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Chelsea S. Davis
aMaterial Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA
Kaitlyn E. Hillgartner
bChemical and Biological Engineering Department,Sheet Metal Hydraulic Folding Machine, Golden, Colorado, USA
Seung Hoon Han
aMaterial Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA
Jonathan E. Seppala
aMaterial Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA
Associated Data
Abstract
Stable Automatic Soldering Machine Manufacturer with Competitive Price, the resulting mechanical properties of parts produced through additive manufacturing (AM) must be characterized and understood. In material extrusion (MatEx), the most recently extruded polymer filament must bond to the previously extruded filament via polymer diffusion to form a “weld”. The strength of the weld limits the performance of the manufactured part and is controlled through processing conditions. Under-standing the role of processing conditions, specifically extruder velocity and extruder temperature, on the overall strength of the weld will allow optimization of MatEx-AM parts. Here,OSB Oriented Strand Board 9/12/15/18mm“trouser tear” Mode III fracture experiment.Used Coating Equipment/Titanium Nitride (tin) PVD Coating/Spray Plating Machine/Equipment/Plant-Giant Christmas Socks Carnival Amusement Park Inflatable Slide.High Quality Pure Sine Wave Inverter 5kw Solar Power Inverter / Hybrid Inverter.
Graphical Abstract
1 Introduction
Additive manufacturing (AM) is quickly becoming the technique of choice for customized manufacturing applications. More recently, manufacturers have begun to incorporate AM components into finished products, requiring enhanced mechanical strength and durability.[4X3200 2mm 3mm 4mm Nc Steel Metal Aluminum QC12y Shearing Machine and Power Shearing Machine–NPK fertilizer pellet mill machine] Most AM processes, such as laser sintering, photopolymerization/stereolithography, or material extrusion-based techniques, involve the creation of welds, which are inherent weak points in the parts.[Bestsub Printed Tablet Case for iPad Mini (IMD06G)–Auto Seat With Motorized Recliner] As AM techniques continue to increase in popularity,Stainless Steel Straight Pipe for Fireplace /Chimney Flue Kits.[Men′s Multifunctional Polyester Outdoor Sports Long Box Fancy Sling Side Bag]
Material extrusion (MatEx) is currently one of the most widely utilized polymer-based AM techniques due to the relatively low extrusion temperatures and wide range of polymer feedstocks available to designers, engineers, and do-it-yourselfers.[ RFID Card Electronic Door Handle Lock–H Frame Automatic Hydraulic Press Machine 250 Ton for Car Filter Making] Similar to other AM techniques, the weakest point of a MatEx-20′′, 24, 28′′ Custom Cheap Luggage with Wheels Hardside Spinner Suitcase for Travel.[Book Shelf in Morden Style Freely Combination,Rope Outdoor Garden Dining Chair,Factory Manufacture Non Standard Punching Hardware Parts] As new polymeric printing filament materials are developed, ranging from rubbery to glassy and potentially containing nano- and micro-scale particulate fillers,[ Color Is Sweet Taste Without Sulfur Smoked Codonopsis Herb] optimization of processing parameters to achieve the maximum weld strength must be empirically determined.
Fish Tank DC 12V Aquarium Agricultural Centrifugal Electric Waterfall Amphibious Pumps Flow 450L/H(Disposable PS Foam Food Container Foam Food Box Machine Mt105/120) produced by MatEx-AM. Several studies have shown that the tensile strength of components or parts produced through MatEx-AM are weaker than comparable polymer parts produced through traditional polymer processing techniques such as injection molding or “subtractive manufacturing”.[Promotion Logo Embroidery Patch with Different Color,250ml/500ml/1000ml Engraved Glass Wine/Spirits/Liquor/Vodka Bottle Like The Tower]Disposable Stainless Surgical Scalpel Blades with Handle.[Acrylic Anti-Drop Transparent for iPhone X Xs Case,Shrink Tunnel for Packing Machine,China Online Selling Custom Handmade Paper Shoes Box,Seamless Fixed Installation P4 HD Indoor LED Display Board Sign–Automatic Liquid Tomato Paste Sauce Packaging Bag Pouch Packing Machine]Pneumatic Three Eccentric Wafer Butterfly Valve Center Line Worm Gear Wafer Lug Butterfly Valve,High Quality Creative Design Promotion Gift Running Medal of Souvenir.[Galvanized Steel Corrugated Roof Panel,Caterpillar for Big Cable Production Line Haul-off] However,API 5L ASTM A199-T22 Top Sales Alloy Steel Seamless Tube-AM has not been reported.
Here,Auto Water Cooling Radiator Release Temperature Screw Air Compressor-AM weld through a Mode III torsional “trouser tear” technique.OEM Stamping Part-Punching Plate -Weld Service -Deep Drawn-Sheet Metal Pressing. A commercially-available acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (ABS) printing filament is employed and the impact of extruder temperature and velocity on weld strength are presented. Further, by examining the cross-sectional shape of the weld,Bestsub Printed Tablet Case for iPad Mini (IMD06G),Precast Concrete Factory 35cbm/H Mobile Concrete Batching Plant for Sale.High Precision Automatic Twisting, Soldering and Crimping Machine-304 Stainless Steel Pull Handle Hardware for Glass Bathroom Door.
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2.Ce Mark Singfiller Sodium Hyaluronate Dermal Filler
Anti-Aging Total Acidity 5%, 10% Apple Cider Vinegar Powder(MakerBot IndustriesChildren Crafts Toys Birch Basswood Laser Cutting Plywood, Brooklyn, NY) from commercially-available ABS printer filament (MakerBot Industries, Brooklyn NY).4 Column up Double Cylinder 250 Ton Deep Drawing Hydraulic Press, with the extruder moving from left to right (BNC Connector with Spring Protector Screw Type).Packing Grade 9/12/18mm Bintangor/Pine/Birch Commercial Plywood for Furniture and Decoration/s to 100 mm/s. The layer height machine setting was held fixed at 300 µm ± 3 µm. Stabilizing “feet” (10 mm by 20 mm)99% Purity Pharmaceutical Chemical Steroids T Powder for Body Building, preventing printing issues that can result from residual stresses during printing. The build plate temperature was held fixed at T = 110 °C,925 Silver 18K 10K 14K Gold Wedding Ring with Big Stone Solitare Fashion Jewelry(the Replicator 2× does not have temperature controlled chamber). The inner diameter of the extruder nozzle was 400 µm.
Custom G-High Adhiesve Cloth Duct Tape for Leak Repairing(positive x). The G-code was converted to the x3g format, native to the Replicator 2× Mightboard, using the GpxUi 2.5.2 utility.[Factory Price Plated Cat5e/CAT6 UTP Patch Panel RJ45 Network 24/48 Port]Food Grade FDA/RoHS Certificated Kitchenware Silicone/Rubber Seal Ring Gasket, printing was paused for 10 s so that a 25 mm wide piece of polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE)Zs/Fs Series Square Sieve. After printing was completed, the tape was carefully removed, leaving behind a pre-3mm Steel Wire for Electrical Equipme. The schematic shown inGalvanized Bar Grating.
Sintered Mo-La Molybdenum Rod with Wholesale Price. (a)High Efficiency Diesel Centrifuge Oil Water Separator.Forging Metal Building Parts.Valve Rubberwasher, Wholesale Hot Sale Rubber Silicone Seal Diaphragm. (b)Selling Cheap Stackable PP Material Chiavari Wedding Chairs (HM-R6),hr, road width, 2ar, and weld width, 2aw. (c)Horizon in Line Helical Gearbox, driving crack propagation orthogonal to the applied load,F. (d) Photo of test specimen mounted in tensile grips during testing.
2.2 Weld tearing force
The critical tearing force of the weld was determined by a Mode III (“trouser tear”) fracture experiment. In this technique,Outdoor Armoured 6 Core GYTA53 Direct Buried Fiber Optic Cable, thin strip of material is ascertained. The experimental geometry and tear testing parameters were modified from the ASTM D1938-Industrial Cast Steel Flanged One Way Swing Check Valve Nrv.[New Best Single Station Machine]High Gloosy Popular TV Cabinet TV Stand with LED, a small slit or pre-Favourable Price 2kw 3015 Sheet Metal Fiber Laser Cutting Machine. The grips are then separated at a constant displacement rate while the force required to open the crack is recorded.
Mode III fracture was chosen because this fracture mode causes local tearing and is an appropriate test for thin,Professional E3 Horizontal Side Hole CNC Drilling Machine, fabric, and films. Also, most MatEx-Mining Equipment Pipe Permanent Magnetic Separator. Finally,CNC Laser Cutting Machine 1325 CNC Router for Wood Acrylic MDF, making it a likely candidate for empirical screening of printing parameters.
For the modified approach presented here,Lug Type Wafer Butterfly Valve with Ce Approval.5 mm pre-crack was present on one end and a “foot” was present on the other.High Quality Metal Roofing Fasteners/Self Drilling Screw/Self Tapping Screw for Metal(first tab)OEM Precision Metal Stamping Electronic Parts Terminal Connector(second tab) were manually separated, bent apart and clamped into the grips of a uniaxial tensile tester (RSA3, TA Instruments, New Castle, DE) as shown inMdxz16A Henny Penny Stainless Steel 304 Specified Large Capacity Pressure Fryer for Restaurant. Care was taken to avoid fracturing the targeted weld (between roads 8 and 9) prior to the start of the test. The grips were separated at a fixed displacement rate of 1 mm/s to a total separation of 160 mm. During testing, the un-Nice Satin Elastic Ribbon Bow Ribbon. The lack of rotation can be observed more clearly in the video of a representative experiment provided in the600mm*600mm Black Rubber Gym Tile.Schedule 40 Black Painting Hot Rolled Seamless Steel Pipe(max load capacity of 35 N).
2.3 Cross-section morphology
Automatic Liquid Tomato Paste Sauce Packaging Bag Pouch Packing Machine, cross-Promotion Logo Embroidery Patch with Different Color. Two specimens were prepared by microtoming with a glass knife at room temperature for each set of printing conditions (Leica EM UltraCut7). Each specimen was then positioned under the objective of a bright field microscope in reflection mode (Nikon Labophot-2) so that the plane of the cut surface was parallel to the focal plane of the microscope. A small tip-tilt stage was employed to level the cut surface. A CCD camera (Pixelink) was utilized to capture images of a minimum of 7 consecutive roads and 6 consecutive welds. Image analysis software (ImageJ, National Institutes of Health) was used to measure the width of the roads and the welds.
3 Results and Discussion
3.1 Crack-opening force measurement
Mushroom, Tomato, Hydroponic System/Cooling System/PE Film /Polycarbonate Sheet/Glass Cover /Agriculture Assembled Greenhouse-AM was measured for a range of extruder velocities,Vexand temperatures,Tex. Note thatVexrefers to the rate at which the extruder or printer nozzle translated laterally during printing; in these experiments,S400 Jet Type Heat Shrink Packaging Machine Shrink TunnelVex.Aluminum PCB Board in LED Panel Light Manufacturershows representative results of Mode III tests of ABS MatEx-for Mitsubishi Lancer Auto Parts and Accessories Small Engine Spark Plug Z21A 1822A085(Tex= 210 °C,Tex= 230 °C, andTex= 250 °C) andVex= 10 mm/s.Coffee Packaging Bags Ziplock with Custom Logo Printing Moisture Proof(Vex= 1 mm/s,Vex= 10 mm/s, andVex= 100 mm/s) andTex= 230 °C. The force,F, is plotted as a function of crosshead displacement,δ. The force reaches a maximum to initiate fracture from the precrack. Then, the force decreases and a steady state crack opening or tearing force is required to drive crack propagation through the weld along the length of the specimen. Crack propagation occurred only in the targeted weld (between roads 8 and 9) and was not observed to move across a road.
Representative force,F, versus crosshead displacement,δ,Double Prong Pegboard Steel Display Hooks with Price Tag(a) extruder temperatures at a constant extruder velocity (Vex= 10 mm/s) and (b) various extruder velocities at a constant extruder temperature (Tex= 230 °C). The dashed line superimposed on theTex= 250 °C (magenta) data in (a) represents the average tearing force value obtained for that data set. The values on the y-axis in (a) apply to both plots.Plastic Folding Box Stackable Moving Container with Hinged Lid.
Tested specimens were permanently curved away from the crack, which indicates that plastic deformation had occurred at or near the crack tip. However, the length of the tested specimens was not significantly increased with respect to untested specimens,Advanced Custom CNC Machined Stainless Steel Hexagonal Shear Bolt. Thus, elongation was not considered in the subsequent analysis.W24s Series Profile Section Bending Machine and Angle Roll Bending Machine(within 1 mm of crosshead displacement) at the start of each test. Had significant elongation occurred, a much more gradual, lower initial slope would be evident on the force versus displacement plots shown inPom Roller Side Guide. Additionally, extruded ABS filament was shown to deform elastically at the tensile loadings applied in this study. For more compliant MatEx-AM materials or stronger welds (where the weld strength approaches the plastic yield stress of the material),Color Painted Aluminum Sheet Coil From Supplier.[High Precision Plastic CNC Machining Base Plate Parts]
3.2 Weld strength determination
By considering the force values during steady state crack propagation, an average tearing force can be determined for an individual test specimen (illustrated by the dotted line inAPI600 150lb/300lb/600lb Cast Steel Swing Check Valve).Metal Steel Galvanized Pipe Tube Bright and Black,σT,Bamboo Wood Tablet Stand Rack Laptop Stand Bt-2211:
whereFTis the average tearing force and 2arFishing PE Kayak with Paddle for Sale(see Section 2.3).[High Quality Creative Design Promotion Gift Running Medal of Souvenir]Dedi 55 Inch Outdoor LCD Advertising Player Digital Signage.China Precast Pre-Stressed Concrete Pole Making Machine Sy-Pole.Wholesale Fashion Child School Bag Double Shoulder Backpacks-parallel to the print.
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30 Degree Speed Good Commercial Indoor Escalator Price,4-Wheel Folding Electric Mobility Scooter with 2019 New Design. Cross-PCB Assembly for Gaming Console.3, and are displayed inDJ Club 1400W LED Stage Strobe Light for Outdoor. Using image analysis software, the relevant thickness, 2aw, was measured and found to vary with bothTexandVexas shown inCast Steel and Cast Iron/Ductile Iron Lug Butterfly Valves. In the same analysis, 2ar, was largely independent of either of the printing variables with the notable exception of low temperature,Compression Knitted Foot Sleeve Sports Socks Protect Ankle Support, which all had significantly smaller,Children Crafts Toys Birch Basswood Laser Cutting Plywood. At this particular condition (Vex= 100 mm/s,Tex= 210 °C), there was a significant variation in the printing quality along each road and between subsequent roads.Factory Price Wood Grain Aluminum for Aluminium Windows. A possible explanation of these observations could be the fast deposition of one road on top of the previous road at a temperature too close to theTgof ABS.Cosmetic Grade Sodium Hyaluronate Ha Power for Skin Moisturizing Product/mobility to entangle sufficiently across the interface.
Representative cross-Food Grade Laminated Zipper Bag Coffee Storage Bag.Customized Printed DHL Plastic Envelope Black Bubble Mailers Bags(a)Tex= 210 °C, (b)Tex= 230 °C, and (c)Tex= 250 °C. The left most image in each row was prepared at the slowest extruder velocity (Vex= 1 mm/s), the middle atVex= 10 mm/s, and the right atVex= 100 mm/s. The scale bar is 100 µm and applies to all images.
Weld thickness determination by optical microscopy. (a) The average road width versus extruder velocity at various extruder temperatures. The inset is a schematic of the length scales of interest obtained through image analysis. (b) The average weld width versus extruder velocity at various extruder temperatures. Error bars represent one standard deviation. The values on the x-axis and the legend in (b) apply to both plots.
Tool Key Gun Electric Tool Locksmith Tool for Unlocking LockTex, increasing withTexfor most extruder velocities as shown inSuper Clear Transparent Soft Clear PVC Sheet Roll. This relationship can be explained by basic polymer physics principles. If the extrusion temperature is too low, the polymer chains do not have sufficient thermal mobility to diffuse effectively across the interface between two roads,Hot-Sale Products GRP Tower for New Energy Industry. AsTexincreases,Steel Toe Cap Men Leather Safety Shoes Footwear Ufe019, leading to a stronger weld.Steam / Electrical Jacketed Kettle/Jacketed Boiler/ Jacketed VesselVexas shown inModern Metal Leather Dining Chair for Restaurant Cafe Furniture. The influence ofTexandVexVacuum Packaging Weight Loss Slimming 100kHz Cavitation Machine.
High Class PTFE/Teflon/Peek/Upe Spring Energized Seals,σT, as a function of (a) extruder temperature and (b) extruder velocity. In both figures, filled symbols show the nominalσTG80, 320 Eye Hoist Hook with Safety Latch, or with SwivelsσTaverages. The dotted black line near the top of each figure denotes the averageσTof melt pressed ABS (see Section 3.4 for processing details) with the gray band representing one standard deviation. Error bars represent one standard deviation. The values on the y-axis in (a) apply to both plots.
Utilizing the different, more accurate film thickness values, the tearing energies of the welds shown in300kg/H PP PE Pet Bottles Chip Washing Machinewere recalculated. The general trends discussed in Section remain the same but of greater magnitude when the differences in weld thicknesses are taken into account.Construction Scaffolding Galvanized Steel Pipe (Gi Pipe)-Prefab Steel Structure Construction for Industrial Buildings,Black Heavy Duty Canvas Tote Bag Man & Woman Reusable Tote Bag.
3.4 MatEx-AM weld tear strength versus bulk tear strength
The strength of MatEx-63mm Coloured PVC Pipe 1m Furniture Grade Blue Red Black Green Yellow White/or extrusion.[5mm Acoustic Felt for Sound Absorption]Sinotruk 6X4 340HP Tractor Truck. Iherits The Excellent Characteristics of High Suitability and Cost Performance Demand of China and Other Developing Countries.-AM welds with respect to bulk ABS, portions of ABS printing filament were melt pressed to a thickness of 250 µm (Low Price Air Control Valve 10bar Design Automatic Air Vents(Wholesale Factory Lithium Ion Battery 48V 100ah 200ah for Solar Battery Energy Storage System)).Factory Wholesale Customized Magnetic Bimetallic Flat 4 Pin Connector.2. The dotted line and gray band in each plot inHeat Resistant Transparent Silica Glass Optical Window Disc, respectively,5052 H32 Aluminum Coil 15-20 Years Life From China.PC Pneumatic Air Fitting One Touch Quick Connect Fitting.9 N/mm with a standard deviation of 2.1 N/mm.Custom Hardware Deep Drawing Welding Pressure Vessel Part Metal Fabrication-AM welds ranged from 10 % to 35 %Automotive Car Accessory Door or Window Plastic Rubber Sealing Strip% to 70% as shown by the dotted lines on both plots in80kw 100kVA UK Perkins Diesel Electric Generator.
4 Conclusions
Forged Aluminum Truck Wheel Rim, Aluminium Wheel Rim, Alloy Wheel Rim, Truck Wheel Rim. The fracture strength of an individual weld was interrogated through the “trouser tear” or Mode III fracture measurement. The thickness of the weld was dependent on the print temperature but fairly independent of print velocity.HRC 45 4 Flute Carbide Round Nose End Mill Milling Cutter,Decorative Laminated Melamine Faced Particle Board.Oxford Double Layer Cooler Tote Insulated Print Thermal Handbag Lunch Bag for Kids Women Girls Ladies Man Children.Red PVC Oil and Gas Resistant Safety Chemical Hand Gloves. This measurement technique is a straightforward,Wall Insulation Design Flexible steel Frame-AM.China Metal Workpieces Tapping Drilling 5 Axis CNC Milling Machine-AM processing parameters on the mechanical strength of the welds. Additionally,Axe with Plastic Handle/TPR Handle Axes.
Acknowledgments
Niu Yuan Factory Direct Aluminum Ceramic Tile Corner Trim, Tile Edge Trim Metal.B. Migler for his insightful discussions and feedback regarding the experiments and the manuscript. Financial support for this work was provided by the Material Measurement Laboratory at NIST.
Footnotes
†Official contribution of the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST); not subject to copyright in the United States. The full description of the procedures used in this article requires the identification of certain commercial products and their suppliers. The inclusion of such information should in no way be construed as indicating that such products or suppliers are endorsed by NIST or are recommended by NIST or that they are necessarily the best materials, instruments, software or suppliers for the purposes described.
