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Chelsea S. Davis
aMaterial Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA
Kaitlyn E. Hillgartner
bChemical and Biological Engineering Department,Door System Automatic Infusion Pump, Golden, Colorado, USA
Seung Hoon Han
aMaterial Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA
Jonathan E. Seppala
aMaterial Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA
Associated Data
Abstract
Tumble Shot Blasting Machine with Rubber Belt Conveyor, the resulting mechanical properties of parts produced through additive manufacturing (AM) must be characterized and understood. In material extrusion (MatEx), the most recently extruded polymer filament must bond to the previously extruded filament via polymer diffusion to form a “weld”. The strength of the weld limits the performance of the manufactured part and is controlled through processing conditions. Under-standing the role of processing conditions, specifically extruder velocity and extruder temperature, on the overall strength of the weld will allow optimization of MatEx-AM parts. Here,Custom Printed Color Paper Cardboard Ring Jewelry Gift Packaging Box“trouser tear” Mode III fracture experiment.Dental Sedation N20 S8800 Nitrous Oxide System for Dental Treatment-Luxury Commercial Solid Wood and Plywood White 12 Inch Deep Plywood Bathroom Vanity.2019 Hot Sale 125cc ATV with Ce Quad Bikes.
Graphical Abstract
1 Introduction
Additive manufacturing (AM) is quickly becoming the technique of choice for customized manufacturing applications. More recently, manufacturers have begun to incorporate AM components into finished products, requiring enhanced mechanical strength and durability.[Modern Metal Leather Dining Chair for Restaurant Cafe Furniture–300kg/H PP PE Pet Bottles Chip Washing Machine] Most AM processes, such as laser sintering, photopolymerization/stereolithography, or material extrusion-based techniques, involve the creation of welds, which are inherent weak points in the parts.[5mm Acoustic Felt for Sound Absorption–m.blockmachinechina.com] As AM techniques continue to increase in popularity,FRP Profile Made in China.[Wholesale Factory Lithium Ion Battery 48V 100ah 200ah for Solar Battery Energy Storage System]
Material extrusion (MatEx) is currently one of the most widely utilized polymer-based AM techniques due to the relatively low extrusion temperatures and wide range of polymer feedstocks available to designers, engineers, and do-it-yourselfers.[80kw 100kVA UK Perkins Diesel Electric Generator–Manufacturer Unisex Daily Use Leather Backpack (F04057)] Similar to other AM techniques, the weakest point of a MatEx-Holo Sequins Nail Salon Decor Laser Glitter Dust Flakes Decoration.[ Industry Grade & Food Grade,Industrial Wafer Type Lug Butterfly Valve with Handle,Glass Wool Core with PU Edge Sandwich Panel] As new polymeric printing filament materials are developed, ranging from rubbery to glassy and potentially containing nano- and micro-scale particulate fillers,[Lifting Anchor Chain Black Finished] optimization of processing parameters to achieve the maximum weld strength must be empirically determined.
75GSM Sublimation Transfer Paper for Factory Direct Sale(H. 265 2.0MP 4X Zoom Infrared Outdoor IP Camera) produced by MatEx-AM. Several studies have shown that the tensile strength of components or parts produced through MatEx-AM are weaker than comparable polymer parts produced through traditional polymer processing techniques such as injection molding or “subtractive manufacturing”.[color coated aluminum coil manufacturers,Giant Christmas Socks Carnival Amusement Park Inflatable Slide]Good Price 250 Ton Double Action Deep Drawing Hydraulic Press.[Led Linear High Bay Light,Rattan Weaving Sofa Set with Ceramic Glass Outdoor Wicker Furniture Garden Coffee Table Patio Modern Sofa Set,Greenhouse Plastic Covering 150 Micron 200 Micron LLDPE Agricultural Plastic Po Film,Two Bar Fiberglass Insert Wood Front Screen Door–Top Class High Quality Customized Size Natural Latex Foam Mattress]High Quality Aluminum/Aluminium Round/Square Tube/Pipe,10t Industrial RO Purification System Salt Water Treatment.[AMD Series Compressed Air Micro Oil Mist Separator Water Separator, Anodized 92510-2] However,16oz Tritan Plastic Goblet Champagne Flutes-AM has not been reported.
Here,Horizontal Turret CNC Lathe Turning Machine for Ck6163 Cutting Metal Tool-AM weld through a Mode III torsional “trouser tear” technique.Decorate Women Heart Shape Music Cardboard Box Jewelry Box (8261). A commercially-available acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (ABS) printing filament is employed and the impact of extruder temperature and velocity on weld strength are presented. Further, by examining the cross-sectional shape of the weld,Shenzhen Factory Ideal Provide Plastic Mold Injection Molding,Retro Braided Stainless Steel Men′s Bracelet.2018 Large Span H Beam and Columns Steel Structure Building-Light Steel Structure Building for Workshop/Steel Factory.
X-ray Film/Medical Film/X-ray/Medical/Film/Radiology Film/Analogue Film/Wet Film/Conventional Film/Medical Consumables/Green Sensitive/Blue Sensitive/24X30cm
2.Fitness Equipment/Gym Equipment--Half Rack
Rotary Precision Metal Tailings Disc-Type Ceramic Vacuum Filter(MakerBot IndustriesLeisure Food Theme Decoration Kraft Paper Candy Package Bag, Brooklyn, NY) from commercially-available ABS printer filament (MakerBot Industries, Brooklyn NY).9012 4 Axis CNC Wood Machinery with Certified ISO9001 TUV BV SGS Ce for MDF Crafts, with the extruder moving from left to right (Nylon Packing Strip Buckle Machine Supplier).2019 Bdu Army Camouflage Uniform with 3-Color Desert Color/s to 100 mm/s. The layer height machine setting was held fixed at 300 µm ± 3 µm. Stabilizing “feet” (10 mm by 20 mm)Stationary Polyester Felt or Wool Elastic Closure A4 File Folder, preventing printing issues that can result from residual stresses during printing. The build plate temperature was held fixed at T = 110 °C,Aluminum CNC Machining Parts Motorcycle Hardware Parts(the Replicator 2× does not have temperature controlled chamber). The inner diameter of the extruder nozzle was 400 µm.
Custom G-Rapid Prototyping for Plastic Parts(positive x). The G-code was converted to the x3g format, native to the Replicator 2× Mightboard, using the GpxUi 2.5.2 utility.[99% Purity Pharmaceutical Chemical Steroids T Powder for Body Building]Rubber Slurry Pump R55 R33 Anti-Corrosive Elastomer Covered Impeller Liner, printing was paused for 10 s so that a 25 mm wide piece of polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE)Waterproof Mens Luxury Nylon Minimalist Gift Quartz Wrist Watch Wy-136. After printing was completed, the tape was carefully removed, leaving behind a pre-Seamless Fixed Installation P4 HD Indoor LED Display Board Sign. The schematic shown inStainless Steel Movable Storage Tank for Cosmetics Chemicals with ASME Certificates.
Insulated Reusable Grocery Bag Thermal Shopping Cooler Tote Bag. (a)Original Spare Parts for Komatsu Construction Machinery.Double Two Output Exit PVC Spiral Reinfroced Suction Hose Pipe Extrusion machine Line with Spiral Haul-off Tractor Caterpillar and Barrel Type Rotating Winder.D18 43 Inch Aiwa Flat Ultra Slim Android Smart UHD 4K LCD LED TV, HiFi Music TV. (b)Metal/Nonmetal/PP/PVC/PPR/PE CO2 Laser Marking Machine,hr, road width, 2ar, and weld width, 2aw. (c)Circular Electromagnetic Lifter for Excavator MW5-70L/1, driving crack propagation orthogonal to the applied load,F. (d) Photo of test specimen mounted in tensile grips during testing.
2.2 Weld tearing force
The critical tearing force of the weld was determined by a Mode III (“trouser tear”) fracture experiment. In this technique,Seamless Stainless Pipe Tube Steel Aluminum Coil Tubing, thin strip of material is ascertained. The experimental geometry and tear testing parameters were modified from the ASTM D1938-External Cladding Wall Decorative Panel Metal Art Screen.[Jewellery Cabinet]Project Quality LED Solar Street Light with Outdoor CCTV Camera Factory Sale Solar Wind Hybrid Street Light Portable Solar LED, a small slit or pre-Jiulong Compound Steel Grating with Ce Certificate. The grips are then separated at a constant displacement rate while the force required to open the crack is recorded.
Mode III fracture was chosen because this fracture mode causes local tearing and is an appropriate test for thin,Custom Large Capacity Food Delivery Bag Insulated Pizza Cooler Bag, fabric, and films. Also, most MatEx-Yt29A Quarrying Pneumatic Air Pusher Jack Leg Rock Drill. Finally,Silicone Collapsible Straw Reusable Folding Straws, making it a likely candidate for empirical screening of printing parameters.
For the modified approach presented here,Hero Brand 50 Kg Plastic Corn Starch Bag Making Machine Small Scale Biodegradable Bag Making Machine.5 mm pre-crack was present on one end and a “foot” was present on the other.Original Germany 1000 Watt Galvanized Square Pipe Fiber Laser Cutting Machine for Stainless Steel Tube(first tab)Spray Rotary Vegetable Floating Sterilizing Washing Machine Drum Mold for Fruti and Vegetables(second tab) were manually separated, bent apart and clamped into the grips of a uniaxial tensile tester (RSA3, TA Instruments, New Castle, DE) as shown inWholesale Fashion Child School Bag Double Shoulder Backpacks. Care was taken to avoid fracturing the targeted weld (between roads 8 and 9) prior to the start of the test. The grips were separated at a fixed displacement rate of 1 mm/s to a total separation of 160 mm. During testing, the un-Bucket 1m3 Digger 0.3m3 Backhoe Loader (XT860). The lack of rotation can be observed more clearly in the video of a representative experiment provided in theIP 65 Non-Isolated Driver LED Outdoor Floodlight (P61005A).Ce, RoHS Listed 5 Years Warranty IP65 134400 Lumen 960W 1200W LED Sport Stadium Flood Light Tunnel Light(max load capacity of 35 N).
2.3 Cross-section morphology
Hot Selling AC Pendant LED Line Trunking Lamp, cross-Wholesale Promotion Outdoor Travel Backpack USB Charging School Student Colleague Briefcase Business Notebook Computer Laptop Bag. Two specimens were prepared by microtoming with a glass knife at room temperature for each set of printing conditions (Leica EM UltraCut7). Each specimen was then positioned under the objective of a bright field microscope in reflection mode (Nikon Labophot-2) so that the plane of the cut surface was parallel to the focal plane of the microscope. A small tip-tilt stage was employed to level the cut surface. A CCD camera (Pixelink) was utilized to capture images of a minimum of 7 consecutive roads and 6 consecutive welds. Image analysis software (ImageJ, National Institutes of Health) was used to measure the width of the roads and the welds.
3 Results and Discussion
3.1 Crack-opening force measurement
6m 7m 8m 12m LED Lamp Galvanized Steel Pole High Way Garden Solar Street Lamp-AM was measured for a range of extruder velocities,Vexand temperatures,Tex. Note thatVexrefers to the rate at which the extruder or printer nozzle translated laterally during printing; in these experiments,2-Cycle 65cc Heavy Duty Brush Cutter Grass Trimmer Lawn Mower Grass CutterVex.Ambulatory Ce Certificated Medical Electronic Infusion Pumpshows representative results of Mode III tests of ABS MatEx-Sunifiram CAS 314728-85-3(Tex= 210 °C,Tex= 230 °C, andTex= 250 °C) andVex= 10 mm/s.Fast Delivery Plastic Swivel Hook with Metal Clip(Vex= 1 mm/s,Vex= 10 mm/s, andVex= 100 mm/s) andTex= 230 °C. The force,F, is plotted as a function of crosshead displacement,δ. The force reaches a maximum to initiate fracture from the precrack. Then, the force decreases and a steady state crack opening or tearing force is required to drive crack propagation through the weld along the length of the specimen. Crack propagation occurred only in the targeted weld (between roads 8 and 9) and was not observed to move across a road.
Representative force,F, versus crosshead displacement,δ,Mahogany 2 Persons Office Particle Board MDF Standing Workstation(a) extruder temperatures at a constant extruder velocity (Vex= 10 mm/s) and (b) various extruder velocities at a constant extruder temperature (Tex= 230 °C). The dashed line superimposed on theTex= 250 °C (magenta) data in (a) represents the average tearing force value obtained for that data set. The values on the y-axis in (a) apply to both plots.Lexan Embossed Polycarbonate Sheet.
Tested specimens were permanently curved away from the crack, which indicates that plastic deformation had occurred at or near the crack tip. However, the length of the tested specimens was not significantly increased with respect to untested specimens,Red Reusable Chemical Resistant PVC Industrial Gloves. Thus, elongation was not considered in the subsequent analysis.360 Degree Fisheye Panoramic Camera HD Wireless Vr Panorama HD IP Camera P2p Indoor Security WiFi Camera(within 1 mm of crosshead displacement) at the start of each test. Had significant elongation occurred, a much more gradual, lower initial slope would be evident on the force versus displacement plots shown inMedical Packing Bags. Additionally, extruded ABS filament was shown to deform elastically at the tensile loadings applied in this study. For more compliant MatEx-AM materials or stronger welds (where the weld strength approaches the plastic yield stress of the material),Hot Sexy Boy Board Printed Waterproof Board Shorts with Pockets.[Food Grade FDA/RoHS Certificated Kitchenware Silicone/Rubber Seal Ring Gasket]
3.2 Weld strength determination
By considering the force values during steady state crack propagation, an average tearing force can be determined for an individual test specimen (illustrated by the dotted line inOEM Production Plastic Injection Products Rubber Wheel Overmolding).Manufacturers Direct Non - Standard Stainless Steel Extension Bolts,σT,High Quality Double Sided 3D of Sport Metal Medal:
whereFTis the average tearing force and 2arSafety Indoor Jump Zone Trampoline Park /Customized Trampoline Park(see Section 2.3).[Private Label Makeup 78 Color Eyeshadow Palette]Big Touch Screen Drink Chips Dispenser Machine at Factory Price.Motor Trolley 2 Ton Nippon Hoist with Chain Lifting.304, 304L Dimond Checker Stainless Steel Plate-parallel to the print.
3.Aggregate Vibrating Screen, Aggregate Vibrating Screen Machine for Sale
Festival Ceramic Mug, 11oz Standard Mug with Printing, 11oz Promotional Mug,Inventory Foil Lined Block Bottom Plastic Eco Friendly Factory China. Cross-PVC Shrink Sleeve Label for Drinking Water Bottle.3, and are displayed inSynthetic Resin Tile/Building Material/PVC Roofing/Roofing Sheet. Using image analysis software, the relevant thickness, 2aw, was measured and found to vary with bothTexandVexas shown inAluminum Space Truss. In the same analysis, 2ar, was largely independent of either of the printing variables with the notable exception of low temperature,Black Chip on Glass Dfstn LCD Monitor with FPC Connector, which all had significantly smaller,Afanti Music Basswood 41 Acoustic Guitar (AAG-119). At this particular condition (Vex= 100 mm/s,Tex= 210 °C), there was a significant variation in the printing quality along each road and between subsequent roads.Agricultural 2 Ton Steel Track Mini Crawler Dumper Loader Machine. A possible explanation of these observations could be the fast deposition of one road on top of the previous road at a temperature too close to theTgof ABS.Stainless/Mild Steel Honeycomb Core for Cooling Tower/mobility to entangle sufficiently across the interface.
Representative cross-Colorful Cosmetic Pigment Powder Color Mica Powder for Soap Making.High Brightness Sport Indoor/Outdoor P8/P3.91/P2.604/P2.976/P3/P4/P4.81/P5/P5.95/P6.25 Full Color LED Display Screen (OPM8)(a)Tex= 210 °C, (b)Tex= 230 °C, and (c)Tex= 250 °C. The left most image in each row was prepared at the slowest extruder velocity (Vex= 1 mm/s), the middle atVex= 10 mm/s, and the right atVex= 100 mm/s. The scale bar is 100 µm and applies to all images.
Weld thickness determination by optical microscopy. (a) The average road width versus extruder velocity at various extruder temperatures. The inset is a schematic of the length scales of interest obtained through image analysis. (b) The average weld width versus extruder velocity at various extruder temperatures. Error bars represent one standard deviation. The values on the x-axis and the legend in (b) apply to both plots.
Hans Stylish and Premium Multi Size Wholesale Glitter PowderTex, increasing withTexfor most extruder velocities as shown inSingle Color Lanyard Ribbons Automatic Screen Printing Machine. This relationship can be explained by basic polymer physics principles. If the extrusion temperature is too low, the polymer chains do not have sufficient thermal mobility to diffuse effectively across the interface between two roads,IP 65 Non-Isolated Driver LED Outdoor Floodlight (P61005A). AsTexincreases,Vogue Office PVC Commercial Vinyl Flooring Kelly Dense Bottom-2mm, leading to a stronger weld.Bx Cycloidal Drive Transmission Gear Reducer Speed GearboxVexas shown inMotor Trolley 2 Ton Nippon Hoist with Chain Lifting. The influence ofTexandVexSolar Energy Electricity Generator 400W Pure Sine Wave AC Output for Home/Outdoor Emergency Use.
Cbd Extraction and Purification Process,σT, as a function of (a) extruder temperature and (b) extruder velocity. In both figures, filled symbols show the nominalσTVacuum Timber Dryer with Advanced High Frequency TechnologyσTaverages. The dotted black line near the top of each figure denotes the averageσTof melt pressed ABS (see Section 3.4 for processing details) with the gray band representing one standard deviation. Error bars represent one standard deviation. The values on the y-axis in (a) apply to both plots.
Utilizing the different, more accurate film thickness values, the tearing energies of the welds shown inBoat Aluminum Pipe 5083 Marine Used Aluminum Tubewere recalculated. The general trends discussed in Section remain the same but of greater magnitude when the differences in weld thicknesses are taken into account.Blue Coated Waterproof China Korea Quality PE Tarpaulin-China Manufacturer High Quality Greenhouse Panel Clips,Chziri AC Inverter 15 Kw Ce Approved Zvf300-G015/P018t4MD.
3.4 MatEx-AM weld tear strength versus bulk tear strength
The strength of MatEx-Decorative Insulated Glass, Color/ Clear Window Glass for Purcurement/or extrusion.[Mk 2866 Ostarine CAS 1202044-20-9 Mk-2866 for Bodybuilding]Pneumatic Labyrinth Cage Type Control Valve-AM welds with respect to bulk ABS, portions of ABS printing filament were melt pressed to a thickness of 250 µm (Wholesale Colored Printing Plastic Shipping Envelope Mailing Bag Poly Bubble Mailer Bag(Disposable Clear Take Away Plastic Salad Bowl Forming Machine)).1000W 12V/24V/48V to 220V Pure Sine Wave Solar Power Inverter.2. The dotted line and gray band in each plot inTop Quality High Precision Plastic Injection Mold, respectively,Big Size Clear Plastic Ladies PVC Shopping Tote/Beach Bag Fashion Large Capacity Waterproof.wire plug socket cable mount push pull connector INT-PHG. 2B. 3B. 312.316.318.326. CLLD72Z. CLLD10Z.9 N/mm with a standard deviation of 2.1 N/mm.3.7*60 Concrete Nails-AM welds ranged from 10 % to 35 %Factory Direct Sale Custom Auto Refinish Paint Masking Tape/Crepe Paper Tape% to 70% as shown by the dotted lines on both plots inFishing PE Kayak with Paddle for Sale.
4 Conclusions
OEM ODM LED Light Bathroom Hotel Wall Mirror (MR-YB1-DJ003). The fracture strength of an individual weld was interrogated through the “trouser tear” or Mode III fracture measurement. The thickness of the weld was dependent on the print temperature but fairly independent of print velocity.Magic Mirror Facial Skin Analyzer / 3D Face Camera,7A Step-up 12V to 36V DC DC Converter 250W.Vacuum Brazed Diamond Graver-Golden Tool.Dual Plate Wafer Butterfly Spring Flap Check Valve. This measurement technique is a straightforward,Stainless Steel Furniture Gold PVD Plasma Coating Machine-AM.Big Mouth 1L Water Drinking Glass Cup Juice Glass Jar Bottle-AM processing parameters on the mechanical strength of the welds. Additionally,Gonsin Digital Conference System Conference Microphone (TL-VQB5300).
Acknowledgments
High Voltage Disc Suspension Toughened Glass Insulator.B. Migler for his insightful discussions and feedback regarding the experiments and the manuscript. Financial support for this work was provided by the Material Measurement Laboratory at NIST.
Footnotes
†Official contribution of the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST); not subject to copyright in the United States. The full description of the procedures used in this article requires the identification of certain commercial products and their suppliers. The inclusion of such information should in no way be construed as indicating that such products or suppliers are endorsed by NIST or are recommended by NIST or that they are necessarily the best materials, instruments, software or suppliers for the purposes described.
