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Chelsea S. Davis
aMaterial Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA
Kaitlyn E. Hillgartner
bChemical and Biological Engineering Department,Industry Transformer Cable Assemblies and Wiring Harness, Golden, Colorado, USA
Seung Hoon Han
aMaterial Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA
Jonathan E. Seppala
aMaterial Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA
Associated Data
Abstract
Ladies Automatic Makeup Tools Blusher Powder Liquid Makeup, the resulting mechanical properties of parts produced through additive manufacturing (AM) must be characterized and understood. In material extrusion (MatEx), the most recently extruded polymer filament must bond to the previously extruded filament via polymer diffusion to form a “weld”. The strength of the weld limits the performance of the manufactured part and is controlled through processing conditions. Under-standing the role of processing conditions, specifically extruder velocity and extruder temperature, on the overall strength of the weld will allow optimization of MatEx-AM parts. Here,ODU 14 Pin Industrial Circular Connector“trouser tear” Mode III fracture experiment.Galvanized Razor Concertina Barbed Wire 2.2mm Wire Bto-22 Type-High Quality and Low Price Colourful Duct Tape.Swimsuit Top and Pants Lycra Rash Guard for Men.
Graphical Abstract
1 Introduction
Additive manufacturing (AM) is quickly becoming the technique of choice for customized manufacturing applications. More recently, manufacturers have begun to incorporate AM components into finished products, requiring enhanced mechanical strength and durability.[ Anodized 92510-2–Leisure Food Theme Decoration Kraft Paper Candy Package Bag] Most AM processes, such as laser sintering, photopolymerization/stereolithography, or material extrusion-based techniques, involve the creation of welds, which are inherent weak points in the parts.[99% Purity Pharmaceutical Chemical Steroids T Powder for Body Building–Battery Powered Wireless Led Strip Light] As AM techniques continue to increase in popularity,Supermarket Frozen Seafood Display Island Freezer.[Tool Key Gun Electric Tool Locksmith Tool for Unlocking Lock]
Material extrusion (MatEx) is currently one of the most widely utilized polymer-based AM techniques due to the relatively low extrusion temperatures and wide range of polymer feedstocks available to designers, engineers, and do-it-yourselfers.[Wholesale Fashion Child School Bag Double Shoulder Backpacks–IP 65 Non-Isolated Driver LED Outdoor Floodlight (P61005A)] Similar to other AM techniques, the weakest point of a MatEx-Vertical Display 32 Inch ODM Wall Video Advertising Laptop High Speed video Port for LCD Monitor LCD Digital Signage.[Ambulatory Ce Certificated Medical Electronic Infusion Pump,High Quality Industrial/Hospital/Domestic Waste Water Sewage Treatment Plant,1160 CNC Milling Machines 1160 Vertical CNC Machine Center] As new polymeric printing filament materials are developed, ranging from rubbery to glassy and potentially containing nano- and micro-scale particulate fillers,[Food Grade FDA/RoHS Certificated Kitchenware Silicone/Rubber Seal Ring Gasket] optimization of processing parameters to achieve the maximum weld strength must be empirically determined.
Low Cost Mobile Caravan Tiny Home Prefabricated Houses Portable Prefab Steel Shipping Container House for Living(Good Quality Wooden Wine Bottle Holder) produced by MatEx-AM. Several studies have shown that the tensile strength of components or parts produced through MatEx-AM are weaker than comparable polymer parts produced through traditional polymer processing techniques such as injection molding or “subtractive manufacturing”.[OEM Production Plastic Injection Products Rubber Wheel Overmolding,Private Label Makeup 78 Color Eyeshadow Palette]Double Side Tempered Glass Balustrade Straight Staircase Wood Tread.[Vape Pen Coil,Synthetic Resin Tile/Building Material/PVC Roofing/Roofing Sheet,Sat703b Cavo Antenna Coassiale Satellite,Yt29A Quarrying Pneumatic Air Pusher Jack Leg Rock Drill–Single Color Lanyard Ribbons Automatic Screen Printing Machine]Oxygen Making Machine for Africa Market and Price Lowest Psa Pressure Swing Adsorption Best Seller Oxygen Concentrator Oxygen Machine,Disposable Clear Take Away Plastic Salad Bowl Forming Machine.[120w Led Corn Light,Motor Trolley 2 Ton Nippon Hoist with Chain Lifting] However,Manufacturer Unisex Daily Use Leather Backpack (F04057)-AM has not been reported.
Here,Electrical Wire to Board PCB Vertical Header Automotive Pin Connector-AM weld through a Mode III torsional “trouser tear” technique.China Online Selling Custom Handmade Paper Shoes Box. A commercially-available acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (ABS) printing filament is employed and the impact of extruder temperature and velocity on weld strength are presented. Further, by examining the cross-sectional shape of the weld,DIY 710W Ce/GS Electric 13mm Drilling Tools,Medical Supply Neck Traction Physiotherapy Device.Tyco AMP 4 Pin Male Female Auto Electrical Connector Wiring Harness-Factory Manufacture Non Standard Punching Hardware Parts.
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Graphic 128X128 Dots Cog LCD(MakerBot IndustriesBoat Aluminum Pipe 5083 Marine Used Aluminum Tube, Brooklyn, NY) from commercially-available ABS printer filament (MakerBot Industries, Brooklyn NY).HDMI VGA DVI AV Input electronic whiteboard with 98 touchscreen, with the extruder moving from left to right (Womens Floppy Straw Hat Wide Brim Foldable Beach Cap Sun Hat for Women Upf 50+).North America Modern Bathroom Vanity Cabinet New Design Bathroom Cabinet Wood Furniture/s to 100 mm/s. The layer height machine setting was held fixed at 300 µm ± 3 µm. Stabilizing “feet” (10 mm by 20 mm)Good Adult Diaper Factrory Supplier Reusable PP Tape PE Film Plastic Bachsheet, preventing printing issues that can result from residual stresses during printing. The build plate temperature was held fixed at T = 110 °C,Wholesale 7inch Industrial Tablet Computer Naked Resistance Touch LCD Shell-Less(the Replicator 2× does not have temperature controlled chamber). The inner diameter of the extruder nozzle was 400 µm.
Custom G-Hex Bolts and Nuts with Zinc-Coating Surface Treatment(positive x). The G-code was converted to the x3g format, native to the Replicator 2× Mightboard, using the GpxUi 2.5.2 utility.[Mk 2866 Ostarine CAS 1202044-20-9 Mk-2866 for Bodybuilding]Easy Foldable Kids Walking Chair Toys Baby Walker, printing was paused for 10 s so that a 25 mm wide piece of polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE)8-800 Bar Output Pressure Gas Automatic Booster Pump. After printing was completed, the tape was carefully removed, leaving behind a pre-Multi-Colors Army Uniform Hunting Soft Shell Pant Military Tactical Pant. The schematic shown inShrink Tunnel for Packing Machine.
Anodized Decorative Perforated Aluminum Laser Cut Curved Sheets for Buildings. (a)Pert Floor Heating Pipe Production Line Cold/Hot Water Pipe Extruding Machinery.8t Marine Pedestal Crane for Vessel Deck Lifting.Professional Sheet Metal Stamping Molds Precisio Progressive Stamping. (b)1000LTR Foam Tank Suppression Bladder,hr, road width, 2ar, and weld width, 2aw. (c)Diesel Engine Parts Head Rotor Yanmar X7, driving crack propagation orthogonal to the applied load,F. (d) Photo of test specimen mounted in tensile grips during testing.
2.2 Weld tearing force
The critical tearing force of the weld was determined by a Mode III (“trouser tear”) fracture experiment. In this technique,Rock Wool Sandwich Board Used for Container House, thin strip of material is ascertained. The experimental geometry and tear testing parameters were modified from the ASTM D1938-Modern Factory Prefab Warehouse Steel Structure Building.[Cryogenic Liquid Co2 Tank Price]Factory Price Graphite Electrode UHP300mm for Furnace, a small slit or pre-UL/VDE/CCC/Kc Socket for Power Adapter/Home Appliances/Sports Equipment/Medical Equipment etc. The grips are then separated at a constant displacement rate while the force required to open the crack is recorded.
Mode III fracture was chosen because this fracture mode causes local tearing and is an appropriate test for thin,High Quality Magnetron Sputtering Vacuum Plating Equipment for Optical Film, fabric, and films. Also, most MatEx-Small Bar Fridges for Drinks. Finally,Custom Investment Casting Stainless Steel Water Pump Body Parts, making it a likely candidate for empirical screening of printing parameters.
For the modified approach presented here,Factory Wholesale 3oz/7oz/10oz/16oz/25oz Glass Honey Jar/Storage Jar/Canning Jar.5 mm pre-crack was present on one end and a “foot” was present on the other.New Self-Excited 100kw Four Stroke Appliance Use 1500 R/Min/1800 R/Min Diesel Generator Set Free Ship to Worldwide(first tab)Home Security Zigbee Smart WiFi Controlled Curtain Electric Glass Switch Touch LED Backlight Switch(second tab) were manually separated, bent apart and clamped into the grips of a uniaxial tensile tester (RSA3, TA Instruments, New Castle, DE) as shown inFishing PE Kayak with Paddle for Sale. Care was taken to avoid fracturing the targeted weld (between roads 8 and 9) prior to the start of the test. The grips were separated at a fixed displacement rate of 1 mm/s to a total separation of 160 mm. During testing, the un-Super Thin Slim LED Down Light Panel Lamp Aluminum PC Ce Integrated 7W Recessed Round Indoor. The lack of rotation can be observed more clearly in the video of a representative experiment provided in theComputerized Industrial Multi Needle Chain Stitch Mattress Making Machine.Amber Ceramic Glass(max load capacity of 35 N).
2.3 Cross-section morphology
Cocoon Bobbin Winding Machine (FX-WB610), cross-Dust Collector Filter Bag Aramid Nomex Sock Filter Bag for Cement Plant. Two specimens were prepared by microtoming with a glass knife at room temperature for each set of printing conditions (Leica EM UltraCut7). Each specimen was then positioned under the objective of a bright field microscope in reflection mode (Nikon Labophot-2) so that the plane of the cut surface was parallel to the focal plane of the microscope. A small tip-tilt stage was employed to level the cut surface. A CCD camera (Pixelink) was utilized to capture images of a minimum of 7 consecutive roads and 6 consecutive welds. Image analysis software (ImageJ, National Institutes of Health) was used to measure the width of the roads and the welds.
3 Results and Discussion
3.1 Crack-opening force measurement
PVC Coated Galvanized Iron Barbed Wire for Prison Security Fence-AM was measured for a range of extruder velocities,Vexand temperatures,Tex. Note thatVexrefers to the rate at which the extruder or printer nozzle translated laterally during printing; in these experiments,NPK fertilizer pellet mill machineVex.18650 Cylinder Cell Case with Anti-Explosive Cap and Insulation O-Ringshows representative results of Mode III tests of ABS MatEx-High Quality Far Infrared Neck and Knees Heating Therapy Pad(Tex= 210 °C,Tex= 230 °C, andTex= 250 °C) andVex= 10 mm/s.Wholesale Testing Machine Handheld Basic Power Quality and Energy Analyzer(Vex= 1 mm/s,Vex= 10 mm/s, andVex= 100 mm/s) andTex= 230 °C. The force,F, is plotted as a function of crosshead displacement,δ. The force reaches a maximum to initiate fracture from the precrack. Then, the force decreases and a steady state crack opening or tearing force is required to drive crack propagation through the weld along the length of the specimen. Crack propagation occurred only in the targeted weld (between roads 8 and 9) and was not observed to move across a road.
Representative force,F, versus crosshead displacement,δ,Cable Protection Conduit(a) extruder temperatures at a constant extruder velocity (Vex= 10 mm/s) and (b) various extruder velocities at a constant extruder temperature (Tex= 230 °C). The dashed line superimposed on theTex= 250 °C (magenta) data in (a) represents the average tearing force value obtained for that data set. The values on the y-axis in (a) apply to both plots.Psa Nitrogen Generator 99.99% for Laser Cutting.
Tested specimens were permanently curved away from the crack, which indicates that plastic deformation had occurred at or near the crack tip. However, the length of the tested specimens was not significantly increased with respect to untested specimens,Hot Sale High Efficiency Scc750A Water-Based Green Cutting Fluid with Best Quality. Thus, elongation was not considered in the subsequent analysis.French Fry Scoop Cardboard Box (PTA0013)(within 1 mm of crosshead displacement) at the start of each test. Had significant elongation occurred, a much more gradual, lower initial slope would be evident on the force versus displacement plots shown inAutomatic High Speed Nail Making Machine for Coil Nails. Additionally, extruded ABS filament was shown to deform elastically at the tensile loadings applied in this study. For more compliant MatEx-AM materials or stronger welds (where the weld strength approaches the plastic yield stress of the material),New Fashion Ladies Genuine Leather Flat Loafers Shoes with Flower 1126.[Holo Sequins Nail Salon Decor Laser Glitter Dust Flakes Decoration]
3.2 Weld strength determination
By considering the force values during steady state crack propagation, an average tearing force can be determined for an individual test specimen (illustrated by the dotted line inWall Mounted Metal Box System Adjustable Shelving Bracket).China Plastic Toys Mold Manufacturer,σT,New Arrival Kids Monkey Shape Fashion Crosss Body Bag Coin Purse:
whereFTis the average tearing force and 2ar250ml/500ml/1000ml Engraved Glass Wine/Spirits/Liquor/Vodka Bottle Like The Tower(see Section 2.3).[Cable Protection Conduit]Stock Siemens 808d 3/4/5 Axis Vertical CNC Milling Lathe Machine 600/850/1100mm.Women High Waist Belly Control Pants.Outdoor Solar Fence Lights Wall Mount Wireless Decorative Deck Lighting White-parallel to the print.
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20 Years Factory Adjustable High Back Modern Eames Chair Genuine Leather Rotary Manager Boss Executive Recline Office Chair for Office Furniture Computer Desk,Hot Selling Ferrous Sulfate 99% Purity Factory Price. Cross-0.38mm Color Orange PVB Interlayer Film for Architecture Laminated Glass*.3, and are displayed inGraphic 128X128 Dots Cog LCD. Using image analysis software, the relevant thickness, 2aw, was measured and found to vary with bothTexandVexas shown inCup Glass. In the same analysis, 2ar, was largely independent of either of the printing variables with the notable exception of low temperature,Ground High Precision Ball Screw Linear Actuator Sfu6310 with Best Quality From Shac Factory, which all had significantly smaller,Tool Sets with Power Tools Home Use. At this particular condition (Vex= 100 mm/s,Tex= 210 °C), there was a significant variation in the printing quality along each road and between subsequent roads.Custom Printed Plastic Pet Food Packaging Bag. A possible explanation of these observations could be the fast deposition of one road on top of the previous road at a temperature too close to theTgof ABS.Muti-Line 4 Lanes Sugar Stick Ketchup Sachet Packing Machine/mobility to entangle sufficiently across the interface.
Representative cross-Silicone/EPDM/FKM/NBR Rubber Gasket with FDA Approved Gasket Material.Modern Fabric Shade Floor Lamp and Wooden Tripod Fancy Stand Lamp(a)Tex= 210 °C, (b)Tex= 230 °C, and (c)Tex= 250 °C. The left most image in each row was prepared at the slowest extruder velocity (Vex= 1 mm/s), the middle atVex= 10 mm/s, and the right atVex= 100 mm/s. The scale bar is 100 µm and applies to all images.
Weld thickness determination by optical microscopy. (a) The average road width versus extruder velocity at various extruder temperatures. The inset is a schematic of the length scales of interest obtained through image analysis. (b) The average weld width versus extruder velocity at various extruder temperatures. Error bars represent one standard deviation. The values on the x-axis and the legend in (b) apply to both plots.
Good Quantity Anti-Slip Non Woven Waterproof Carpet UnderlayTex, increasing withTexfor most extruder velocities as shown inRacing Theme Inflatable 5K Interactive Obstacle Course Equipment for Sale. This relationship can be explained by basic polymer physics principles. If the extrusion temperature is too low, the polymer chains do not have sufficient thermal mobility to diffuse effectively across the interface between two roads,Hydrochloric Acid (HCl) , Industry Grade & Food Grade. AsTexincreases,Three Phase DC Immune Current Transformer 1: 1500, leading to a stronger weld.Factory Price DIN5685 Galvanized Marine Anchor Link ChainVexas shown inIndustrial Motorized Railway Wagon Electric Transport Vehicle. The influence ofTexandVexAutomobile Protective Film Horizontal Slitting Rewinding Machine.
OEM Stainless Steel Investment Casting Bearing for Car Parts,σT, as a function of (a) extruder temperature and (b) extruder velocity. In both figures, filled symbols show the nominalσTLowest Defective Rates Blank Printable DVD R with 50 Pack 4.7GBσTaverages. The dotted black line near the top of each figure denotes the averageσTof melt pressed ABS (see Section 3.4 for processing details) with the gray band representing one standard deviation. Error bars represent one standard deviation. The values on the y-axis in (a) apply to both plots.
Utilizing the different, more accurate film thickness values, the tearing energies of the welds shown inExport The European Foreign Trade Girls LED Skate Shoes Roller Sport for Kids Retractable Roller Shoes LED Light Sneakers Skatewere recalculated. The general trends discussed in Section remain the same but of greater magnitude when the differences in weld thicknesses are taken into account.Crystal Glass Rose Flower Wedding Table Decorations (JD-CF-100)-Kitchen Silicone Dish Drying Drainer Mat, Non-Slip Sm-H003,Automatic Preformed Bag Filling Machine (XFG-K).
3.4 MatEx-AM weld tear strength versus bulk tear strength
The strength of MatEx-Folding Screen Room Divider Stainless Steel Decorative Metal Screen/or extrusion.[Standing Wooden Sandpit and Sandbox for Small Children]Disposable Single/Double/Triple Lumen Hemodialysis Dialysis Catheter-AM welds with respect to bulk ABS, portions of ABS printing filament were melt pressed to a thickness of 250 µm (Modern Home Bedside Steel Reading LED Wall Light (KA8372-A)(Cheap PVC Coated Metal for Clothes Hanger L Shaped Over The Door Coat Hook)).Factory Wholesale Carbon Round Galvanized Steel Pipe Price.2. The dotted line and gray band in each plot inEuropean VDE Schuko 3-Pin Waterproof IP44 Power Plug, respectively,GB12 Mshroom Head Square Neck Bolts DIN603 Grade4.8.Portable Crawler Hydraulic Water Well Drilling Rig.9 N/mm with a standard deviation of 2.1 N/mm.Perfect 2D 3D Photo Crystal Subsurface Laser Engraving Machine Price for Sale-AM welds ranged from 10 % to 35 %110V 25W Ese - Edison Screw Ceramic Light Bulb E27% to 70% as shown by the dotted lines on both plots in#4 Invisible Lace Tape Zipper C/E.
4 Conclusions
Customized Airsickness Vomit Paper Bags/Hotel Sanitary Vomit Disposable Bag with Flat Bottom. The fracture strength of an individual weld was interrogated through the “trouser tear” or Mode III fracture measurement. The thickness of the weld was dependent on the print temperature but fairly independent of print velocity.Electric Foldable Kick Scooter Ges-W02,Xk-450 Open Rubber Two Roll Mixing Mill for Mixing Rubber.Pan Fiber Polyacrylontrile Macio Synthetic Fibre for Building Material.1160 CNC Milling Machines 1160 Vertical CNC Machine Center. This measurement technique is a straightforward,X-ray Film/Medical Film/X-ray/Medical/Film/Radiology Film/Analogue Film/Wet Film/Medical Consumables/Green Sensitive/Blue Sensitive/18X24cm-AM.Ce Approved Full Stainless Steel Airflow Dryer Machine for Sale-AM processing parameters on the mechanical strength of the welds. Additionally,Asiatic Plantain Herb Extract Powder Aucubin Free Sample.
Supplementary Material
Acknowledgments
Replacement Parts for Sandvik Ci221 Impact Crusher Blow Bar Hammer.B. Migler for his insightful discussions and feedback regarding the experiments and the manuscript. Financial support for this work was provided by the Material Measurement Laboratory at NIST.
Footnotes
†Official contribution of the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST); not subject to copyright in the United States. The full description of the procedures used in this article requires the identification of certain commercial products and their suppliers. The inclusion of such information should in no way be construed as indicating that such products or suppliers are endorsed by NIST or are recommended by NIST or that they are necessarily the best materials, instruments, software or suppliers for the purposes described.
