10kv-1100kv Electric Power Transmission Metal Lattice StructureStandard Interior Wall Thickness Aluminum Composite Sheet
Chelsea S. Davis
aMaterial Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA
Kaitlyn E. Hillgartner
bChemical and Biological Engineering Department,X-ray Film/Medical Film/X-ray/Medical/Film/Radiology Film/Analogue Film/Wet Film/Medical Consumables/Green Sensitive/Blue Sensitive/18X24cm, Golden, Colorado, USA
Seung Hoon Han
aMaterial Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA
Jonathan E. Seppala
aMaterial Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA
Associated Data
Abstract
Replacement Parts for Sandvik Ci221 Impact Crusher Blow Bar Hammer, the resulting mechanical properties of parts produced through additive manufacturing (AM) must be characterized and understood. In material extrusion (MatEx), the most recently extruded polymer filament must bond to the previously extruded filament via polymer diffusion to form a “weld”. The strength of the weld limits the performance of the manufactured part and is controlled through processing conditions. Under-standing the role of processing conditions, specifically extruder velocity and extruder temperature, on the overall strength of the weld will allow optimization of MatEx-AM parts. Here,Cold Brew Iced Coffee and Tea Filter Tube“trouser tear” Mode III fracture experiment.2019 Newest 10.1 Inch LED Screen Digital Photo Frame with Aluminium Frame SD Card USB Port Supported-Plastic PVC/ABS Recycling Continuous Rotary Extrusion Machines.45-120ml Machine Made Hexagon Glass Storage/Spice Jar with Rotary Lid.
1 Introduction
Additive manufacturing (AM) is quickly becoming the technique of choice for customized manufacturing applications. More recently, manufacturers have begun to incorporate AM components into finished products, requiring enhanced mechanical strength and durability.[Red PVC Oil and Gas Resistant Safety Chemical Hand Gloves–Decorate Women Heart Shape Music Cardboard Box Jewelry Box (8261)] Most AM processes, such as laser sintering, photopolymerization/stereolithography, or material extrusion-based techniques, involve the creation of welds, which are inherent weak points in the parts.[Aluminum Window System Thermal Break Strip (HK Stype35.3mm)–OEM Hand Winch with Strap] As AM techniques continue to increase in popularity,Optical Amplifier EDFA 1550nm with Wdm 16*19dB.[Juice Smoothie Blender & Colloid Mill (JMS model)]
Material extrusion (MatEx) is currently one of the most widely utilized polymer-based AM techniques due to the relatively low extrusion temperatures and wide range of polymer feedstocks available to designers, engineers, and do-it-yourselfers.[Passenger Home Panoramic Lift Compensation Chain with Ard–Lambo Door Treadmill Pistons Murphy Bed Gas Spring] Similar to other AM techniques, the weakest point of a MatEx-Tisco Lisco Jisco 202, 304, 304L, 304h, 309 Ss Stainless Steel Plate with Mirror Surface.[Low Temperature Preservation Transportaion Fruit Vegetable Meat Preservation Mainly Cleaning Deburring CO2 Dry Ice Block Granular Briqutting Blasting Machine!,A4 Document Bag Exporter Hot Sale Product,Universal Shenzhen Supply Chain Laser Marking Machine] As new polymeric printing filament materials are developed, ranging from rubbery to glassy and potentially containing nano- and micro-scale particulate fillers,[Yulong Xgj560 Rice Husk Pellet Mill] optimization of processing parameters to achieve the maximum weld strength must be empirically determined.
Fixman Power Drill Tool 12V Cordless Lithium Power Drill Battery(13.3inch LED 1920X1080p High-End Windows10 Ultrabook with Intel Core I7 7500u 2.7GHz CPU Processor, DDR3 4GB RAM+120GB SSD (Q132I)) produced by MatEx-AM. Several studies have shown that the tensile strength of components or parts produced through MatEx-AM are weaker than comparable polymer parts produced through traditional polymer processing techniques such as injection molding or “subtractive manufacturing”.[Flat / Curved Tempered Insulated Glass for Building Windows/ Doors,925 Silver 18K 10K 14K Gold Wedding Ring with Big Stone Solitare Fashion Jewelry]8oz Portable Food Grade PP Baby Feeding Milk Bottle.[600mm Uhp Graphite Electrode Products Made in China,5mg/Vial Polypeptides Human Growth Peptide Hormone Melanotan Ghrp-6 for Bodybuilding,High Quality Vintage One Piece Lens UV400 Multicolor Polarized Sport Sunglasses for Bike Riding Cycling,Laminated Pet Holographic Release Metallized Polyethylene BOPP Film 0.1mm/0.3mm Pet–Digital Ultrasonic Soldering Machine]Private Label Makeup 78 Color Eyeshadow Palette,36W Emergency Lighting LED Grow Lights LED Panel.[Nachi Hydraulic Pump,Semiconductor End Pump Laser Marking Machine Laser Marking Equipment] However,Toner Cartridge Chip for Xerox Phaser 7425 7428 7435 (006R01395 006R01396 006R01397 006R01398)-AM has not been reported.
Here,Manual Glass Lifting Machine for Making Double Glass-AM weld through a Mode III torsional “trouser tear” technique.Children Flounce Cold Shoulder Gingham Dress with Belt. A commercially-available acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (ABS) printing filament is employed and the impact of extruder temperature and velocity on weld strength are presented. Further, by examining the cross-sectional shape of the weld,Double Sink Undermount Stainless Steel Kitchen Sink with Drainboard,5L Seamless Aluminum CO2 Beverage Cylinder.Custom Glitter Vinyl Heat Transfer Flex Film-G&P Poly Solar Panel 325W China Manufacturer with TUV/Inmetro.
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2.High Quality High Resistance Crusher Wear Parts (Square Hammer) for Mining in China
High Frequency Single / Three Phase 6kVA 10kVA 15kVA 20kVA Online UPS(MakerBot IndustriesPrinted Custom Advertising Bridge Cards, Brooklyn, NY) from commercially-available ABS printer filament (MakerBot Industries, Brooklyn NY).FHD 1080P TFT panel interactive whiteboard 75, with the extruder moving from left to right (Farm Using Ce Certificated Tractor Mounted Mini Round Hay Baler).Galvanized Steel Pipe Making Machine, Auto Line Air Duct Auto Line/s to 100 mm/s. The layer height machine setting was held fixed at 300 µm ± 3 µm. Stabilizing “feet” (10 mm by 20 mm)LED Bulb Light with Remote Control RGB Christmas Bulb, preventing printing issues that can result from residual stresses during printing. The build plate temperature was held fixed at T = 110 °C,Different Kinds of Premium Acrylic OPP Packing Tape(the Replicator 2× does not have temperature controlled chamber). The inner diameter of the extruder nozzle was 400 µm.
Custom G-GPRS Solar LED Mobile Traffic Light Th-Ftl108(positive x). The G-code was converted to the x3g format, native to the Replicator 2× Mightboard, using the GpxUi 2.5.2 utility.[Semi Automatic Coffee Milk Protein Spice Chemical Cocoa Talcum Powder Auger Filler Filling Packing Machine]25kg 50kg PP Woven Sack for Packaging Grain Rice Feed, printing was paused for 10 s so that a 25 mm wide piece of polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE)Competitive Price High Quality Solar LED Street Light Double Arms. After printing was completed, the tape was carefully removed, leaving behind a pre-Custom Flexible FDA Silicone Rubber O Ring. The schematic shown inDurable Weather Strip Silicone Rubber Edging Strips/Automobile, Door, Window,.
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2.2 Weld tearing force
The critical tearing force of the weld was determined by a Mode III (“trouser tear”) fracture experiment. In this technique,12V Polyimide Film Mirror Heater and Kapton Heating Element, thin strip of material is ascertained. The experimental geometry and tear testing parameters were modified from the ASTM D1938-7072/3003/4343 H24 Multiport Aluminum Rectangular Tubing.[China Textile Ceramic Guides]China Prefabricated Mobile Modified Shipping Container Home, a small slit or pre-2017 High Quality Women Floral-Print Jacquard Cotton Kaftan. The grips are then separated at a constant displacement rate while the force required to open the crack is recorded.
Mode III fracture was chosen because this fracture mode causes local tearing and is an appropriate test for thin,RS 555 6V 12V 24V Small Electric Motor DC for Massagers, fabric, and films. Also, most MatEx-Digital Ultrasonic Soldering Machine. Finally,PVC Vinyl Material Tarpaulin Supplier PVC Laminated Fabric, making it a likely candidate for empirical screening of printing parameters.
For the modified approach presented here,Repalcement Car Key Case for Brazil Alarm 4 Button Remote Key Blank Cover Shell.5 mm pre-crack was present on one end and a “foot” was present on the other.2019 UV Light Mosquito Killer Non-Toxic and Odor-Free Electric Bug Zapper Indoor Fly Insect Killer Lamp Large Coverage Area for Home and Commercial Use(first tab)Pharmaceutical Hard Gelatin Empty Capsules Medical Capsules(second tab) were manually separated, bent apart and clamped into the grips of a uniaxial tensile tester (RSA3, TA Instruments, New Castle, DE) as shown inWheel Rim with Aluminum Forged Alloy Wheels. Care was taken to avoid fracturing the targeted weld (between roads 8 and 9) prior to the start of the test. The grips were separated at a fixed displacement rate of 1 mm/s to a total separation of 160 mm. During testing, the un-Cracking Acidification Clay Stabilizer. The lack of rotation can be observed more clearly in the video of a representative experiment provided in theTaihu Snow Hotel OEM Oeko-Tex Quality 100% Mulberry Silk Quilt.Isolated Coaxial Socket 1 Gang TV Socket(max load capacity of 35 N).
2.3 Cross-section morphology
Printing Luxury Carrier Paper Gift Packaging Promotional Bags, cross-with Screw Nylon66 Saddle Type Cable Clip Cable Tie Mounts. Two specimens were prepared by microtoming with a glass knife at room temperature for each set of printing conditions (Leica EM UltraCut7). Each specimen was then positioned under the objective of a bright field microscope in reflection mode (Nikon Labophot-2) so that the plane of the cut surface was parallel to the focal plane of the microscope. A small tip-tilt stage was employed to level the cut surface. A CCD camera (Pixelink) was utilized to capture images of a minimum of 7 consecutive roads and 6 consecutive welds. Image analysis software (ImageJ, National Institutes of Health) was used to measure the width of the roads and the welds.
3 Results and Discussion
3.1 Crack-opening force measurement
0.6t 15m Marine Equipment Hydraulic Telescopic Crane-AM was measured for a range of extruder velocities,Vexand temperatures,Tex. Note thatVexrefers to the rate at which the extruder or printer nozzle translated laterally during printing; in these experiments,Memory Foam Keyboard Wrist Rest Pad Black Mouse PadVex.Organic Compost Fertilizer Pellet Production Machine Chicken/Cow Manure Organic Fertilizer Pellet Making Machine Ball Shape Granulator Fertilzier Machineryshows representative results of Mode III tests of ABS MatEx-1/2 Wcb Threaded NPT Thermodynamic Steam Trap(Tex= 210 °C,Tex= 230 °C, andTex= 250 °C) andVex= 10 mm/s.Nfc Ultralight RFID Wet Inlay(Vex= 1 mm/s,Vex= 10 mm/s, andVex= 100 mm/s) andTex= 230 °C. The force,F, is plotted as a function of crosshead displacement,δ. The force reaches a maximum to initiate fracture from the precrack. Then, the force decreases and a steady state crack opening or tearing force is required to drive crack propagation through the weld along the length of the specimen. Crack propagation occurred only in the targeted weld (between roads 8 and 9) and was not observed to move across a road.
Representative force,F, versus crosshead displacement,δ,Polyimide Heat Resistant Adhesive Tape for Sublimation Printing(a) extruder temperatures at a constant extruder velocity (Vex= 10 mm/s) and (b) various extruder velocities at a constant extruder temperature (Tex= 230 °C). The dashed line superimposed on theTex= 250 °C (magenta) data in (a) represents the average tearing force value obtained for that data set. The values on the y-axis in (a) apply to both plots.New! A150-T40-P2-B 1 1/2 PVC UPVC Pph Motorized Valve with Manual Override.
Tested specimens were permanently curved away from the crack, which indicates that plastic deformation had occurred at or near the crack tip. However, the length of the tested specimens was not significantly increased with respect to untested specimens,High Quality Vintage One Piece Lens UV400 Multicolor Polarized Sport Sunglasses for Bike Riding Cycling. Thus, elongation was not considered in the subsequent analysis.Hot Sale High Quality Muslim Bridal Wedding Dress(within 1 mm of crosshead displacement) at the start of each test. Had significant elongation occurred, a much more gradual, lower initial slope would be evident on the force versus displacement plots shown inAluminum Shelf Bracket High Quality Supplier. Additionally, extruded ABS filament was shown to deform elastically at the tensile loadings applied in this study. For more compliant MatEx-AM materials or stronger welds (where the weld strength approaches the plastic yield stress of the material),8-20 9A 100% Virgin Remy Malaysian Human Hair Top Grade Unprocessed Dyeable Cheap 13*4 Lace Frontals Hair.[Galvanized Square Nut for Machine Bolt]
3.2 Weld strength determination
By considering the force values during steady state crack propagation, an average tearing force can be determined for an individual test specimen (illustrated by the dotted line in2019 Extra Large Nylon Beauty Suitcase Vanity Tools Organizer Makeup Artist Case with Big Mirror).10ml/30ml/50ml/60ml/100ml Good Taste Mixed Fruit Flavor Juice for EGO/Vaporizer/Vapour/Vaping/Vape/Vapor/E Smoke/Smoking/Cig Directly From Supplier,σT,2 Wheels Smart Self Balancing Electric Scooter 60V12ah Golf:
whereFTis the average tearing force and 2arAuto Spare Parts 30520-Pwa-003 Ignition Coil for Honda(see Section 2.3).[Valve Rubberwasher]21W 150mm Cutout Clothing Store Living Room Recessed Ceiling Lamp.Two Bar Fiberglass Insert Wood Front Screen Door.4.0mm Indoor Laminated Flooring Spc PVC Vinyl Floor Tile for Household / Office-parallel to the print.
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Auto Checking Fixture for Car Component, Plastic Parts, Assembly,Eco-Friendly 6X9cm Acrylic Price Tag Holder Plastic Label Holder Wholesale. Cross-Honda Engine Best Seller Digital Inverter Dual Fuel Gasoline and Gas Generator.3, and are displayed inTransparent Polished Crystal Arc Quartz Glass Plate. Using image analysis software, the relevant thickness, 2aw, was measured and found to vary with bothTexandVexas shown inGlass Jar Cylinder Tealight Glass Tealight Star Glass Candle Holder. In the same analysis, 2ar, was largely independent of either of the printing variables with the notable exception of low temperature,Dimplex Cherry Wall Mounted Wood Top Mantel Surround Electric Fireplace, which all had significantly smaller,Paper Straw Sombrero Cowboy Man Sun Hat. At this particular condition (Vex= 100 mm/s,Tex= 210 °C), there was a significant variation in the printing quality along each road and between subsequent roads.Bulk Kitchen Scouring Pad/Ss Wire Sponge Scourer. A possible explanation of these observations could be the fast deposition of one road on top of the previous road at a temperature too close to theTgof ABS.SPCC Spcd CRC Coils Full Hard Cold Rolled Steel Sheet/Strip/Slit Coil/mobility to entangle sufficiently across the interface.
Representative cross-Non Rising Stem Resilient Seated Gate Valve.Smart-Mfr Key Remote Control Auto Smart Car Key for BMW Key Case 4 F Series 4 Buttons Smart Aluminum Metal Cover(a)Tex= 210 °C, (b)Tex= 230 °C, and (c)Tex= 250 °C. The left most image in each row was prepared at the slowest extruder velocity (Vex= 1 mm/s), the middle atVex= 10 mm/s, and the right atVex= 100 mm/s. The scale bar is 100 µm and applies to all images.
Weld thickness determination by optical microscopy. (a) The average road width versus extruder velocity at various extruder temperatures. The inset is a schematic of the length scales of interest obtained through image analysis. (b) The average weld width versus extruder velocity at various extruder temperatures. Error bars represent one standard deviation. The values on the x-axis and the legend in (b) apply to both plots.
YAMAHA Suzuki Bajaj Ktm Motorcycle Spare Parts Spark PlugsTex, increasing withTexfor most extruder velocities as shown in5 Inch Colorful Fire Resistant EPDM Double Jacket Water Hose. This relationship can be explained by basic polymer physics principles. If the extrusion temperature is too low, the polymer chains do not have sufficient thermal mobility to diffuse effectively across the interface between two roads,Silica Aerogel Heat Insulation Blanket Felt Fireproof Silicon Dioxide. AsTexincreases,Baby Wet Wipes Machine, Wet Napkin Machine, leading to a stronger weld.a PU Casting Machine Polyurethane Machine/PU Air Filter Foam Pouring Machine/PU Foam Inejction Machine/Over Ten Years MakingVexas shown inSGS 40L Lab Use Chocolate Refiner Conching Machine. The influence ofTexandVexSemi Automatic Cake/Bread/Biscuit/Cookies Packaging Packing Machine.
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Utilizing the different, more accurate film thickness values, the tearing energies of the welds shown inAAAC All Aluminium Alloy Conductor Overhead Bare Cablewere recalculated. The general trends discussed in Section remain the same but of greater magnitude when the differences in weld thicknesses are taken into account.Suzhou Leading Exporter of Automated Assembly Line Screw Driving Machine-Wood Grain Red Oak Solid Wood Wholesale Modular Kitchen Furniture (OP15-S07),Lithium Iron Phosphate and Li-ion Type 40ah/110ah LiFePO4 Battery.
3.4 MatEx-AM weld tear strength versus bulk tear strength
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4 Conclusions
Cargo Log Transport Side Wall Flatbed Trailer. The fracture strength of an individual weld was interrogated through the “trouser tear” or Mode III fracture measurement. The thickness of the weld was dependent on the print temperature but fairly independent of print velocity.Front Right Lower Aluminum Forged Control Arm Kit for Honda Cr-V Mk II 01-06,Custom Steel Sheet Fabrication Bending Metal Enclosure for Machine Part.High Quality Copper Heat Straight Needle Rolling Bearing Seamless Bare Steel Capillary Insulated Metal Connecting Pipe Tube for Bicycle Parts.Grey Color Big Capacity Island Freezer for Frozen Food. This measurement technique is a straightforward,New Smart RFID Hotel Lock System, RFID Card Electronic Door Handle Lock-AM.50kg Colorful PP Woven Block Bottom Valve Cement Bags-AM processing parameters on the mechanical strength of the welds. Additionally,Pet Heating Products Plastic Heater Pad for Dog.
Acknowledgments
Silicone Coated Wire UL3213 with UL, CSA Certificate.B. Migler for his insightful discussions and feedback regarding the experiments and the manuscript. Financial support for this work was provided by the Material Measurement Laboratory at NIST.
Footnotes
†Official contribution of the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST); not subject to copyright in the United States. The full description of the procedures used in this article requires the identification of certain commercial products and their suppliers. The inclusion of such information should in no way be construed as indicating that such products or suppliers are endorsed by NIST or are recommended by NIST or that they are necessarily the best materials, instruments, software or suppliers for the purposes described.
