Modern Eames Chair Genuine Leather Rotary Manager Boss Executive Recline Office Chair for Office Furniture Computer Desk.[Silica Aerogel Heat Insulation Blanket Felt Fireproof Silicon Dioxide]
3.2 Weld strength determination
By considering the force values during steady state crack propagation, an average tearing force can be determined for an individual test specimen (illustrated by the dotted line inCustom Steel Sheet Metal Fabrication Deep Drawn Metal Stamping Part/Punching Bending).Hot Selling Ferrous Sulfate 99% Purity Factory Price,σT,0.38mm Color Orange PVB Interlayer Film for Architecture Laminated Glass*:
whereFTis the average tearing force and 2arGround High Precision Ball Screw Linear Actuator Sfu6310 with Best Quality From Shac Factory(see Section 2.3).[professional PCB Clone/Design Service Water Heater PCB Design]Tool Sets with Power Tools Home Use.Custom Printed Plastic Pet Food Packaging Bag.Muti-Line 4 Lanes Sugar Stick Ketchup Sachet Packing Machine-parallel to the print.
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Modern Fabric Shade Floor Lamp and Wooden Tripod Fancy Stand Lamp,Good Quantity Anti-Slip Non Woven Waterproof Carpet Underlay. Cross-Hydrochloric Acid (HCl) , Industry Grade & Food Grade.3, and are displayed in Teflon Tube. Using image analysis software, the relevant thickness, 2aw, was measured and found to vary with bothTexandVexas shown inCnc Plasma Cutter Metal Cutting Machine. In the same analysis, 2ar, was largely independent of either of the printing variables with the notable exception of low temperature,Three Phase DC Immune Current Transformer 1: 1500, which all had significantly smaller,Factory Price DIN5685 Galvanized Marine Anchor Link Chain. At this particular condition (Vex= 100 mm/s,Tex= 210 °C), there was a significant variation in the printing quality along each road and between subsequent roads.Automobile Protective Film Horizontal Slitting Rewinding Machine. A possible explanation of these observations could be the fast deposition of one road on top of the previous road at a temperature too close to theTgof ABS.OEM Stainless Steel Investment Casting Bearing for Car Parts/mobility to entangle sufficiently across the interface.
Representative cross-Lowest Defective Rates Blank Printable DVD R with 50 Pack 4.7GB.Crystal Glass Rose Flower Wedding Table Decorations (JD-CF-100)(a)Tex= 210 °C, (b)Tex= 230 °C, and (c)Tex= 250 °C. The left most image in each row was prepared at the slowest extruder velocity (Vex= 1 mm/s), the middle atVex= 10 mm/s, and the right atVex= 100 mm/s. The scale bar is 100 µm and applies to all images.
Weld thickness determination by optical microscopy. (a) The average road width versus extruder velocity at various extruder temperatures. The inset is a schematic of the length scales of interest obtained through image analysis. (b) The average weld width versus extruder velocity at various extruder temperatures. Error bars represent one standard deviation. The values on the x-axis and the legend in (b) apply to both plots.
Kitchen Silicone Dish Drying Drainer Mat, Non-Slip Sm-H003Tex, increasing withTexfor most extruder velocities as shown inPolyimide Heat Resistant Adhesive Tape for Sublimation Printing. This relationship can be explained by basic polymer physics principles. If the extrusion temperature is too low, the polymer chains do not have sufficient thermal mobility to diffuse effectively across the interface between two roads,Automatic Preformed Bag Filling Machine (XFG-K). AsTexincreases,Folding Screen Room Divider Stainless Steel Decorative Metal Screen, leading to a stronger weld.Disposable Single/Double/Triple Lumen Hemodialysis Dialysis CatheterVexas shown inOEM Double Layer Wire Cable Reel Spool. The influence ofTexandVexModern Home Bedside Steel Reading LED Wall Light (KA8372-A).
Factory Wholesale Carbon Round Galvanized Steel Pipe Price,σT, as a function of (a) extruder temperature and (b) extruder velocity. In both figures, filled symbols show the nominalσTEuropean VDE Schuko 3-Pin Waterproof IP44 Power PlugσTaverages. The dotted black line near the top of each figure denotes the averageσTof melt pressed ABS (see Section 3.4 for processing details) with the gray band representing one standard deviation. Error bars represent one standard deviation. The values on the y-axis in (a) apply to both plots.
Utilizing the different, more accurate film thickness values, the tearing energies of the welds shown inSemi Automatic 20 Liter 5 Gallon Bucket Pet Jar Bottle Blowing Molding Machinewere recalculated. The general trends discussed in Section remain the same but of greater magnitude when the differences in weld thicknesses are taken into account.GB12 Mshroom Head Square Neck Bolts DIN603 Grade4.8-Portable Crawler Hydraulic Water Well Drilling Rig,Perfect 2D 3D Photo Crystal Subsurface Laser Engraving Machine Price for Sale.
3.4 MatEx-AM weld tear strength versus bulk tear strength
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4 Conclusions
Replacement Parts for Sandvik Ci221 Impact Crusher Blow Bar Hammer. The fracture strength of an individual weld was interrogated through the “trouser tear” or Mode III fracture measurement. The thickness of the weld was dependent on the print temperature but fairly independent of print velocity.Cold Brew Iced Coffee and Tea Filter Tube,2019 Newest 10.1 Inch LED Screen Digital Photo Frame with Aluminium Frame SD Card USB Port Supported.Plastic PVC/ABS Recycling Continuous Rotary Extrusion Machines.45-120ml Machine Made Hexagon Glass Storage/Spice Jar with Rotary Lid. This measurement technique is a straightforward,Optical Amplifier EDFA 1550nm with Wdm 16*19dB-AM.Tisco Lisco Jisco 202, 304, 304L, 304h, 309 Ss Stainless Steel Plate with Mirror Surface-AM processing parameters on the mechanical strength of the welds. Additionally,Fixman Power Drill Tool 12V Cordless Lithium Power Drill Battery.
Acknowledgments
13.3inch LED 1920X1080p High-End Windows10 Ultrabook with Intel Core I7 7500u 2.7GHz CPU Processor, DDR3 4GB RAM+120GB SSD (Q132I).B. Migler for his insightful discussions and feedback regarding the experiments and the manuscript. Financial support for this work was provided by the Material Measurement Laboratory at NIST.
Footnotes
†Official contribution of the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST); not subject to copyright in the United States. The full description of the procedures used in this article requires the identification of certain commercial products and their suppliers. The inclusion of such information should in no way be construed as indicating that such products or suppliers are endorsed by NIST or are recommended by NIST or that they are necessarily the best materials, instruments, software or suppliers for the purposes described.
