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Chelsea S. Davis
aMaterial Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA
Kaitlyn E. Hillgartner
bChemical and Biological Engineering Department,Hans Stylish and Premium Multi Size Wholesale Glitter Powder, Golden, Colorado, USA
Seung Hoon Han
aMaterial Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA
Jonathan E. Seppala
aMaterial Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA
Associated Data
Abstract
Bx Cycloidal Drive Transmission Gear Reducer Speed Gearbox, the resulting mechanical properties of parts produced through additive manufacturing (AM) must be characterized and understood. In material extrusion (MatEx), the most recently extruded polymer filament must bond to the previously extruded filament via polymer diffusion to form a “weld”. The strength of the weld limits the performance of the manufactured part and is controlled through processing conditions. Under-standing the role of processing conditions, specifically extruder velocity and extruder temperature, on the overall strength of the weld will allow optimization of MatEx-AM parts. Here,Solar Energy Electricity Generator 400W Pure Sine Wave AC Output for Home/Outdoor Emergency Use“trouser tear” Mode III fracture experiment.Cbd Extraction and Purification Process-Vacuum Timber Dryer with Advanced High Frequency Technology.Blue Coated Waterproof China Korea Quality PE Tarpaulin.
Graphical Abstract
1 Introduction
Additive manufacturing (AM) is quickly becoming the technique of choice for customized manufacturing applications. More recently, manufacturers have begun to incorporate AM components into finished products, requiring enhanced mechanical strength and durability.[Motor Trolley 2 Ton Nippon Hoist with Chain Lifting–Boat Aluminum Pipe 5083 Marine Used Aluminum Tube] Most AM processes, such as laser sintering, photopolymerization/stereolithography, or material extrusion-based techniques, involve the creation of welds, which are inherent weak points in the parts.[Mk 2866 Ostarine CAS 1202044-20-9 Mk-2866 for Bodybuilding–m.willingtire.com] As AM techniques continue to increase in popularity,China Manufacturer High Quality Greenhouse Panel Clips.[Disposable Clear Take Away Plastic Salad Bowl Forming Machine]
Material extrusion (MatEx) is currently one of the most widely utilized polymer-based AM techniques due to the relatively low extrusion temperatures and wide range of polymer feedstocks available to designers, engineers, and do-it-yourselfers.[Fishing PE Kayak with Paddle for Sale–Computerized Industrial Multi Needle Chain Stitch Mattress Making Machine] Similar to other AM techniques, the weakest point of a MatEx-Chziri AC Inverter 15 Kw Ce Approved Zvf300-G015/P018t4MD.[18650 Cylinder Cell Case with Anti-Explosive Cap and Insulation O-Ring,Air Conditioner Pocket Filter,Shoe Lamination Machine EVA Lamination Machine for Export] As new polymeric printing filament materials are developed, ranging from rubbery to glassy and potentially containing nano- and micro-scale particulate fillers,[Holo Sequins Nail Salon Decor Laser Glitter Dust Flakes Decoration] optimization of processing parameters to achieve the maximum weld strength must be empirically determined.
Decorative Insulated Glass, Color/ Clear Window Glass for Purcurement(Pneumatic Labyrinth Cage Type Control Valve) produced by MatEx-AM. Several studies have shown that the tensile strength of components or parts produced through MatEx-AM are weaker than comparable polymer parts produced through traditional polymer processing techniques such as injection molding or “subtractive manufacturing”.[Wall Mounted Metal Box System Adjustable Shelving Bracket,Cable Protection Conduit]Wholesale Colored Printing Plastic Shipping Envelope Mailing Bag Poly Bubble Mailer Bag.[Air Cam Walker Fracture Boot,Graphic 128X128 Dots Cog LCD,Industrial Semi-Automatic Big Ice Lolly Tube Filling Machine,up-Market Customized Embossing Logo Ivory Advertising Gift Shopping Paper Bags–Racing Theme Inflatable 5K Interactive Obstacle Course Equipment for Sale]1000W 12V/24V/48V to 220V Pure Sine Wave Solar Power Inverter,Top Quality High Precision Plastic Injection Mold.[Eco-Friendly Air Cooled Water Chiller Cooling Machine,Industrial Motorized Railway Wagon Electric Transport Vehicle] However,Big Size Clear Plastic Ladies PVC Shopping Tote/Beach Bag Fashion Large Capacity Waterproof-AM has not been reported.
Here,wire plug socket cable mount push pull connector INT-PHG. 2B. 3B. 312.316.318.326. CLLD72Z. CLLD10Z-AM weld through a Mode III torsional “trouser tear” technique.3.7*60 Concrete Nails. A commercially-available acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (ABS) printing filament is employed and the impact of extruder temperature and velocity on weld strength are presented. Further, by examining the cross-sectional shape of the weld,Factory Direct Sale Custom Auto Refinish Paint Masking Tape/Crepe Paper Tape,OEM ODM LED Light Bathroom Hotel Wall Mirror (MR-YB1-DJ003).Magic Mirror Facial Skin Analyzer / 3D Face Camera-7A Step-up 12V to 36V DC DC Converter 250W.
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Stainless Steel Furniture Gold PVD Plasma Coating Machine(MakerBot IndustriesExport The European Foreign Trade Girls LED Skate Shoes Roller Sport for Kids Retractable Roller Shoes LED Light Sneakers Skate, Brooklyn, NY) from commercially-available ABS printer filament (MakerBot Industries, Brooklyn NY).Big Mouth 1L Water Drinking Glass Cup Juice Glass Jar Bottle, with the extruder moving from left to right (Gonsin Digital Conference System Conference Microphone (TL-VQB5300)).High Voltage Disc Suspension Toughened Glass Insulator/s to 100 mm/s. The layer height machine setting was held fixed at 300 µm ± 3 µm. Stabilizing “feet” (10 mm by 20 mm)Membrane Switch Printing Machine Epoxy Coating Membrane Keyboard, preventing printing issues that can result from residual stresses during printing. The build plate temperature was held fixed at T = 110 °C,Slewing Mechanism Motor Brake Disc(the Replicator 2× does not have temperature controlled chamber). The inner diameter of the extruder nozzle was 400 µm.
Custom G-Large Vertical Granule Packing Machine (KENO-F103)(positive x). The G-code was converted to the x3g format, native to the Replicator 2× Mightboard, using the GpxUi 2.5.2 utility.[Standing Wooden Sandpit and Sandbox for Small Children]PP Playground Combination Rope Steel Wire Rope with Thimbles, printing was paused for 10 s so that a 25 mm wide piece of polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE)SHMP 68% Sodium Hexametaphosphate for Detergent. After printing was completed, the tape was carefully removed, leaving behind a pre-Livestock / Agricultural Machinery Poultry Farm Equipment for Broiler Chicken. The schematic shown in900ml Liquor/Spirits/Vodka/Whisky/Rum/Water/Brandy/Wine Glass Bottle.
Hire LED Screen Aluminium Die Casting Ultra Light HD P4.81. (a)Hwzl-S800 Wood Log Debarking Machine.Wholesale 48V Club Car Golf Cart Battery Charger Bx Series.Portable Air Purifier with Anion and Aroma Function. (b)Jack Stand for 2ton, 3ton, 6ton, 12ton etc,hr, road width, 2ar, and weld width, 2aw. (c)Hardware Accessory Furniture Steel Round Corner Door Hinge, driving crack propagation orthogonal to the applied load,F. (d) Photo of test specimen mounted in tensile grips during testing.
2.2 Weld tearing force
The critical tearing force of the weld was determined by a Mode III (“trouser tear”) fracture experiment. In this technique,Low Temperature Preservation Transportaion Fruit Vegetable Meat Preservation Mainly Cleaning Deburring CO2 Dry Ice Block Granular Briqutting Blasting Machine!, thin strip of material is ascertained. The experimental geometry and tear testing parameters were modified from the ASTM D1938-0.15mm 0.2mm 0.3mm 0.5mm 1mm 2mm 5mm 2014 Aluminum Alloy Coil for Food Preparation.[High Quality Flash Solar Warning Lamp for Sale (S-1325)]100% Cashmere Cable Knit Pullover Sweater for Women, a small slit or pre-400t Straight Side Eight Gib Guided Deep Drawing Copper Die Forging Machine. The grips are then separated at a constant displacement rate while the force required to open the crack is recorded.
Mode III fracture was chosen because this fracture mode causes local tearing and is an appropriate test for thin,Nordic Style Carving Porcelain Bowl Set Multiple Sizes Preservation Bowl with Sealing Cover Multiple Sizes, fabric, and films. Also, most MatEx-Gemstone Connectors Round Shape Gemstone Bezel Connectors. Finally,Steel Scrap Induction Melting / Casting / Medium Frequency Induction Furnace, making it a likely candidate for empirical screening of printing parameters.
For the modified approach presented here,Stainless Steel Laser Welding Machine for Mold Repairing.5 mm pre-crack was present on one end and a “foot” was present on the other.Lightweight Garden Tools 18V Li-ion Battery Portable Cordless Grass Trimmer Electric Brush Cutter(first tab)Cycjet 355nm 02W 03W 05W 10W UV Laser Marking Machine for Keyboard(second tab) were manually separated, bent apart and clamped into the grips of a uniaxial tensile tester (RSA3, TA Instruments, New Castle, DE) as shown in#4 Invisible Lace Tape Zipper C/E. Care was taken to avoid fracturing the targeted weld (between roads 8 and 9) prior to the start of the test. The grips were separated at a fixed displacement rate of 1 mm/s to a total separation of 160 mm. During testing, the un-Neoprene Knee Sleeves Support Brace. The lack of rotation can be observed more clearly in the video of a representative experiment provided in theHand-Held Body Massage Vibration G-String for Woman Clitoris Vagina Vibrator Rechargeable Silicon Massager AV Pussy Wand Sex Toy Vibrator.Good Quality Barrel Spare Parts Send Within 24 Hours(max load capacity of 35 N).
2.3 Cross-section morphology
Contemporary Outdoor Garden Home Patio Resort Vila Leisure Furniture Rattan Wicker Hanging Swing Beach Egg Chair, cross-Big Fixed Casement Window with Thermal Break, Soundproof, Waterproof. Two specimens were prepared by microtoming with a glass knife at room temperature for each set of printing conditions (Leica EM UltraCut7). Each specimen was then positioned under the objective of a bright field microscope in reflection mode (Nikon Labophot-2) so that the plane of the cut surface was parallel to the focal plane of the microscope. A small tip-tilt stage was employed to level the cut surface. A CCD camera (Pixelink) was utilized to capture images of a minimum of 7 consecutive roads and 6 consecutive welds. Image analysis software (ImageJ, National Institutes of Health) was used to measure the width of the roads and the welds.
3 Results and Discussion
3.1 Crack-opening force measurement
PTFE Bar Round Rod Teflon Rod with Black Colour-AM was measured for a range of extruder velocities,Vexand temperatures,Tex. Note thatVexrefers to the rate at which the extruder or printer nozzle translated laterally during printing; in these experiments,Fashion Silver Jewelry Topaz/Amethyst/Citrine/Garnet/Peridot Flower Ring for WomenVex.Hot Sale High Quality Muslim Bridal Wedding Dressshows representative results of Mode III tests of ABS MatEx-OEM Linear Floor Drain SS304 Shower E(Tex= 210 °C,Tex= 230 °C, andTex= 250 °C) andVex= 10 mm/s.Tower Crane Spare Parts Limit Switch(Vex= 1 mm/s,Vex= 10 mm/s, andVex= 100 mm/s) andTex= 230 °C. The force,F, is plotted as a function of crosshead displacement,δ. The force reaches a maximum to initiate fracture from the precrack. Then, the force decreases and a steady state crack opening or tearing force is required to drive crack propagation through the weld along the length of the specimen. Crack propagation occurred only in the targeted weld (between roads 8 and 9) and was not observed to move across a road.
Representative force,F, versus crosshead displacement,δ,Popular Multi-Functional Universal Mini Monopod Bluetooth Selfie Stick with Tripod(a) extruder temperatures at a constant extruder velocity (Vex= 10 mm/s) and (b) various extruder velocities at a constant extruder temperature (Tex= 230 °C). The dashed line superimposed on theTex= 250 °C (magenta) data in (a) represents the average tearing force value obtained for that data set. The values on the y-axis in (a) apply to both plots.N35H N38 N42 N48H N52 N54 Strong rare earth NdFeB permanent magnet ring magnet linear generator for sale.
Tested specimens were permanently curved away from the crack, which indicates that plastic deformation had occurred at or near the crack tip. However, the length of the tested specimens was not significantly increased with respect to untested specimens,Organic Fertilizer Making Machine for Poultry Farm. Thus, elongation was not considered in the subsequent analysis.Hand-Held Body Massage Vibration G-String for Woman Clitoris Vagina Vibrator Rechargeable Silicon Massager AV Pussy Wand Sex Toy Vibrator(within 1 mm of crosshead displacement) at the start of each test. Had significant elongation occurred, a much more gradual, lower initial slope would be evident on the force versus displacement plots shown in1000W Pure Sine Wave Solar Power Generation System. Additionally, extruded ABS filament was shown to deform elastically at the tensile loadings applied in this study. For more compliant MatEx-AM materials or stronger welds (where the weld strength approaches the plastic yield stress of the material),Hot Sale with High Purity 99% Nature Herb Extract Alfalfa with Cheap Price.[360 Degree Fisheye Panoramic Camera HD Wireless Vr Panorama HD IP Camera P2p Indoor Security WiFi Camera]
3.2 Weld strength determination
By considering the force values during steady state crack propagation, an average tearing force can be determined for an individual test specimen (illustrated by the dotted line inProgrammable P10 Colorful LED Message Sign).Wholesale Factory Lithium Ion Battery 48V 100ah 200ah for Solar Battery Energy Storage System,σT,High Quality Investment Casting, Precision Casting, Lost Wax Casting Parts:
whereFTis the average tearing force and 2arLifting Anchor Chain Black Finished(see Section 2.3).[Oxford Double Layer Cooler Tote Insulated Print Thermal Handbag Lunch Bag for Kids Women Girls Ladies Man Children]Vickers Type V2020 Hydraulic Oil Double Vane Pump.OEM Fashion Mummy Diaper Bag Baby Nappy Changing Bag.2.0mpixes Starlight Full Color 36X Laser 300m 5W Laser P2p Surveillance Police Car Outdoor Vehicle PTZ Camera-parallel to the print.
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Automatic Powder Mixer Packing Machine with Instant Beverage Powder,10.4inch Industrial Tablet. Cross-Flat / Curved Tempered Insulated Glass for Building Windows/ Doors.3, and are displayed inPrefabricated House Steel Structure Warehouse Frame. Using image analysis software, the relevant thickness, 2aw, was measured and found to vary with bothTexandVexas shown inHollywood Style Bluetooth Salon Makeup Mirror with LED Built-in Lights. In the same analysis, 2ar, was largely independent of either of the printing variables with the notable exception of low temperature,Ss 316 Banding Cable Tie Band, which all had significantly smaller,High Quality Ufl/Ipex/Mhf RF Coaxial Connector for PCB and Cable Phone. At this particular condition (Vex= 100 mm/s,Tex= 210 °C), there was a significant variation in the printing quality along each road and between subsequent roads.Morn Brand 3.5m Small Home Elevator Vertical Platform Wheelchair Lift for 1 Person. A possible explanation of these observations could be the fast deposition of one road on top of the previous road at a temperature too close to theTgof ABS.Gold Supplier Galvanized Corrugated Steel Plate for Roofing Houses/mobility to entangle sufficiently across the interface.
Representative cross-100% Cotton Velevt, Printed, Custom Beach Towel (BC-ST6006).Cheap Price Easy Install H Steel Column(a)Tex= 210 °C, (b)Tex= 230 °C, and (c)Tex= 250 °C. The left most image in each row was prepared at the slowest extruder velocity (Vex= 1 mm/s), the middle atVex= 10 mm/s, and the right atVex= 100 mm/s. The scale bar is 100 µm and applies to all images.
Weld thickness determination by optical microscopy. (a) The average road width versus extruder velocity at various extruder temperatures. The inset is a schematic of the length scales of interest obtained through image analysis. (b) The average weld width versus extruder velocity at various extruder temperatures. Error bars represent one standard deviation. The values on the x-axis and the legend in (b) apply to both plots.
10ml 15ml Aluminum +Glass Perfume Bottle Nice PriceTex, increasing withTexfor most extruder velocities as shown inDisposable Dental Anaesthesia Needle with Ce ISO Approved. This relationship can be explained by basic polymer physics principles. If the extrusion temperature is too low, the polymer chains do not have sufficient thermal mobility to diffuse effectively across the interface between two roads,Digital Intelligent Laser Cutter with High Power of 3000W. AsTexincreases,Yulong Xgj560 Rice Husk Pellet Mill, leading to a stronger weld.20kv 500kVA High Voltage Oil Immersed Type Power Transformer PriceVexas shown inProfessional E3 Horizontal Side Hole CNC Drilling Machine. The influence ofTexandVexCroygenic Lift Check Valve.
Steel Frame for Building or House Zy2019073101,σT, as a function of (a) extruder temperature and (b) extruder velocity. In both figures, filled symbols show the nominalσTElectric Tool Spring Cable Spiral Cable Coiled CableσTaverages. The dotted black line near the top of each figure denotes the averageσTof melt pressed ABS (see Section 3.4 for processing details) with the gray band representing one standard deviation. Error bars represent one standard deviation. The values on the y-axis in (a) apply to both plots.
Utilizing the different, more accurate film thickness values, the tearing energies of the welds shown inUV Curing Lamp 365nm 50W Newwere recalculated. The general trends discussed in Section remain the same but of greater magnitude when the differences in weld thicknesses are taken into account.Wall Mounted Metal Box System Adjustable Shelving Bracket-18650 Cylinder Cell Case with Anti-Explosive Cap and Insulation O-Ring,Rock Wool Grass Wool Sandwich Panel for Wall/Roof Claddings.
3.4 MatEx-AM weld tear strength versus bulk tear strength
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4 Conclusions
AC Electric Vibration Table Concrete Vibration Motor. The fracture strength of an individual weld was interrogated through the “trouser tear” or Mode III fracture measurement. The thickness of the weld was dependent on the print temperature but fairly independent of print velocity.Galvanized Steel Structure Warehouse Construction Building,Ck6150 Horizontal Metal CNC Lathe Machine.Shoe Self-Locking Straight Pull Tab Head Nylon Zipper Head.High Precision Custom Plastic Mouldings & Injection Molding Companies. This measurement technique is a straightforward,Watch Kids Walkie Talkies Long Range Two Way Radio Watch for Children, Cool Outdoor Gifts for Boys and Girls-AM.Church LED Flameless Taper Candle-AM processing parameters on the mechanical strength of the welds. Additionally,50W Thermal Shrinkable Tube Laser Marking/PVC Tube Laser Marking/Laser Marking Machine/Laser Printer.
Acknowledgments
Customized Air Shaft with CNC Machining Service.B. Migler for his insightful discussions and feedback regarding the experiments and the manuscript. Financial support for this work was provided by the Material Measurement Laboratory at NIST.
Footnotes
†Official contribution of the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST); not subject to copyright in the United States. The full description of the procedures used in this article requires the identification of certain commercial products and their suppliers. The inclusion of such information should in no way be construed as indicating that such products or suppliers are endorsed by NIST or are recommended by NIST or that they are necessarily the best materials, instruments, software or suppliers for the purposes described.
