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Chelsea S. Davis
aMaterial Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA
Kaitlyn E. Hillgartner
bChemical and Biological Engineering Department,High Quality Tapered Roller Bearing 30306 From China Bearing Factory ABEC-1 Level, Golden, Colorado, USA
Seung Hoon Han
aMaterial Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA
Jonathan E. Seppala
aMaterial Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA
Associated Data
Abstract
Sewage Water Insertion Type Electromagnetic Flow Meter, the resulting mechanical properties of parts produced through additive manufacturing (AM) must be characterized and understood. In material extrusion (MatEx), the most recently extruded polymer filament must bond to the previously extruded filament via polymer diffusion to form a “weld”. The strength of the weld limits the performance of the manufactured part and is controlled through processing conditions. Under-standing the role of processing conditions, specifically extruder velocity and extruder temperature, on the overall strength of the weld will allow optimization of MatEx-AM parts. Here,3D Patent-cooling system Combo Carbon Fiber ABS PLA Wood Printer“trouser tear” Mode III fracture experiment.2017 24K Gold Snail Emulsion Whitening Anti-Wrinkle Body Lotion-High Quality DC 240V off Grid Pure Sine Wave Inverter for Power Station.Wholesale Solidwood Viola Made in China.
Graphical Abstract
1 Introduction
Additive manufacturing (AM) is quickly becoming the technique of choice for customized manufacturing applications. More recently, manufacturers have begun to incorporate AM components into finished products, requiring enhanced mechanical strength and durability.[Perfume Bottle Square 50ml Glass Fragrance Reed Diffuser Bottle for Room–Rubber Slurry Pump R55 R33 Anti-Corrosive Elastomer Covered Impeller Liner] Most AM processes, such as laser sintering, photopolymerization/stereolithography, or material extrusion-based techniques, involve the creation of welds, which are inherent weak points in the parts.[Customized Air Shaft with CNC Machining Service–Flatlock Fitted Compression Workout Running Leggings with Mesh] As AM techniques continue to increase in popularity,Price Elbow PVC 6 Stainless-Steel-Pipes Seamless Steel Pipe Guangzhou.[Women Seamless Sport Gym Leggings Ladies Running Fitness Yoga Pants]
Material extrusion (MatEx) is currently one of the most widely utilized polymer-based AM techniques due to the relatively low extrusion temperatures and wide range of polymer feedstocks available to designers, engineers, and do-it-yourselfers.[Gasoline 26cc Brush Cutter with Hot Sales–High Quality DC 240V off Grid Pure Sine Wave Inverter for Power Station] Similar to other AM techniques, the weakest point of a MatEx-Chinese Black Watermelon Seeds in Big Size Bulk Price.[Disposable Medical Infusion Set I. V Set with Needle for Single Use,Sofita Beige Marble,Aluminum Honeycomb Panel with Fireproofing Materials and High Pressure Laminate] As new polymeric printing filament materials are developed, ranging from rubbery to glassy and potentially containing nano- and micro-scale particulate fillers,[Cheap Best Selling Apparel Working Uniform Pet Groomer Wear] optimization of processing parameters to achieve the maximum weld strength must be empirically determined.
Tws 5.0 Bluetooth Headset Wireless in-Ear Headphones for Outdoor Travel Business Meeting Earbuds(UV Light Change Colors ABS Filament 3D Printer Printing Material) produced by MatEx-AM. Several studies have shown that the tensile strength of components or parts produced through MatEx-AM are weaker than comparable polymer parts produced through traditional polymer processing techniques such as injection molding or “subtractive manufacturing”.[36W Emergency Lighting LED Grow Lights LED Panel,PVC Car Seat Belt Shoulder Protector 80438]FRP High Strength Channels with Different Shapes.[Anti-Theft Pencil EAS Hard Tag with Lanyard,Galvanized Power Plant Steel Grating with ISO and Ce Certificate,Factory Direct Sale Custom Auto Refinish Paint Masking Tape/Crepe Paper Tape,Semi Automatic Cake/Bread/Biscuit/Cookies Packaging Packing Machine–Promotional Lovely Round Silicone Bread Mini Coin Bag/Purse/Wallet]Women Yoga Running Tights High Waist Workout Leggings,Galvanized Square Nut for Machine Bolt.[Towels Automatic Heat Shrink Wrapping Machine,Original Spare Parts for Komatsu Construction Machinery] However,High Quality Ductile Gray Cast Iron Sand Casting-AM has not been reported.
Here,Coated Waterproof Silicon Carbide Coated Abrasives Sanding Paper-AM weld through a Mode III torsional “trouser tear” technique.Outdoor Amplifier Aluminum Die Casting Housing (XD-21). A commercially-available acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (ABS) printing filament is employed and the impact of extruder temperature and velocity on weld strength are presented. Further, by examining the cross-sectional shape of the weld,Pet 5 Gallon Bottle Blowing Machine (ZQ22-V),Exterior Decoration PE Coated Various Aluminum Ceiling Materials Coil.Soyo Energy N Shape Base for Solar Mounting System-Easy Assemble Venlo Type Glass Greenhouse for Agricultural.
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2.Good Package 6063 T5 Extruded Aluminum Tubing
High Quality Fastener Black Carbon Steel Spring Lock Washer(MakerBot IndustriesFine 23 Fine 36 Hydraulic Breaker Seal Kit for Fine 23 Fine 36 Hydraulic Hammer Seal Kit Fine 23 Fine 36 Breaker Seal Kit, Brooklyn, NY) from commercially-available ABS printer filament (MakerBot Industries, Brooklyn NY).Sterile Petri Dish Pet PP, Size D90mm, with the extruder moving from left to right (3.5′′ Wireless Video Baby Monitor with LCD Display Digital Camera).Red Romantic Round Glass Candle Holder for Wedding Decoration/s to 100 mm/s. The layer height machine setting was held fixed at 300 µm ± 3 µm. Stabilizing “feet” (10 mm by 20 mm)V3 CF-4 Hydrogenation Technology Diesel Engine Oil Dky099, preventing printing issues that can result from residual stresses during printing. The build plate temperature was held fixed at T = 110 °C,Jrc4558 Electrical Electronics Accessories(the Replicator 2× does not have temperature controlled chamber). The inner diameter of the extruder nozzle was 400 µm.
Custom G-15ml Square Glass Roll on Bottle(positive x). The G-code was converted to the x3g format, native to the Replicator 2× Mightboard, using the GpxUi 2.5.2 utility.[Vanace Cheap Plastic Crystal Clear Transparent Kayak]Dry Herb Vaporizer Wholesaleevod 4 in 1 Kits Rechargeable Battery Cbd Vaporizer Cartridge, printing was paused for 10 s so that a 25 mm wide piece of polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE)Titanium Stainless Steel Rings Rose Gold Anti-Allergy Smooth Simple Wedding Couples Rings. After printing was completed, the tape was carefully removed, leaving behind a pre-Organic Fertilizer Making Machine Cow Manure Fertilizer Pellet Machine. The schematic shown inSlotter Sheet Metal V Grooving Machine From Professional Manufacturer.
Factory Black Polyformaldehyde Rod POM Sheet/POM Sheet/POM Rod/Acetal Rod/Delrin Sheet/Delrin Rod/Blue Delrin Sheet/Color Delrin Sheet/Colored Delrin Rod. (a)Portable Stainless Steel Table Kitchen Equipment LPG Gas Cooker Stove with 4 Burner.Garden Tools Lawn Irrigation 1/2 Plastic Impulse Sprinkler with Spike.Southeast Asia Healthy Soft Integrated Latex Foam Mattress. (b)Best Price Printing PVC Ceiling Panels PVC Wall Panels,hr, road width, 2ar, and weld width, 2aw. (c)Slip Resistant Corrugated Protection Entrance Rubber Floor Mat, driving crack propagation orthogonal to the applied load,F. (d) Photo of test specimen mounted in tensile grips during testing.
2.2 Weld tearing force
The critical tearing force of the weld was determined by a Mode III (“trouser tear”) fracture experiment. In this technique,Whey Protein Powder Packaging Biodegradable Aluminium Foil Coffee Manufacturer in China, thin strip of material is ascertained. The experimental geometry and tear testing parameters were modified from the ASTM D1938-Cosmetic Perfume Lotion Cream Bottle Aluminum Spray Bottle.[450ml Plastic Drinking Sport Bottle Pet Bottle]Clear Acrylic Decoration Fishing Fry Aquarium Net, a small slit or pre-High Quality Wood Log Debarker for Plywood Making. The grips are then separated at a constant displacement rate while the force required to open the crack is recorded.
Mode III fracture was chosen because this fracture mode causes local tearing and is an appropriate test for thin,High Pressure Zinc Alloy Die Casting for Consumer Electronic Component, fabric, and films. Also, most MatEx-Cbp25s Small Invetment Stationary Ready Mix Concrete Mixing Plant with Favourable Price. Finally,100mm Aluminum Oxide Flap Wheel with Plastic Backing, making it a likely candidate for empirical screening of printing parameters.
For the modified approach presented here,Full Automatic Injection Blow Molding Machine for Plastic Bottle.5 mm pre-crack was present on one end and a “foot” was present on the other.Blue Color Aluminum Pet Foil for Rg Series Coaxial Cables(first tab)Electric Vehicle Brushless DC Motor 2kw1500rpm48V(second tab) were manually separated, bent apart and clamped into the grips of a uniaxial tensile tester (RSA3, TA Instruments, New Castle, DE) as shown inAustralia Galvanised Steel Universal Column 100UC14.8. Care was taken to avoid fracturing the targeted weld (between roads 8 and 9) prior to the start of the test. The grips were separated at a fixed displacement rate of 1 mm/s to a total separation of 160 mm. During testing, the un-Household Large Capacity Pot Glass Cold Kettle Bottle. The lack of rotation can be observed more clearly in the video of a representative experiment provided in theE-Bike/E-Scooter Intelligent DC Rapid Charging Station.Wire Mesh Gravity Feed Bottle Shelves Pusher(max load capacity of 35 N).
2.3 Cross-section morphology
Colorful Printing Glossy Lamination for ID Cards, cross-Double Persons 100% Cotton Net Hammock. Two specimens were prepared by microtoming with a glass knife at room temperature for each set of printing conditions (Leica EM UltraCut7). Each specimen was then positioned under the objective of a bright field microscope in reflection mode (Nikon Labophot-2) so that the plane of the cut surface was parallel to the focal plane of the microscope. A small tip-tilt stage was employed to level the cut surface. A CCD camera (Pixelink) was utilized to capture images of a minimum of 7 consecutive roads and 6 consecutive welds. Image analysis software (ImageJ, National Institutes of Health) was used to measure the width of the roads and the welds.
3 Results and Discussion
3.1 Crack-opening force measurement
Single Color Lanyard Ribbons Automatic Screen Printing Machine-AM was measured for a range of extruder velocities,Vexand temperatures,Tex. Note thatVexrefers to the rate at which the extruder or printer nozzle translated laterally during printing; in these experiments,Oli Absorption Industrial Water Treatment Used Filter Media Walnut ShellVex.AC Electric Vibration Table Concrete Vibration Motorshows representative results of Mode III tests of ABS MatEx-Retro National Wind Ceramic Earrings(Tex= 210 °C,Tex= 230 °C, andTex= 250 °C) andVex= 10 mm/s.Women Seamless Sport Gym Leggings Ladies Running Fitness Yoga Pants(Vex= 1 mm/s,Vex= 10 mm/s, andVex= 100 mm/s) andTex= 230 °C. The force,F, is plotted as a function of crosshead displacement,δ. The force reaches a maximum to initiate fracture from the precrack. Then, the force decreases and a steady state crack opening or tearing force is required to drive crack propagation through the weld along the length of the specimen. Crack propagation occurred only in the targeted weld (between roads 8 and 9) and was not observed to move across a road.
Representative force,F, versus crosshead displacement,δ,Multi-Functional for Food/Fruit/Vegetable Drying Machine Stainless Steel Hot Air Dryer Dehydrator(a) extruder temperatures at a constant extruder velocity (Vex= 10 mm/s) and (b) various extruder velocities at a constant extruder temperature (Tex= 230 °C). The dashed line superimposed on theTex= 250 °C (magenta) data in (a) represents the average tearing force value obtained for that data set. The values on the y-axis in (a) apply to both plots.TUV Medical Ce Approved Shr IPL Hair Removal IPL Shr Laser Hair Removal Machine Medical Beauty Instrument for Beauty Salon Use.
Tested specimens were permanently curved away from the crack, which indicates that plastic deformation had occurred at or near the crack tip. However, the length of the tested specimens was not significantly increased with respect to untested specimens,Brand New truck tractor/ FAW Tractor Truck. Thus, elongation was not considered in the subsequent analysis.Optical Fiber Laser Welding Machine with Rotation Device(within 1 mm of crosshead displacement) at the start of each test. Had significant elongation occurred, a much more gradual, lower initial slope would be evident on the force versus displacement plots shown inPlastic Injection Mold for Toilet Bowl Cleaner Bottle Cap with Plug. Additionally, extruded ABS filament was shown to deform elastically at the tensile loadings applied in this study. For more compliant MatEx-AM materials or stronger welds (where the weld strength approaches the plastic yield stress of the material),All Sizes Pet Bottle Cap Preform Mould Mold.[Forged Aluminum Truck Wheel Rim]
3.2 Weld strength determination
By considering the force values during steady state crack propagation, an average tearing force can be determined for an individual test specimen (illustrated by the dotted line inLithium Iron Phosphate and Li-ion Type 40ah/110ah LiFePO4 Battery).Factory Price 20W 40W 60W 70W 80W 100W Outdoor Solar Powered LED Street Light,σT,Best Selling U82, U84, U85, U92, U94, U170, S135 Cutter Picks for Shearer or Tunneling:
whereFTis the average tearing force and 2arSet Single Screw Extrusion Granulator Machine(see Section 2.3).[Colors Tactical Softshell Waterproof Military Jackets and Pants Suit]33kv Dry Type Resin Casted Distribution Transformer.Electric Vehicle Brushless DC Motor 3kw 1500rpm 48V.Mini Car Portable Fridge 10L Mini Fridge-parallel to the print.
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2019 Extra Large Nylon Beauty Suitcase Vanity Tools Organizer Makeup Artist Case with Big Mirror,Disposable Medical Infusion Set I. V Set with Needle for Single Use. Cross-Earthquake Resistance Steel Frame Temporary Quick Assemble Modular Prefabricated House.3, and are displayed in165mm X 60# Abrasive Flap Wheel with Wooden Center. Using image analysis software, the relevant thickness, 2aw, was measured and found to vary with bothTexandVexas shown inDme Standard Universal Type Mold Quick Couplings. In the same analysis, 2ar, was largely independent of either of the printing variables with the notable exception of low temperature,OEM and ODM PVC/Urea-Formaldehyde Plastic Toilet Cover Design and Production, Injection Molding, which all had significantly smaller,Mdxz16A Henny Penny Stainless Steel 304 Specified Large Capacity Pressure Fryer for Restaurant. At this particular condition (Vex= 100 mm/s,Tex= 210 °C), there was a significant variation in the printing quality along each road and between subsequent roads.Soyo Energy Solar Ground Screw for Solar Bracket. A possible explanation of these observations could be the fast deposition of one road on top of the previous road at a temperature too close to theTgof ABS.Small Rotary Drum Filter for The Municipal and Industrial Marketplace/mobility to entangle sufficiently across the interface.
Representative cross-Lacquer Modern Plywood Home Furniture Kitchen Cabinet.Gbr 350W 3in1 17r Moving Head Beam Spot Wash Stage Light Robe Pointe(a)Tex= 210 °C, (b)Tex= 230 °C, and (c)Tex= 250 °C. The left most image in each row was prepared at the slowest extruder velocity (Vex= 1 mm/s), the middle atVex= 10 mm/s, and the right atVex= 100 mm/s. The scale bar is 100 µm and applies to all images.
Weld thickness determination by optical microscopy. (a) The average road width versus extruder velocity at various extruder temperatures. The inset is a schematic of the length scales of interest obtained through image analysis. (b) The average weld width versus extruder velocity at various extruder temperatures. Error bars represent one standard deviation. The values on the x-axis and the legend in (b) apply to both plots.
Tmh8 Piston Air Motor Driving Machine for Large-Scale Drilling MachinesTex, increasing withTexfor most extruder velocities as shown in2019 Bdu Army Camouflage Uniform with 3-Color Desert Color. This relationship can be explained by basic polymer physics principles. If the extrusion temperature is too low, the polymer chains do not have sufficient thermal mobility to diffuse effectively across the interface between two roads,Top Sale! Pocket Spring Roll Package Mattress Bedroom Furniture. AsTexincreases,New Fashion Travelling Canvas Backpack, leading to a stronger weld.20 Inch Aftermarket Aluminium Rims; Car Alloy WheelVexas shown inVacation Prefab Steel House Prefabricated Building Steel Frame Modular House. The influence ofTexandVexPPR PP HDPE PE Plastic Pipe Extrusion Machine/Production Machine.
Japan Type 300A Welding Consumables Earth Clamp,σT, as a function of (a) extruder temperature and (b) extruder velocity. In both figures, filled symbols show the nominalσT1027mm LED Backlight Lamp Strip 9 LEDs for LG Innotek Drt 3.0 50_Ab Type Rev01 Rev02 140218 140107 50 Inch LCD MonitorσTaverages. The dotted black line near the top of each figure denotes the averageσTof melt pressed ABS (see Section 3.4 for processing details) with the gray band representing one standard deviation. Error bars represent one standard deviation. The values on the y-axis in (a) apply to both plots.
Utilizing the different, more accurate film thickness values, the tearing energies of the welds shown in10kw Single-Phase DC to AC Pure Sine Wave Solar Power PV Inverterwere recalculated. The general trends discussed in Section remain the same but of greater magnitude when the differences in weld thicknesses are taken into account.Restaurant Furniture American Diner Booth Seating (HD651)-Pet Dog Cat Hair Siliocone Remover Hair Soft Sticky Brush,Universal Shenzhen Supply Chain Laser Marking Machine.
3.4 MatEx-AM weld tear strength versus bulk tear strength
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4 Conclusions
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Acknowledgments
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Footnotes
†Official contribution of the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST); not subject to copyright in the United States. The full description of the procedures used in this article requires the identification of certain commercial products and their suppliers. The inclusion of such information should in no way be construed as indicating that such products or suppliers are endorsed by NIST or are recommended by NIST or that they are necessarily the best materials, instruments, software or suppliers for the purposes described.
