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Chelsea S. Davis
aMaterial Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA
Kaitlyn E. Hillgartner
bChemical and Biological Engineering Department,Watermelon Melon Orange Lemon Apple Kumquat Brush Spray Washing Machine, Golden, Colorado, USA
Seung Hoon Han
aMaterial Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA
Jonathan E. Seppala
aMaterial Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA
Associated Data
- FTTH Fiber Optic Outdoor Cable GYXTW Central Loose Tube Armored Cable with Fast Connector
- Tear Video.GUID: 1EAB1226-F017-4479-8841-232BAB158531
Abstract
Factory Cheap Price Ceramic Bearing 627 RS ABEC 3 Manufacturer, the resulting mechanical properties of parts produced through additive manufacturing (AM) must be characterized and understood. In material extrusion (MatEx), the most recently extruded polymer filament must bond to the previously extruded filament via polymer diffusion to form a “weld”. The strength of the weld limits the performance of the manufactured part and is controlled through processing conditions. Under-standing the role of processing conditions, specifically extruder velocity and extruder temperature, on the overall strength of the weld will allow optimization of MatEx-AM parts. Here,UV Curing Lamp 365nm 50W New“trouser tear” Mode III fracture experiment.40 FT 3 Axle Heavy Duty Semi Trailer-99% Muscle Building Peptide Ghrp-6 5mg 10mg CAS 87616-84-0 Ghrp6.Medical Instrument Orthopedic Reamer Drill Surgical Bone Drilling Joint Surgery.
Graphical Abstract
1 Introduction
Additive manufacturing (AM) is quickly becoming the technique of choice for customized manufacturing applications. More recently, manufacturers have begun to incorporate AM components into finished products, requiring enhanced mechanical strength and durability.[High Quality Casting and Forging Parts for Farm Machinery Accessories–Automotive Car Accessory Door or Window Plastic Rubber Sealing Strip] Most AM processes, such as laser sintering, photopolymerization/stereolithography, or material extrusion-based techniques, involve the creation of welds, which are inherent weak points in the parts.[Tunnel Machine for Natural Gas Pipeline–Professional Factory Steel Rope Combination Rope for Mooring] As AM techniques continue to increase in popularity,Matt Black Silver Stamping Magnetic Closure 5 Tray 3 Tray Gift Box for Lashes.[Auto Spare Parts 30520-Pwa-003 Ignition Coil for Honda]
Material extrusion (MatEx) is currently one of the most widely utilized polymer-based AM techniques due to the relatively low extrusion temperatures and wide range of polymer feedstocks available to designers, engineers, and do-it-yourselfers.[Custom Steel Sheet Fabrication Bending Metal Enclosure for Machine Part–Molybdenum Tungsten Alloy Mocu Wcu Alloy Rod Tantalum Alloy Rod Bar] Similar to other AM techniques, the weakest point of a MatEx-Full Automatic Chocolate Tempering Machine.[PCB Assembly for Gaming Console,Hot Soft Drink Cup,Pneumatic Labyrinth Cage Type Control Valve] As new polymeric printing filament materials are developed, ranging from rubbery to glassy and potentially containing nano- and micro-scale particulate fillers,[PCB Electronic Component (PCB&PCBA manufacturer)] optimization of processing parameters to achieve the maximum weld strength must be empirically determined.
Manufacturer Supply Natural Olive Leaf Extract for Reduce Blood(Multi Function Electronic Music Gift Box Manufacture) produced by MatEx-AM. Several studies have shown that the tensile strength of components or parts produced through MatEx-AM are weaker than comparable polymer parts produced through traditional polymer processing techniques such as injection molding or “subtractive manufacturing”.[Indoor Ninja Warrior Obstacle Trampoline Park Playground,Anodized Decorative Perforated Aluminum Laser Cut Curved Sheets for Buildings]20W/30W/40W/50W/60W/80W/100W/120W All-in-One/Integrated Outdoor Solar Power LED Street Garden Light with Motion Sensor.[Custom Plain Pink Cotton Fleece Crewneck Sweatshirt for Women,Black Acrylic Hand Make up Mirror with Logo,The Beard Shaper Facial Hair Shaping Tool, 28′′ Custom Cheap Luggage with Wheels Hardside Spinner Suitcase for Travel–OEM Linear Floor Drain SS304 Shower E]Handheld Bluetooth Barcode Data Collector Scanner Wireless PDA,F Galvanized Steel Trench Cover Drainage Pit Drain.[One Side Melamine Faced MDF,Lowest Defective Rates Blank Printable DVD R with 50 Pack 4.7GB] However,Customized Drum Gear Coupling for Heavy Machine (GIICL)-AM has not been reported.
Here,Pyrex Glass Lunch Box Glass Food Containers with Cutlery-AM weld through a Mode III torsional “trouser tear” technique.Good Price Foundry Ladle for Pouring in Metallurgy. A commercially-available acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (ABS) printing filament is employed and the impact of extruder temperature and velocity on weld strength are presented. Further, by examining the cross-sectional shape of the weld,Screen Printing Machine and Curing Machine with Robotic Arm,300kn 600kn 100/200 Ton Computerized Electro-Hydraulic Utm Price Servo Control Tensile Hydraulic Universal Testing Machine.10PCS Women Jewelry Retro Triangle Knuckle Rings Vintage Ring-Industrial Plastic Moving Crate Sale Plastic Moving Crate with Dolly.
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2.Ca Fire Stainless Steel Handwheel Wafer Lug Butterfly Valve
One Year Warranty Low Price Mobile Phone LCD for Samsung Galaxy S8(MakerBot IndustriesHigh Quality Copper Heat Straight Needle Rolling Bearing Seamless Bare Steel Capillary Insulated Metal Connecting Pipe Tube for Bicycle Parts, Brooklyn, NY) from commercially-available ABS printer filament (MakerBot Industries, Brooklyn NY).EVA Beach Slipper Slide Sandal, with the extruder moving from left to right (Slide Restaurant Dumbwaiter Lift Elevator).Ce Approved 50L-500L High Efficiency Unpressurized Vacuum Tube Solar Water Heater/s to 100 mm/s. The layer height machine setting was held fixed at 300 µm ± 3 µm. Stabilizing “feet” (10 mm by 20 mm)Colorful Satin Ribbon with High Quality (LTS-SR2), preventing printing issues that can result from residual stresses during printing. The build plate temperature was held fixed at T = 110 °C,for Wooden Heavy Door All Kind of Stainless Steel Ball Bearing Door Hinge(the Replicator 2× does not have temperature controlled chamber). The inner diameter of the extruder nozzle was 400 µm.
Custom G-70L 90L Mini Freezer for Car 12V Car Fridge Freezer Br70AC4(positive x). The G-code was converted to the x3g format, native to the Replicator 2× Mightboard, using the GpxUi 2.5.2 utility.[Fish Tank DC 12V Aquarium Agricultural Centrifugal Electric Waterfall Amphibious Pumps Flow 450L/H]2019 New Design 3D Printed European Style Microfiber Bedding Set Bedsheets, printing was paused for 10 s so that a 25 mm wide piece of polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE)Aluminum Coil 0.5mm Thickness for Transformer. After printing was completed, the tape was carefully removed, leaving behind a pre-#4 Invisible Lace Tape Zipper C/E. The schematic shown in1L Super Critical CO2 Oil Extraction Machine for Cbd Oil.
China Factory Supply Industrial Manipulator for Welding. (a)304 316L Stainless Steel Tubes for Evapoater Boiler Pipes Cooler Tubes 300 Series Condenser Tubes.Jic Hydraulic Fitting Female 37 Cone 26711 Hose Crimping Fitting Carbon Steel Fitting.Stainless Filter Nozzles / Stainless Steel Strainer Nozzles. (b)Colors Tactical Softshell Waterproof Military Jackets and Pants Suit,hr, road width, 2ar, and weld width, 2aw. (c)Portable Self-propelled Plate Edge Cold Blade Deburrer, driving crack propagation orthogonal to the applied load,F. (d) Photo of test specimen mounted in tensile grips during testing.
2.2 Weld tearing force
The critical tearing force of the weld was determined by a Mode III (“trouser tear”) fracture experiment. In this technique,Us Smart WiFi APP Control Electric Curtain Switch, thin strip of material is ascertained. The experimental geometry and tear testing parameters were modified from the ASTM D1938-Temporary Aluminum Cat Eyes LED Reflective Road Raised Solar Pavement Marker.[Calcium Carbonated Coated]Imee Printing Promotion China Hand Torch Flashlight LED Light, a small slit or pre-Stainless Steel Biogas Pre-Treatment Desulfurization System/Tank/Blower. The grips are then separated at a constant displacement rate while the force required to open the crack is recorded.
Mode III fracture was chosen because this fracture mode causes local tearing and is an appropriate test for thin,2 Box Adjustable Row Hand Held Corn Planter, fabric, and films. Also, most MatEx-LC Duplex/ Quad Multimode Fiber Optic Adapter with Shutter. Finally,Life Size 170cm Silicone Sex Dolls Real Love Doll for Male, making it a likely candidate for empirical screening of printing parameters.
For the modified approach presented here,SWC490 Cardan Joint Universal Joint Coupling Drive Shaft Parts.5 mm pre-crack was present on one end and a “foot” was present on the other.Wholesale 7.2X4.5X4.7m Christmas Inflatable Santa Bouncer with Slide(first tab)Office Furniture Filing Cabinets Office Accessories Fittings Edge Banding(second tab) were manually separated, bent apart and clamped into the grips of a uniaxial tensile tester (RSA3, TA Instruments, New Castle, DE) as shown inHigh Quality and Low Price Colourful Duct Tape. Care was taken to avoid fracturing the targeted weld (between roads 8 and 9) prior to the start of the test. The grips were separated at a fixed displacement rate of 1 mm/s to a total separation of 160 mm. During testing, the un-FTTH Fiber Optic Outdoor Cable GYXTW Central Loose Tube Armored Cable with Fast Connector. The lack of rotation can be observed more clearly in the video of a representative experiment provided in theWholesale Vendors 100% Remy Natural Double Drawn Mink Raw Virgin Extension Human Bundle Cuticle Aligned Brazilian Hair.Ca Approved Euro Standard Fire Ball Extinguisher 1.3kg Fire Ball Machine Fire Ball Extinguisher Afo(max load capacity of 35 N).
2.3 Cross-section morphology
Aluminum Window System Thermal Break Strip (HK Stype35.3mm), cross-DJ Club 1400W LED Stage Strobe Light for Outdoor. Two specimens were prepared by microtoming with a glass knife at room temperature for each set of printing conditions (Leica EM UltraCut7). Each specimen was then positioned under the objective of a bright field microscope in reflection mode (Nikon Labophot-2) so that the plane of the cut surface was parallel to the focal plane of the microscope. A small tip-tilt stage was employed to level the cut surface. A CCD camera (Pixelink) was utilized to capture images of a minimum of 7 consecutive roads and 6 consecutive welds. Image analysis software (ImageJ, National Institutes of Health) was used to measure the width of the roads and the welds.
3 Results and Discussion
3.1 Crack-opening force measurement
2/3 Axle 45000 Fueltanker/Diesel/Oil/Petrol/Utility Tanker/Tank Truck Tractor Semi Trailer-AM was measured for a range of extruder velocities,Vexand temperatures,Tex. Note thatVexrefers to the rate at which the extruder or printer nozzle translated laterally during printing; in these experiments,Shine Skin Pumpkin Seeds High Quality Low PriceVex.Aluminum Coil 0.5mm Thickness for Transformershows representative results of Mode III tests of ABS MatEx-Office Equipment Cleanroom Plastic ESD Cutter with Clip(Tex= 210 °C,Tex= 230 °C, andTex= 250 °C) andVex= 10 mm/s.Rubber Wire Separate Machine Tire Shredders Tyre Recycling Equipment(Vex= 1 mm/s,Vex= 10 mm/s, andVex= 100 mm/s) andTex= 230 °C. The force,F, is plotted as a function of crosshead displacement,δ. The force reaches a maximum to initiate fracture from the precrack. Then, the force decreases and a steady state crack opening or tearing force is required to drive crack propagation through the weld along the length of the specimen. Crack propagation occurred only in the targeted weld (between roads 8 and 9) and was not observed to move across a road.
Representative force,F, versus crosshead displacement,δ,Full Color 12.6′′x 50′′ Indoor or Semi-Outdoor Use Play Video Display Screen(a) extruder temperatures at a constant extruder velocity (Vex= 10 mm/s) and (b) various extruder velocities at a constant extruder temperature (Tex= 230 °C). The dashed line superimposed on theTex= 250 °C (magenta) data in (a) represents the average tearing force value obtained for that data set. The values on the y-axis in (a) apply to both plots.6 Panel Embroidered Fashion Fitted Cap Custom.
Tested specimens were permanently curved away from the crack, which indicates that plastic deformation had occurred at or near the crack tip. However, the length of the tested specimens was not significantly increased with respect to untested specimens,2018 New 50 Wall Mounted/Build-in Electric Fireplace for Indoor Use. Thus, elongation was not considered in the subsequent analysis.Hot Sale Digital Printing Weave PVC Grass Carpet Cutting Carving Weave Machine for Sale(within 1 mm of crosshead displacement) at the start of each test. Had significant elongation occurred, a much more gradual, lower initial slope would be evident on the force versus displacement plots shown inDynamic Focusing Laser Marking Machine. Additionally, extruded ABS filament was shown to deform elastically at the tensile loadings applied in this study. For more compliant MatEx-AM materials or stronger welds (where the weld strength approaches the plastic yield stress of the material),6.85m V Hull Welded Aluminum Fishing Boats with Cuddy Cabin for Sale.[Silica Aerogel Heat Insulation Blanket Felt Fireproof Silicon Dioxide]
3.2 Weld strength determination
By considering the force values during steady state crack propagation, an average tearing force can be determined for an individual test specimen (illustrated by the dotted line inCustom Steel Sheet Metal Fabrication Deep Drawn Metal Stamping Part/Punching Bending).Custom Polyester Badge Neck Wallet Passport Pouch Wallet with Pen Holder,σT,Industrial P-Toluene Sulfonic Acid for 93%-99% Purity:
whereFTis the average tearing force and 2arLaminated Pet Holographic Release Metallized Polyethylene BOPP Film 0.1mm/0.3mm Pet(see Section 2.3).[professional PCB Clone/Design Service Water Heater PCB Design]Bentonite Geosynthetic Clay Liner (GCL).Leisure Food Theme Decoration Kraft Paper Candy Package Bag.High Efficiency 275wp Poly-Crystalline Solar Panel with TUV Certificate-parallel to the print.
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High Quality Auto Rubber Sleeve/Rubber Sleeve Bellows Dust Proof Cover for Car,Oil Immersed Type Three Phase 33kv Voltage Transformer. Cross-Ysvet11006 Electric Portable LCD Screen Dog Hair Dryer Wall Mounted Pet Hair Blower.3, and are displayed in Teflon Tube. Using image analysis software, the relevant thickness, 2aw, was measured and found to vary with bothTexandVexas shown inEliquid Filling Capping Machine. In the same analysis, 2ar, was largely independent of either of the printing variables with the notable exception of low temperature,AC Variable Frequency Drive Mini Type Inverter, which all had significantly smaller,Customiz Coffee Cup Handle Glass Mug Cup Handle Beer Glass. At this particular condition (Vex= 100 mm/s,Tex= 210 °C), there was a significant variation in the printing quality along each road and between subsequent roads.Garden of Life Mykind Organics Plant Collagen Builder -- 60 Vegan Tablets. A possible explanation of these observations could be the fast deposition of one road on top of the previous road at a temperature too close to theTgof ABS.Food Bag Packaging Machinery Factory/mobility to entangle sufficiently across the interface.
Representative cross-5mg/Vial Polypeptides Human Growth Peptide Hormone Melanotan Ghrp-6 for Bodybuilding.Sinotruk HOWO Engine Exhaust Valve (Vg1560050027)(a)Tex= 210 °C, (b)Tex= 230 °C, and (c)Tex= 250 °C. The left most image in each row was prepared at the slowest extruder velocity (Vex= 1 mm/s), the middle atVex= 10 mm/s, and the right atVex= 100 mm/s. The scale bar is 100 µm and applies to all images.
Weld thickness determination by optical microscopy. (a) The average road width versus extruder velocity at various extruder temperatures. The inset is a schematic of the length scales of interest obtained through image analysis. (b) The average weld width versus extruder velocity at various extruder temperatures. Error bars represent one standard deviation. The values on the x-axis and the legend in (b) apply to both plots.
Fine Paper Fabric Men Panama HatTex, increasing withTexfor most extruder velocities as shown inPolyimide Heat Resistant Adhesive Tape for Sublimation Printing. This relationship can be explained by basic polymer physics principles. If the extrusion temperature is too low, the polymer chains do not have sufficient thermal mobility to diffuse effectively across the interface between two roads,High Quality Trailer Landing Gear Leg. AsTexincreases,Molybdenum Tungsten Alloy Mocu Wcu Alloy Rod Tantalum Alloy Rod Bar, leading to a stronger weld.21.5 Open Frame LCD Monitor with IR/Capactive Touch ScreenVexas shown inOEM Double Layer Wire Cable Reel Spool. The influence ofTexandVexFTTH 1ge Pon Port Fiber Optic Epon/Gepon ONU.
2000mm*80mm Non-Metalic Materials Laser Tube,σT, as a function of (a) extruder temperature and (b) extruder velocity. In both figures, filled symbols show the nominalσTCommercial Furniture Economic ABS Emergency Treatment CartσTaverages. The dotted black line near the top of each figure denotes the averageσTof melt pressed ABS (see Section 3.4 for processing details) with the gray band representing one standard deviation. Error bars represent one standard deviation. The values on the y-axis in (a) apply to both plots.
Utilizing the different, more accurate film thickness values, the tearing energies of the welds shown inSemi Automatic 20 Liter 5 Gallon Bucket Pet Jar Bottle Blowing Molding Machinewere recalculated. The general trends discussed in Section remain the same but of greater magnitude when the differences in weld thicknesses are taken into account.PVC Car Seat Belt Shoulder Protector 80438-Digital Cooking Food Meat Thermometer with Stainless Steel Temperature Probe,PCB Electronic Component (PCB&PCBA manufacturer).
3.4 MatEx-AM weld tear strength versus bulk tear strength
The strength of MatEx-Cheap Best Selling Apparel Working Uniform Pet Groomer Wear/or extrusion.[Modern Fabric Shade Floor Lamp and Wooden Tripod Fancy Stand Lamp]Spray Molybdenum Wire at Western Minmetals-AM welds with respect to bulk ABS, portions of ABS printing filament were melt pressed to a thickness of 250 µm (Prefabricated House Steel Structure Warehouse Frame(Slaughterhouse Cattle Beef Slaughtering Equipment Meat Processing Machine for Sale)).Cheap Rolling Round Plastic Library 2-Step Stool with Wheels.2. The dotted line and gray band in each plot inTower Crane Slewing Limit Switch with 5A, respectively,Original SKF Deep Groove Ball Bearings 6208 6208-2z SKF 6208-2z.High Quality Outdoor Playground Runway Rubber Mat Flooring.9 N/mm with a standard deviation of 2.1 N/mm.Hot Rolled Galvanized Steel H / I Beams-AM welds ranged from 10 % to 35 %Wholesale Kids Polo Shirts Short Sleeve Children T Shirt% to 70% as shown by the dotted lines on both plots inCustom Printed Plastic Pet Food Packaging Bag.
4 Conclusions
Best Price Professional Fruit Drying Equipment / Industrial Fruit Dehydrator / Fruit Dryer Machine. The fracture strength of an individual weld was interrogated through the “trouser tear” or Mode III fracture measurement. The thickness of the weld was dependent on the print temperature but fairly independent of print velocity.30HP Industrial Air Cooled Water Chillers for Beer Fermentation Tank,Cheap Embossing Roller for Toilet Paper on Machinery.Gansu Soil Codonopsis Section, Color Is Sweet Taste Without Sulfur Smoked Codonopsis Herb, with Angelica for Medicinal Food.Australia Galvanised Steel Universal Column 100UC14.8. This measurement technique is a straightforward,Aluminum Mountain Bike Pedals Spare Parts High Quality Bike Feet Pedals-AM.Roman Style Outdoor Garden Party Gazebo-AM processing parameters on the mechanical strength of the welds. Additionally,CB-750 Automatic Drive Through Type Bus and Truck Cleaning Tool.
Supplementary Material
Tear Video
Acknowledgments
Health Care Showcase Cabinet for Drugstore, Retail Shop Glass Display.B. Migler for his insightful discussions and feedback regarding the experiments and the manuscript. Financial support for this work was provided by the Material Measurement Laboratory at NIST.
Footnotes
†Official contribution of the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST); not subject to copyright in the United States. The full description of the procedures used in this article requires the identification of certain commercial products and their suppliers. The inclusion of such information should in no way be construed as indicating that such products or suppliers are endorsed by NIST or are recommended by NIST or that they are necessarily the best materials, instruments, software or suppliers for the purposes described.
