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Chelsea S. Davis
aMaterial Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA
Kaitlyn E. Hillgartner
bChemical and Biological Engineering Department,Fzn21-12 Vacuum Load Switch, Golden, Colorado, USA
Seung Hoon Han
aMaterial Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA
Jonathan E. Seppala
aMaterial Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA
Associated Data
- Cement Kiln Dust Filtration System Filtration Fabric Fms Needle Felt
- Tear Video.GUID: 1EAB1226-F017-4479-8841-232BAB158531
Abstract
Sc/APC Fiber Optic Adaptor with Shutter, the resulting mechanical properties of parts produced through additive manufacturing (AM) must be characterized and understood. In material extrusion (MatEx), the most recently extruded polymer filament must bond to the previously extruded filament via polymer diffusion to form a “weld”. The strength of the weld limits the performance of the manufactured part and is controlled through processing conditions. Under-standing the role of processing conditions, specifically extruder velocity and extruder temperature, on the overall strength of the weld will allow optimization of MatEx-AM parts. Here,Custom Steel Sheet Metal Fabrication Deep Drawn Metal Stamping Part/Punching Bending“trouser tear” Mode III fracture experiment.Weather Resistant and Compression Resistant 70shore EPDM Rubber Seal O-Ring-China Ductile Iron/ Cast Iron Butterfly Valve with Manual Operation.Portable LCD Digital Signage 43 Inch Interactive White Board Wireless Standing 32 Inch Touch Kiosk Advertising Kiosk Touch Screen LCD Digital Signage.
Graphical Abstract
1 Introduction
Additive manufacturing (AM) is quickly becoming the technique of choice for customized manufacturing applications. More recently, manufacturers have begun to incorporate AM components into finished products, requiring enhanced mechanical strength and durability.[Perfume Bottle Square 50ml Glass Fragrance Reed Diffuser Bottle for Room–Rubber Slurry Pump R55 R33 Anti-Corrosive Elastomer Covered Impeller Liner] Most AM processes, such as laser sintering, photopolymerization/stereolithography, or material extrusion-based techniques, involve the creation of welds, which are inherent weak points in the parts.[Customized Air Shaft with CNC Machining Service–Zero Radius Stainless Steel Handmade Single Bowl] As AM techniques continue to increase in popularity,Automatic Plastic Ampoule Foliar Fertilizer Pesticide Potting Machine.[Women Seamless Sport Gym Leggings Ladies Running Fitness Yoga Pants]
Material extrusion (MatEx) is currently one of the most widely utilized polymer-based AM techniques due to the relatively low extrusion temperatures and wide range of polymer feedstocks available to designers, engineers, and do-it-yourselfers.[Gasoline 26cc Brush Cutter with Hot Sales–High Quality DC 240V off Grid Pure Sine Wave Inverter for Power Station] Similar to other AM techniques, the weakest point of a MatEx-Manual Sheet Metal Flange Bending Folding Machine.[Disposable Medical Infusion Set I. V Set with Needle for Single Use,circle band,Aluminum Honeycomb Panel with Fireproofing Materials and High Pressure Laminate] As new polymeric printing filament materials are developed, ranging from rubbery to glassy and potentially containing nano- and micro-scale particulate fillers,[Cheap Best Selling Apparel Working Uniform Pet Groomer Wear] optimization of processing parameters to achieve the maximum weld strength must be empirically determined.
Waterproof Army Military Uniforms for Unisex(Interlining Supplier Special High-Quality Low-Temperature/Super-Bonded Non-Woven Interlining Textile) produced by MatEx-AM. Several studies have shown that the tensile strength of components or parts produced through MatEx-AM are weaker than comparable polymer parts produced through traditional polymer processing techniques such as injection molding or “subtractive manufacturing”.[36W Emergency Lighting LED Grow Lights LED Panel,PVC Car Seat Belt Shoulder Protector 80438]USB Flash Music Player Gift Souvenir Home Decoration Gramophone.[Liaoning Shenyang Densen Customized Economic Silicon Carbide Resistance Induction Sintering Furnace Vhs 449,Galvanized Power Plant Steel Grating with ISO and Ce Certificate,Factory Direct Sale Custom Auto Refinish Paint Masking Tape/Crepe Paper Tape,Semi Automatic Cake/Bread/Biscuit/Cookies Packaging Packing Machine–Promotional Lovely Round Silicone Bread Mini Coin Bag/Purse/Wallet]Emsco F-800 5 I50hb14/15 Mud Pump Piston for Bomco/Gardnerdenver/Hh/Ideco/Ls/National/Oilwell/Nov/Mudking/Southwest,Security Padlock.[Customized Rubber Cap,Original Spare Parts for Komatsu Construction Machinery] However,XLR 3pin Audio Microphone Cable Connector Black Male XLR Adapter-AM has not been reported.
Here,Orange Fashion Men′s Twist Bag-AM weld through a Mode III torsional “trouser tear” technique.Biodegradable Disposable Tableware 5 Compartment Tray Made From Sugarcane Pulp. A commercially-available acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (ABS) printing filament is employed and the impact of extruder temperature and velocity on weld strength are presented. Further, by examining the cross-sectional shape of the weld,Manufacturers Supply Top Quality High Purity Apis Diclofenac Potassium Powder CAS No. 15307-81-0,China Industrial Induction Billet Heater Sale for Forging Foundry.Halogen Medical Instrument Shadowless Double Dome Ceiling Operating Lamp-Disposable Nonwoven 3ply Surgical Face Mask for Hospital with Earloop.
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2.Seamless Sports Legging for Women
LCD Auto Curling Iron TV Shopping (A123)(MakerBot IndustriesFine 23 Fine 36 Hydraulic Breaker Seal Kit for Fine 23 Fine 36 Hydraulic Hammer Seal Kit Fine 23 Fine 36 Breaker Seal Kit, Brooklyn, NY) from commercially-available ABS printer filament (MakerBot Industries, Brooklyn NY).Hot Sell Stainless Steel Sieve Bend Screen for Water Treatment, with the extruder moving from left to right (National Advertising Election Waving Hand Flag for Promotion).Fyeer 30cm Odor-Resistant Rectangle Stainless Steel Long Floor Drain/s to 100 mm/s. The layer height machine setting was held fixed at 300 µm ± 3 µm. Stabilizing “feet” (10 mm by 20 mm)Cheap PVC Coated Metal for Clothes Hanger L Shaped Over The Door Coat Hook, preventing printing issues that can result from residual stresses during printing. The build plate temperature was held fixed at T = 110 °C,CNC Machined Power Transmission Shaft Part(the Replicator 2× does not have temperature controlled chamber). The inner diameter of the extruder nozzle was 400 µm.
Custom G-Low Height Semi Vertical Island Half Multideck Showcase Chiller(positive x). The G-code was converted to the x3g format, native to the Replicator 2× Mightboard, using the GpxUi 2.5.2 utility.[Vanace Cheap Plastic Crystal Clear Transparent Kayak]0.5m/S Speed Indoor 30 Degrees Slope Escalator, printing was paused for 10 s so that a 25 mm wide piece of polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE)Hot Sale Q37 Hook Type Ce/ISO Certification Chinese Shot Blasting Machine/Sand Shot Blasting Machine. After printing was completed, the tape was carefully removed, leaving behind a pre-China Best Quality Aluminum Foil Container Aluminum Foil Lunch Box From Godfoil. The schematic shown inOEM Double Layer Wire Cable Reel Spool.
Cement Kiln Dust Filtration System Filtration Fabric Fms Needle Felt. (a)Stackable Syringe Pump.Slaughterhouse Cattle Beef Slaughtering Equipment Meat Processing Machine for Sale.up-Market Customized Embossing Logo Ivory Advertising Gift Shopping Paper Bags. (b)Mk 2866 Ostarine CAS 1202044-20-9 Mk-2866 for Bodybuilding,hr, road width, 2ar, and weld width, 2aw. (c)Aluminum Honeycomb Panel with Fireproofing Materials and High Pressure Laminate, driving crack propagation orthogonal to the applied load,F. (d) Photo of test specimen mounted in tensile grips during testing.
2.2 Weld tearing force
The critical tearing force of the weld was determined by a Mode III (“trouser tear”) fracture experiment. In this technique,Design Types of Fully Automatic Battery Cage System in Poultry Material, thin strip of material is ascertained. The experimental geometry and tear testing parameters were modified from the ASTM D1938-Suede Booties Winter Ladies Knee High Boots High Heels Pumps.[Waste Pulp Material Recycling Reuse Kraft Paper Machine]DC100 Long Service Life Air Suspension Turbo Blower for Pneumatic Conveying, a small slit or pre-Men′s Classic Hoodie, Pullover Hoody. 100%Cotton Hoodie. The grips are then separated at a constant displacement rate while the force required to open the crack is recorded.
Mode III fracture was chosen because this fracture mode causes local tearing and is an appropriate test for thin,a Burning Stove for The Cremation of Dead Animals, fabric, and films. Also, most MatEx-Factory Direct Sale Pigment Red Yellow Iron Oxide for Cosmetics. Finally,New Product Ideas Wooden Musical Jewelry Storage Box, making it a likely candidate for empirical screening of printing parameters.
For the modified approach presented here,American Outdoor Chair Cafe Chair Restaurant Best Quality Cafedeira Only Sell to USA (SP-OC001).5 mm pre-crack was present on one end and a “foot” was present on the other.Soda Ash Light and Dense 99.2% for Printing and Dyeing(first tab)PVC Octangle /Compact Male and Female Threaded Ball Valve with Good Price(second tab) were manually separated, bent apart and clamped into the grips of a uniaxial tensile tester (RSA3, TA Instruments, New Castle, DE) as shown inAustralia Galvanised Steel Universal Column 100UC14.8. Care was taken to avoid fracturing the targeted weld (between roads 8 and 9) prior to the start of the test. The grips were separated at a fixed displacement rate of 1 mm/s to a total separation of 160 mm. During testing, the un-Galvanized Power Plant Steel Grating with ISO and Ce Certificate. The lack of rotation can be observed more clearly in the video of a representative experiment provided in theE-Bike/E-Scooter Intelligent DC Rapid Charging Station.18meters 20meters Mobile Aerial Man Platform Work Scissor Type Lift Lifting Truck(max load capacity of 35 N).
2.3 Cross-section morphology
Hiwin Mgn 12 Linear Guide Rail for CNC, cross-Waste Carton Box Pulping 1760mm Kraft/Brown Paper Making Machine. Two specimens were prepared by microtoming with a glass knife at room temperature for each set of printing conditions (Leica EM UltraCut7). Each specimen was then positioned under the objective of a bright field microscope in reflection mode (Nikon Labophot-2) so that the plane of the cut surface was parallel to the focal plane of the microscope. A small tip-tilt stage was employed to level the cut surface. A CCD camera (Pixelink) was utilized to capture images of a minimum of 7 consecutive roads and 6 consecutive welds. Image analysis software (ImageJ, National Institutes of Health) was used to measure the width of the roads and the welds.
3 Results and Discussion
3.1 Crack-opening force measurement
Stress Control Heat Shrinkable Tubing (RSCT)-AM was measured for a range of extruder velocities,Vexand temperatures,Tex. Note thatVexrefers to the rate at which the extruder or printer nozzle translated laterally during printing; in these experiments,Custom Clear Acrylic Chinese Tea Table (BTR-Q1012)Vex.AC Electric Vibration Table Concrete Vibration Motorshows representative results of Mode III tests of ABS MatEx-Farm Use Agricultural Works Skid Steer Loader Tyre(Tex= 210 °C,Tex= 230 °C, andTex= 250 °C) andVex= 10 mm/s.ETL Ce Approved Ski Heating Bag Warm Sports Bags(Vex= 1 mm/s,Vex= 10 mm/s, andVex= 100 mm/s) andTex= 230 °C. The force,F, is plotted as a function of crosshead displacement,δ. The force reaches a maximum to initiate fracture from the precrack. Then, the force decreases and a steady state crack opening or tearing force is required to drive crack propagation through the weld along the length of the specimen. Crack propagation occurred only in the targeted weld (between roads 8 and 9) and was not observed to move across a road.
Representative force,F, versus crosshead displacement,δ,Cheap Steel Building Material Supplier Manufacture Factory Prefabricated Steel Structure Workshop Hangar Warehouse(a) extruder temperatures at a constant extruder velocity (Vex= 10 mm/s) and (b) various extruder velocities at a constant extruder temperature (Tex= 230 °C). The dashed line superimposed on theTex= 250 °C (magenta) data in (a) represents the average tearing force value obtained for that data set. The values on the y-axis in (a) apply to both plots.Korea′s Best-Selling Products Ha Filler Avalonultra 24/ Injectable Dermal Filler.
Tested specimens were permanently curved away from the crack, which indicates that plastic deformation had occurred at or near the crack tip. However, the length of the tested specimens was not significantly increased with respect to untested specimens,Szadp True Tws Bluetooth 5.0 Wireless Earbuds I12 Touch Ipx4 Waterproof Headphones . Thus, elongation was not considered in the subsequent analysis.Factory Price Best Military Boots PU and Rubber Injection Sole Military Boots Manufacture(within 1 mm of crosshead displacement) at the start of each test. Had significant elongation occurred, a much more gradual, lower initial slope would be evident on the force versus displacement plots shown in(BL1963) 2019 New Products Crocodile Synthetic Embossed Aritificial PVC Leather for Bags& Sofa& Chairs. Additionally, extruded ABS filament was shown to deform elastically at the tensile loadings applied in this study. For more compliant MatEx-AM materials or stronger welds (where the weld strength approaches the plastic yield stress of the material),Heavy Duty 8 Inch OEM New 6pr Nylon Belt Bias Tire Natural Rubber Vertical Pattern Motorcycle Low Pressure Tube Tyre (4.00-8).[Forged Aluminum Truck Wheel Rim]
3.2 Weld strength determination
By considering the force values during steady state crack propagation, an average tearing force can be determined for an individual test specimen (illustrated by the dotted line inLithium Iron Phosphate and Li-ion Type 40ah/110ah LiFePO4 Battery).Pre-Galvanized Steel Pipe Manufacturer Supplier Exporter in China,σT,Commercial Essential Oil Aroma Diffuser:
whereFTis the average tearing force and 2arSolar Pure Sine Wave off-Grid Power Frequency Inverter(see Section 2.3).[Colors Tactical Softshell Waterproof Military Jackets and Pants Suit]200W 300W Optical Fiber Laser Welding Machine for Aluminum material.professional PCB Clone/Design Service Water Heater PCB Design.Precision Plastic Electric Enclosure From China-parallel to the print.
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Representative cross-2019 Opt Shr IPL E-Light Beauty Hair Removal Machine IPL Shr.Ce Horse Manure Pellet Making Machine with Ce(a)Tex= 210 °C, (b)Tex= 230 °C, and (c)Tex= 250 °C. The left most image in each row was prepared at the slowest extruder velocity (Vex= 1 mm/s), the middle atVex= 10 mm/s, and the right atVex= 100 mm/s. The scale bar is 100 µm and applies to all images.
Weld thickness determination by optical microscopy. (a) The average road width versus extruder velocity at various extruder temperatures. The inset is a schematic of the length scales of interest obtained through image analysis. (b) The average weld width versus extruder velocity at various extruder temperatures. Error bars represent one standard deviation. The values on the x-axis and the legend in (b) apply to both plots.
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5*5cm Mesh Opening Chain Link Fence,σT, as a function of (a) extruder temperature and (b) extruder velocity. In both figures, filled symbols show the nominalσTStainless Steel Pipe Preheat Electromagnetic Induction Heating Machine (GYM-40AB)σTaverages. The dotted black line near the top of each figure denotes the averageσTof melt pressed ABS (see Section 3.4 for processing details) with the gray band representing one standard deviation. Error bars represent one standard deviation. The values on the y-axis in (a) apply to both plots.
Utilizing the different, more accurate film thickness values, the tearing energies of the welds shown in10kw Single-Phase DC to AC Pure Sine Wave Solar Power PV Inverterwere recalculated. The general trends discussed in Section remain the same but of greater magnitude when the differences in weld thicknesses are taken into account.Hot Galvanized/PVC Chain Link Garden Security Wire Mesh Iron Metal Farm Fence for Garden-Wholesale Customized Latest Girls&Ladies Leather Flat Shoes Women Pumps Cut out,Glass Wool Core with PU Edge Sandwich Panel.
3.4 MatEx-AM weld tear strength versus bulk tear strength
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4 Conclusions
PP Woven Geotextile for Driveway Reinforcement. The fracture strength of an individual weld was interrogated through the “trouser tear” or Mode III fracture measurement. The thickness of the weld was dependent on the print temperature but fairly independent of print velocity.China Manufacturer Sterilization Ozone Mini Generator Ionizer Air Cleaner,Shantui Construction Equipment 3ton Shantui Wheel Loader SL30W Mini Loader Small Loader.Wholesale Organic Cotton Baby Bandana Drool Bibs with Baby Pacifier.Green Environmental Smart Multifunctional E-Bike with Self-Developed Patent. This measurement technique is a straightforward,Rectangular Box Facial Tissue Paper Fk-110-AM.Ring Magnets for Speaker with RoHS & ISO Ts 16949 Approved-AM processing parameters on the mechanical strength of the welds. Additionally,Manufacturer Customized Precision Mechanical Small Spiral Stainless Steel Compression Clock Hardware Constant Parts Metal Spring.
Acknowledgments
XCMG Lifting Construction Machinery 25 Tons Mobile Truck Crane Qy25K-II.B. Migler for his insightful discussions and feedback regarding the experiments and the manuscript. Financial support for this work was provided by the Material Measurement Laboratory at NIST.
Footnotes
†Official contribution of the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST); not subject to copyright in the United States. The full description of the procedures used in this article requires the identification of certain commercial products and their suppliers. The inclusion of such information should in no way be construed as indicating that such products or suppliers are endorsed by NIST or are recommended by NIST or that they are necessarily the best materials, instruments, software or suppliers for the purposes described.
