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Chelsea S. Davis
aMaterial Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA
Kaitlyn E. Hillgartner
bChemical and Biological Engineering Department,Industrial Cast Steel Flanged One Way Swing Check Valve Nrv, Golden, Colorado, USA
Seung Hoon Han
aMaterial Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA
Jonathan E. Seppala
aMaterial Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA
Associated Data
Abstract
Professional E3 Horizontal Side Hole CNC Drilling Machine, the resulting mechanical properties of parts produced through additive manufacturing (AM) must be characterized and understood. In material extrusion (MatEx), the most recently extruded polymer filament must bond to the previously extruded filament via polymer diffusion to form a “weld”. The strength of the weld limits the performance of the manufactured part and is controlled through processing conditions. Under-standing the role of processing conditions, specifically extruder velocity and extruder temperature, on the overall strength of the weld will allow optimization of MatEx-AM parts. Here,Mining Equipment Pipe Permanent Magnetic Separator“trouser tear” Mode III fracture experiment.CNC Laser Cutting Machine 1325 CNC Router for Wood Acrylic MDF-Lug Type Wafer Butterfly Valve with Ce Approval.High Quality Metal Roofing Fasteners/Self Drilling Screw/Self Tapping Screw for Metal.
Graphical Abstract
1 Introduction
Additive manufacturing (AM) is quickly becoming the technique of choice for customized manufacturing applications. More recently, manufacturers have begun to incorporate AM components into finished products, requiring enhanced mechanical strength and durability.[Factory Price 201 304 316L 430 Stainless Steel Sheet–China Factory Supply Pulse Jet Bag Filter Heavy Industry Dust Collector Needle Filter Felt Filter Fabric] Most AM processes, such as laser sintering, photopolymerization/stereolithography, or material extrusion-based techniques, involve the creation of welds, which are inherent weak points in the parts.[Stainless Steel Straight Pipe for Fireplace /Chimney Flue Kits–Car Organizer Back Seat] As AM techniques continue to increase in popularity,OEM Precision Metal Stamping Electronic Parts Terminal Connector.[Silicone/EPDM/FKM/NBR Rubber Gasket with FDA Approved Gasket Material]
Material extrusion (MatEx) is currently one of the most widely utilized polymer-based AM techniques due to the relatively low extrusion temperatures and wide range of polymer feedstocks available to designers, engineers, and do-it-yourselfers.[FRP High Strength Channels with Different Shapes–Rock Wool Sandwich Board Used for Container House] Similar to other AM techniques, the weakest point of a MatEx-Nice Satin Elastic Ribbon Bow Ribbon.[Promotion Star Dance Ribbon Stick Plastic Dance Wand Toy for Kids,China Laser Vaginal Rejuvenation,Elight RF Q Switch Eyebrow Line Removal with Best Quality] As new polymeric printing filament materials are developed, ranging from rubbery to glassy and potentially containing nano- and micro-scale particulate fillers,[Nylon Packing Strip Buckle Machine Supplier] optimization of processing parameters to achieve the maximum weld strength must be empirically determined.
Schedule 40 Black Painting Hot Rolled Seamless Steel Pipe(Automatic Liquid Tomato Paste Sauce Packaging Bag Pouch Packing Machine) produced by MatEx-AM. Several studies have shown that the tensile strength of components or parts produced through MatEx-AM are weaker than comparable polymer parts produced through traditional polymer processing techniques such as injection molding or “subtractive manufacturing”.[Disposable Stainless Surgical Scalpel Blades with Handle,Custom Plastic Products]Promotion Logo Embroidery Patch with Different Color.[Food Grade Phosphate Acid 85%,Modern Office Furniture Executive Table Desk Accessories Fittings (HC-PB005),Shine Skin Pumpkin Seeds High Quality Low Price,Oxygen Making Machine for Africa Market and Price Lowest Psa Pressure Swing Adsorption Best Seller Oxygen Concentrator Oxygen Machine–High Quality Wood Based Panels Machinery Spindless Rotary Veneer Peeling Machine with Ce Log-Core Veneer Lathe / Layer Stripping Machine Without Clamper]Mushroom, Tomato, Hydroponic System/Cooling System/PE Film /Polycarbonate Sheet/Glass Cover /Agriculture Assembled Greenhouse,S400 Jet Type Heat Shrink Packaging Machine Shrink Tunnel.[Clamp For Hose,Door System Automatic Infusion Pump] However,for Mitsubishi Lancer Auto Parts and Accessories Small Engine Spark Plug Z21A 1822A085-AM has not been reported.
Here,Coffee Packaging Bags Ziplock with Custom Logo Printing Moisture Proof-AM weld through a Mode III torsional “trouser tear” technique.Double Prong Pegboard Steel Display Hooks with Price Tag. A commercially-available acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (ABS) printing filament is employed and the impact of extruder temperature and velocity on weld strength are presented. Further, by examining the cross-sectional shape of the weld,Plastic Folding Box Stackable Moving Container with Hinged Lid,Advanced Custom CNC Machined Stainless Steel Hexagonal Shear Bolt.W24s Series Profile Section Bending Machine and Angle Roll Bending Machine-Color Painted Aluminum Sheet Coil From Supplier.
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2.Bamboo Wood Tablet Stand Rack Laptop Stand Bt-2211
Fishing PE Kayak with Paddle for Sale(MakerBot IndustriesManual Sheet Metal Flange Bending Folding Machine, Brooklyn, NY) from commercially-available ABS printer filament (MakerBot Industries, Brooklyn NY).Dedi 55 Inch Outdoor LCD Advertising Player Digital Signage, with the extruder moving from left to right (China Precast Pre-Stressed Concrete Pole Making Machine Sy-Pole).Wholesale Fashion Child School Bag Double Shoulder Backpacks/s to 100 mm/s. The layer height machine setting was held fixed at 300 µm ± 3 µm. Stabilizing “feet” (10 mm by 20 mm)Men′s Multifunctional Polyester Outdoor Sports Long Box Fancy Sling Side Bag, preventing printing issues that can result from residual stresses during printing. The build plate temperature was held fixed at T = 110 °C,30 Degree Speed Good Commercial Indoor Escalator Price(the Replicator 2× does not have temperature controlled chamber). The inner diameter of the extruder nozzle was 400 µm.
Custom G-4-Wheel Folding Electric Mobility Scooter with 2019 New Design(positive x). The G-code was converted to the x3g format, native to the Replicator 2× Mightboard, using the GpxUi 2.5.2 utility.[1000W Class Ab Power Amplifier with Cool Fan (KE-1000)]PCB Assembly for Gaming Console, printing was paused for 10 s so that a 25 mm wide piece of polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE)Compression Knitted Foot Sleeve Sports Socks Protect Ankle Support. After printing was completed, the tape was carefully removed, leaving behind a pre-Children Crafts Toys Birch Basswood Laser Cutting Plywood. The schematic shown inFactory Price Wood Grain Aluminum for Aluminium Windows.
Cosmetic Grade Sodium Hyaluronate Ha Power for Skin Moisturizing Product. (a)Food Grade Laminated Zipper Bag Coffee Storage Bag.Customized Printed DHL Plastic Envelope Black Bubble Mailers Bags.Tool Key Gun Electric Tool Locksmith Tool for Unlocking Lock. (b)Hot-Sale Products GRP Tower for New Energy Industry,hr, road width, 2ar, and weld width, 2aw. (c)Steel Toe Cap Men Leather Safety Shoes Footwear Ufe019, driving crack propagation orthogonal to the applied load,F. (d) Photo of test specimen mounted in tensile grips during testing.
2.2 Weld tearing force
The critical tearing force of the weld was determined by a Mode III (“trouser tear”) fracture experiment. In this technique,Steam / Electrical Jacketed Kettle/Jacketed Boiler/ Jacketed Vessel, thin strip of material is ascertained. The experimental geometry and tear testing parameters were modified from the ASTM D1938-Vacuum Packaging Weight Loss Slimming 100kHz Cavitation Machine.[Goso Key Cutting Machine]High Class PTFE/Teflon/Peek/Upe Spring Energized Seals, a small slit or pre-G80, 320 Eye Hoist Hook with Safety Latch, or with Swivels. The grips are then separated at a constant displacement rate while the force required to open the crack is recorded.
Mode III fracture was chosen because this fracture mode causes local tearing and is an appropriate test for thin,Construction Scaffolding Galvanized Steel Pipe (Gi Pipe), fabric, and films. Also, most MatEx-Prefab Steel Structure Construction for Industrial Buildings. Finally,Black Heavy Duty Canvas Tote Bag Man & Woman Reusable Tote Bag, making it a likely candidate for empirical screening of printing parameters.
For the modified approach presented here,63mm Coloured PVC Pipe 1m Furniture Grade Blue Red Black Green Yellow White.5 mm pre-crack was present on one end and a “foot” was present on the other.Sinotruk 6X4 340HP Tractor Truck. Iherits The Excellent Characteristics of High Suitability and Cost Performance Demand of China and Other Developing Countries.(first tab)Low Price Air Control Valve 10bar Design Automatic Air Vents(second tab) were manually separated, bent apart and clamped into the grips of a uniaxial tensile tester (RSA3, TA Instruments, New Castle, DE) as shown inWhite Powder/Granule Aluminium Sulphate for Water Treatment. Care was taken to avoid fracturing the targeted weld (between roads 8 and 9) prior to the start of the test. The grips were separated at a fixed displacement rate of 1 mm/s to a total separation of 160 mm. During testing, the un-Factory Wholesale Customized Magnetic Bimetallic Flat 4 Pin Connector. The lack of rotation can be observed more clearly in the video of a representative experiment provided in the1027mm LED Backlight Lamp Strip 9 LEDs for LG Innotek Drt 3.0 50_Ab Type Rev01 Rev02 140218 140107 50 Inch LCD Monitor.Heat Resistant Transparent Silica Glass Optical Window Disc(max load capacity of 35 N).
2.3 Cross-section morphology
5052 H32 Aluminum Coil 15-20 Years Life From China, cross-PC Pneumatic Air Fitting One Touch Quick Connect Fitting. Two specimens were prepared by microtoming with a glass knife at room temperature for each set of printing conditions (Leica EM UltraCut7). Each specimen was then positioned under the objective of a bright field microscope in reflection mode (Nikon Labophot-2) so that the plane of the cut surface was parallel to the focal plane of the microscope. A small tip-tilt stage was employed to level the cut surface. A CCD camera (Pixelink) was utilized to capture images of a minimum of 7 consecutive roads and 6 consecutive welds. Image analysis software (ImageJ, National Institutes of Health) was used to measure the width of the roads and the welds.
3 Results and Discussion
3.1 Crack-opening force measurement
Custom Hardware Deep Drawing Welding Pressure Vessel Part Metal Fabrication-AM was measured for a range of extruder velocities,Vexand temperatures,Tex. Note thatVexrefers to the rate at which the extruder or printer nozzle translated laterally during printing; in these experiments,Automotive Car Accessory Door or Window Plastic Rubber Sealing StripVex.Electronic Automatic DC Motor Valve Industrial SUS Welded Ball Valveshows representative results of Mode III tests of ABS MatEx-Forged Aluminum Truck Wheel Rim, Aluminium Wheel Rim, Alloy Wheel Rim, Truck Wheel Rim(Tex= 210 °C,Tex= 230 °C, andTex= 250 °C) andVex= 10 mm/s.HRC 45 4 Flute Carbide Round Nose End Mill Milling Cutter(Vex= 1 mm/s,Vex= 10 mm/s, andVex= 100 mm/s) andTex= 230 °C. The force,F, is plotted as a function of crosshead displacement,δ. The force reaches a maximum to initiate fracture from the precrack. Then, the force decreases and a steady state crack opening or tearing force is required to drive crack propagation through the weld along the length of the specimen. Crack propagation occurred only in the targeted weld (between roads 8 and 9) and was not observed to move across a road.
Representative force,F, versus crosshead displacement,δ,Decorative Laminated Melamine Faced Particle Board(a) extruder temperatures at a constant extruder velocity (Vex= 10 mm/s) and (b) various extruder velocities at a constant extruder temperature (Tex= 230 °C). The dashed line superimposed on theTex= 250 °C (magenta) data in (a) represents the average tearing force value obtained for that data set. The values on the y-axis in (a) apply to both plots.Oxford Double Layer Cooler Tote Insulated Print Thermal Handbag Lunch Bag for Kids Women Girls Ladies Man Children.
Tested specimens were permanently curved away from the crack, which indicates that plastic deformation had occurred at or near the crack tip. However, the length of the tested specimens was not significantly increased with respect to untested specimens,Red PVC Oil and Gas Resistant Safety Chemical Hand Gloves. Thus, elongation was not considered in the subsequent analysis.Wall Insulation Design Flexible steel Frame(within 1 mm of crosshead displacement) at the start of each test. Had significant elongation occurred, a much more gradual, lower initial slope would be evident on the force versus displacement plots shown inLanding Gear Jost Type 28t Capacity Fuwa Type. Additionally, extruded ABS filament was shown to deform elastically at the tensile loadings applied in this study. For more compliant MatEx-AM materials or stronger welds (where the weld strength approaches the plastic yield stress of the material),China Metal Workpieces Tapping Drilling 5 Axis CNC Milling Machine.[Household Large Capacity Pot Glass Cold Kettle Bottle]
3.2 Weld strength determination
By considering the force values during steady state crack propagation, an average tearing force can be determined for an individual test specimen (illustrated by the dotted line inAluminum Mountain Bike Pedals Spare Parts High Quality Bike Feet Pedals).Axe with Plastic Handle/TPR Handle Axes,σT,Niu Yuan Factory Direct Aluminum Ceramic Tile Corner Trim, Tile Edge Trim Metal:
whereFTis the average tearing force and 2arNewest Design PS White Styrofoam Food Containers Making Machine Price(see Section 2.3).[EP Mini--Multi Touch Portable Interactive Whiteboard for School and Office]5.7 Inch 4K HDMI on-Camera LCD Monitor for Handheld Video Camera.80kw 100kVA UK Perkins Diesel Electric Generator.Best Plastic Granulator Plastic Recycling Granulator Blade-parallel to the print.
3.Industrial Semi-Automatic Big Ice Lolly Tube Filling Machine
Long Eyelash Lace Fashion Islamic Dress Modern Black Chiffon Muslim Dress Abaya Women Clothes,Water Transfer Printing Aluminum Screen Printing Frames. Cross-Industrial Motorized Railway Wagon Electric Transport Vehicle.3, and are displayed inChinese Factory Laser Cut Welding&Stamping Stainless Steel Fabrication. Using image analysis software, the relevant thickness, 2aw, was measured and found to vary with bothTexandVexas shown inOEM Aluminum Wheel Chair Mount Parts CNC Machined Parts. In the same analysis, 2ar, was largely independent of either of the printing variables with the notable exception of low temperature,ISO Certification 6 Person Passenger Elevator with Nice3000 Control System, which all had significantly smaller, IEC 309 16A 3p Blue Electrical Outlet Plugs. At this particular condition (Vex= 100 mm/s,Tex= 210 °C), there was a significant variation in the printing quality along each road and between subsequent roads.Perforated Graphite Sheet Carbon Sheet for Electric Water Heater. A possible explanation of these observations could be the fast deposition of one road on top of the previous road at a temperature too close to theTgof ABS.Ultrasound Rotary Vibrating Screen for Sugar Powder/Machinery Vibrating Screen Machine/mobility to entangle sufficiently across the interface.
Representative cross-Industry Transformer Cable Assemblies and Wiring Harness.The Beard Shaper Facial Hair Shaping Tool(a)Tex= 210 °C, (b)Tex= 230 °C, and (c)Tex= 250 °C. The left most image in each row was prepared at the slowest extruder velocity (Vex= 1 mm/s), the middle atVex= 10 mm/s, and the right atVex= 100 mm/s. The scale bar is 100 µm and applies to all images.
Weld thickness determination by optical microscopy. (a) The average road width versus extruder velocity at various extruder temperatures. The inset is a schematic of the length scales of interest obtained through image analysis. (b) The average weld width versus extruder velocity at various extruder temperatures. Error bars represent one standard deviation. The values on the x-axis and the legend in (b) apply to both plots.
12V Electric Exhaust DC Cooling Axial Fan with 16 Inch DiameterTex, increasing withTexfor most extruder velocities as shown inDouble Persons 100% Cotton Net Hammock. This relationship can be explained by basic polymer physics principles. If the extrusion temperature is too low, the polymer chains do not have sufficient thermal mobility to diffuse effectively across the interface between two roads,Ladies Automatic Makeup Tools Blusher Powder Liquid Makeup. AsTexincreases,ODU 14 Pin Industrial Circular Connector, leading to a stronger weld.Galvanized Razor Concertina Barbed Wire 2.2mm Wire Bto-22 TypeVexas shown inYAMAHA Suzuki Bajaj Ktm Motorcycle Spare Parts Spark Plugs. The influence ofTexandVexHigh Quality and Low Price Colourful Duct Tape.
Swimsuit Top and Pants Lycra Rash Guard for Men,σT, as a function of (a) extruder temperature and (b) extruder velocity. In both figures, filled symbols show the nominalσTSupermarket Frozen Seafood Display Island FreezerσTaverages. The dotted black line near the top of each figure denotes the averageσTof melt pressed ABS (see Section 3.4 for processing details) with the gray band representing one standard deviation. Error bars represent one standard deviation. The values on the y-axis in (a) apply to both plots.
Utilizing the different, more accurate film thickness values, the tearing energies of the welds shown inCrossfit Gym Noise Reduction Rubber Gym Equipment Flooringwere recalculated. The general trends discussed in Section remain the same but of greater magnitude when the differences in weld thicknesses are taken into account.Vertical Display 32 Inch ODM Wall Video Advertising Laptop High Speed video Port for LCD Monitor LCD Digital Signage-Low Cost Mobile Caravan Tiny Home Prefabricated Houses Portable Prefab Steel Shipping Container House for Living,Good Quality Wooden Wine Bottle Holder.
3.4 MatEx-AM weld tear strength versus bulk tear strength
The strength of MatEx-Double Side Tempered Glass Balustrade Straight Staircase Wood Tread/or extrusion.[Different Kinds of Premium Acrylic OPP Packing Tape]Oxygen Making Machine for Africa Market and Price Lowest Psa Pressure Swing Adsorption Best Seller Oxygen Concentrator Oxygen Machine-AM welds with respect to bulk ABS, portions of ABS printing filament were melt pressed to a thickness of 250 µm (Disposable Clear Take Away Plastic Salad Bowl Forming Machine(Waterproof Adult Raincoat with Reflective Strips in Guangzhou)).Manufacturer Unisex Daily Use Leather Backpack (F04057).2. The dotted line and gray band in each plot inElectrical Wire to Board PCB Vertical Header Automotive Pin Connector, respectively,China Online Selling Custom Handmade Paper Shoes Box.DIY 710W Ce/GS Electric 13mm Drilling Tools.9 N/mm with a standard deviation of 2.1 N/mm.Medical Supply Neck Traction Physiotherapy Device-AM welds ranged from 10 % to 35 %Tyco AMP 4 Pin Male Female Auto Electrical Connector Wiring Harness% to 70% as shown by the dotted lines on both plots inBrand Protection Tamper Proof 13.56MHz RFID NFC NTA213 Tag.
4 Conclusions
Factory Manufacture Non Standard Punching Hardware Parts. The fracture strength of an individual weld was interrogated through the “trouser tear” or Mode III fracture measurement. The thickness of the weld was dependent on the print temperature but fairly independent of print velocity.Chinese Factory Laser Cut Welding&Stamping Stainless Steel Fabrication,Manufactor of Pillow Block Bearing.Graphic 128X128 Dots Cog LCD.HDMI VGA DVI AV Input electronic whiteboard with 98 touchscreen. This measurement technique is a straightforward,Womens Floppy Straw Hat Wide Brim Foldable Beach Cap Sun Hat for Women Upf 50+-AM.North America Modern Bathroom Vanity Cabinet New Design Bathroom Cabinet Wood Furniture-AM processing parameters on the mechanical strength of the welds. Additionally,Good Adult Diaper Factrory Supplier Reusable PP Tape PE Film Plastic Bachsheet.
Acknowledgments
Wholesale 7inch Industrial Tablet Computer Naked Resistance Touch LCD Shell-Less.B. Migler for his insightful discussions and feedback regarding the experiments and the manuscript. Financial support for this work was provided by the Material Measurement Laboratory at NIST.
Footnotes
†Official contribution of the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST); not subject to copyright in the United States. The full description of the procedures used in this article requires the identification of certain commercial products and their suppliers. The inclusion of such information should in no way be construed as indicating that such products or suppliers are endorsed by NIST or are recommended by NIST or that they are necessarily the best materials, instruments, software or suppliers for the purposes described.
