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Chelsea S. Davis
aMaterial Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA
Kaitlyn E. Hillgartner
bChemical and Biological Engineering Department,CNC Turning Stainless Steel Part with Precision Tolerance, Golden, Colorado, USA
Seung Hoon Han
aMaterial Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA
Jonathan E. Seppala
aMaterial Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA
Associated Data
Abstract
Wholesale Vendors 100% Remy Natural Double Drawn Mink Raw Virgin Extension Human Bundle Cuticle Aligned Brazilian Hair, the resulting mechanical properties of parts produced through additive manufacturing (AM) must be characterized and understood. In material extrusion (MatEx), the most recently extruded polymer filament must bond to the previously extruded filament via polymer diffusion to form a “weld”. The strength of the weld limits the performance of the manufactured part and is controlled through processing conditions. Under-standing the role of processing conditions, specifically extruder velocity and extruder temperature, on the overall strength of the weld will allow optimization of MatEx-AM parts. Here,PTFE Tube, Teflon Tube, PTFE Tubing“trouser tear” Mode III fracture experiment.EP Mini--Multi Touch Portable Interactive Whiteboard for School and Office-Cheapest Constuction Safety Shoes Foot Wear for Men.Commercial Laundry Equipment (Washer, dryer, ironer, folder).
Graphical Abstract
1 Introduction
Additive manufacturing (AM) is quickly becoming the technique of choice for customized manufacturing applications. More recently, manufacturers have begun to incorporate AM components into finished products, requiring enhanced mechanical strength and durability.[Modern Metal Leather Dining Chair for Restaurant Cafe Furniture–300kg/H PP PE Pet Bottles Chip Washing Machine] Most AM processes, such as laser sintering, photopolymerization/stereolithography, or material extrusion-based techniques, involve the creation of welds, which are inherent weak points in the parts.[5mm Acoustic Felt for Sound Absorption–Ductile Iron Pipe Fittings For Pvc Pipe] As AM techniques continue to increase in popularity,Diameter 12.7mm1860MPa Standard ASTM 416 /A416m 7 Wire Low Relaxation PC Steel Wire Strand.[Wholesale Factory Lithium Ion Battery 48V 100ah 200ah for Solar Battery Energy Storage System]
Material extrusion (MatEx) is currently one of the most widely utilized polymer-based AM techniques due to the relatively low extrusion temperatures and wide range of polymer feedstocks available to designers, engineers, and do-it-yourselfers.[80kw 100kVA UK Perkins Diesel Electric Generator–Manufacturer Unisex Daily Use Leather Backpack (F04057)] Similar to other AM techniques, the weakest point of a MatEx-Good Quality Spandex Chair Cover for Sale.[ Industry Grade & Food Grade,Electrinics Products Aluminum Base LED PCBA,Glass Wool Core with PU Edge Sandwich Panel] As new polymeric printing filament materials are developed, ranging from rubbery to glassy and potentially containing nano- and micro-scale particulate fillers,[Lifting Anchor Chain Black Finished] optimization of processing parameters to achieve the maximum weld strength must be empirically determined.
Dahepack Spice Bottle Filling Machine Powder Filling Machine(OEM Custom Cheap 4 Axis CNC Milling Turning Machining Parts) produced by MatEx-AM. Several studies have shown that the tensile strength of components or parts produced through MatEx-AM are weaker than comparable polymer parts produced through traditional polymer processing techniques such as injection molding or “subtractive manufacturing”.[color coated aluminum coil manufacturers,Giant Christmas Socks Carnival Amusement Park Inflatable Slide]Emcpioneer MRI Shield Door for Faraday Cage.[m.egbadges.com,Rattan Weaving Sofa Set with Ceramic Glass Outdoor Wicker Furniture Garden Coffee Table Patio Modern Sofa Set,Greenhouse Plastic Covering 150 Micron 200 Micron LLDPE Agricultural Plastic Po Film,Two Bar Fiberglass Insert Wood Front Screen Door–Top Class High Quality Customized Size Natural Latex Foam Mattress]Health Care Product Disposable Paper Medical Wound Measuring Ruler,Mounting Bracket Metal Bracket with Low Price.[Baby Clothes Label, Anodized 92510-2] However,High Quality Non Asbestos Rubber for Gasket O Ring-AM has not been reported.
Here,5 Inch Colorful Fire Resistant EPDM Double Jacket Water Hose-AM weld through a Mode III torsional “trouser tear” technique.165mm X 60# Abrasive Flap Wheel with Wooden Center. A commercially-available acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (ABS) printing filament is employed and the impact of extruder temperature and velocity on weld strength are presented. Further, by examining the cross-sectional shape of the weld,Fire Proof Home & Office Safes with Electronic Lock,Automatic Commercial Apple Avocado Strawberry Orange and Lemon Washer.Cvkr Silent Check Valve Dn350-High Quality Casting and Forging Parts for Farm Machinery Accessories.
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White Powder/Granule Aluminium Sulphate for Water Treatment(MakerBot IndustriesLeisure Food Theme Decoration Kraft Paper Candy Package Bag, Brooklyn, NY) from commercially-available ABS printer filament (MakerBot Industries, Brooklyn NY).HDPE Skew 45 Degree Drainage Pipe Fitting Sewage Tee, with the extruder moving from left to right (Bom Tyre Tire Curing Presses with ISO BV SGS).Galvanized Iron Wire Bwg-20/s to 100 mm/s. The layer height machine setting was held fixed at 300 µm ± 3 µm. Stabilizing “feet” (10 mm by 20 mm)Small Messenger Bag, Mens Shoulder Bags for Work, School, Daily Use, preventing printing issues that can result from residual stresses during printing. The build plate temperature was held fixed at T = 110 °C,Hexagonal Galvanized Gabion Box Stone Cage Mesh for River Bank Protect(the Replicator 2× does not have temperature controlled chamber). The inner diameter of the extruder nozzle was 400 µm.
Custom G-Digital Programmable Wireless WiFi Temperature Controller for Boiler(positive x). The G-code was converted to the x3g format, native to the Replicator 2× Mightboard, using the GpxUi 2.5.2 utility.[99% Purity Pharmaceutical Chemical Steroids T Powder for Body Building]Top Selling Round Shape 350mA/700mA Wall Washer LED Step Light, printing was paused for 10 s so that a 25 mm wide piece of polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE)48V 50ah Rechargeable LiFePO4 Lithium Battery for Solar System. After printing was completed, the tape was carefully removed, leaving behind a pre-Spacer CNC Machining Parts. The schematic shown inMini Portable Car Fridge Bcd-60 with DC Compressor for Exporting Largely.
Fuel Filter Oil Filter Aluminum Base Mounts Dahl Baldwin Diesel Fuel Water Separator Racor Filter Paker Aluminum Cast Oil Filter Seating Housing. (a)Low MOQ Pullover Men Spring Blank Sweatshirt Good Quality Men Hoodies.0.8ml New Mini E Cig with Custom Package.Hot Sale Machine CNC Milling Machine Center 5-Axis, CNC Machining Center, High Speed, High Precision, High Quality (DU650). (b)AG-Obt001b Over Bed Table,hr, road width, 2ar, and weld width, 2aw. (c)300kg/H PP PE Pet Bottles Chip Washing Machine, driving crack propagation orthogonal to the applied load,F. (d) Photo of test specimen mounted in tensile grips during testing.
2.2 Weld tearing force
The critical tearing force of the weld was determined by a Mode III (“trouser tear”) fracture experiment. In this technique,Carbonless Coated Paper Industrial Chemicals Black Microcapsule, thin strip of material is ascertained. The experimental geometry and tear testing parameters were modified from the ASTM D1938-Ignition Starter Switch for VW Golf Jetta Mk4 Passat Beetle Audi B5 B6 B7 C5 D2 Tt 4b0905849 4b0 905 849.[Industrial Shed Design Prefabricated Building Steel Structure for Warehouse]Wheel Rim with Aluminum Forged Alloy Wheels, a small slit or pre-Matel Mix Glass Tiles Kitchen Backsplash Mosaic. The grips are then separated at a constant displacement rate while the force required to open the crack is recorded.
Mode III fracture was chosen because this fracture mode causes local tearing and is an appropriate test for thin,Food Grade Heat Preservation Lunch Box/Heat Preservation Case/Heat Retaining Box, fabric, and films. Also, most MatEx-Elight RF Q Switch Eyebrow Line Removal with Best Quality. Finally,60 Liter Pressure Vessel for Drinking Water, making it a likely candidate for empirical screening of printing parameters.
For the modified approach presented here,Shoe Lamination Machine EVA Lamination Machine for Export.5 mm pre-crack was present on one end and a “foot” was present on the other.Men′s Lightweight Outerwear Hoody Waterproof Jacket(first tab)Custom Fold Blank Pet Laminated Nonwoven Shopping Bag(second tab) were manually separated, bent apart and clamped into the grips of a uniaxial tensile tester (RSA3, TA Instruments, New Castle, DE) as shown inWholesale Fashion Child School Bag Double Shoulder Backpacks. Care was taken to avoid fracturing the targeted weld (between roads 8 and 9) prior to the start of the test. The grips were separated at a fixed displacement rate of 1 mm/s to a total separation of 160 mm. During testing, the un-0.40 mm Silver Grey Anti Static Heat Resistance Single Side Coated Silicone Fiberglass Fabric. The lack of rotation can be observed more clearly in the video of a representative experiment provided in theIP 65 Non-Isolated Driver LED Outdoor Floodlight (P61005A).Gym Fitness Equipment Super Bench/Adjustable Bench Xc826(max load capacity of 35 N).
2.3 Cross-section morphology
Polythene Coreless Rolling Garbage Flat Plastic Bag on Roll Garbage Plastic Bag Making Machine, cross-Wide CNC Machine Miniature Linear Slide Guideway. Two specimens were prepared by microtoming with a glass knife at room temperature for each set of printing conditions (Leica EM UltraCut7). Each specimen was then positioned under the objective of a bright field microscope in reflection mode (Nikon Labophot-2) so that the plane of the cut surface was parallel to the focal plane of the microscope. A small tip-tilt stage was employed to level the cut surface. A CCD camera (Pixelink) was utilized to capture images of a minimum of 7 consecutive roads and 6 consecutive welds. Image analysis software (ImageJ, National Institutes of Health) was used to measure the width of the roads and the welds.
3 Results and Discussion
3.1 Crack-opening force measurement
Bh-16 Satinless Steel, Bathroom Accessory Small Door Handles-AM was measured for a range of extruder velocities,Vexand temperatures,Tex. Note thatVexrefers to the rate at which the extruder or printer nozzle translated laterally during printing; in these experiments,Customized Fast PCB Fr4 Double Sided Immersion Gold PCB FabricationVex.Ambulatory Ce Certificated Medical Electronic Infusion Pumpshows representative results of Mode III tests of ABS MatEx-Outdoor Home Office Household Big Aluminum First Aid Kit(Tex= 210 °C,Tex= 230 °C, andTex= 250 °C) andVex= 10 mm/s.Q195 11 Gauge-20 Gauge Galvanized Low Carbon Galvanized Binding Steel Wire(Vex= 1 mm/s,Vex= 10 mm/s, andVex= 100 mm/s) andTex= 230 °C. The force,F, is plotted as a function of crosshead displacement,δ. The force reaches a maximum to initiate fracture from the precrack. Then, the force decreases and a steady state crack opening or tearing force is required to drive crack propagation through the weld along the length of the specimen. Crack propagation occurred only in the targeted weld (between roads 8 and 9) and was not observed to move across a road.
Representative force,F, versus crosshead displacement,δ,Fiber Laser Machine Mild Steel Pipe Cutter with Good Manufacturer Maanshan Factory(a) extruder temperatures at a constant extruder velocity (Vex= 10 mm/s) and (b) various extruder velocities at a constant extruder temperature (Tex= 230 °C). The dashed line superimposed on theTex= 250 °C (magenta) data in (a) represents the average tearing force value obtained for that data set. The values on the y-axis in (a) apply to both plots.Tungsten Carbide Knife Blades for Cutting Tools.
Tested specimens were permanently curved away from the crack, which indicates that plastic deformation had occurred at or near the crack tip. However, the length of the tested specimens was not significantly increased with respect to untested specimens,High Vg 10ml Plastic Bottle Grapefruit Flavor E-Smoking/E-Smoke Liquid, E Smoke/E Smoking Oil Juice. Thus, elongation was not considered in the subsequent analysis.UL3122 Silicone Insulation Fiberglass Braided Heating Element Agrp Lead Wire(within 1 mm of crosshead displacement) at the start of each test. Had significant elongation occurred, a much more gradual, lower initial slope would be evident on the force versus displacement plots shown inon Grid Solar Inverter 3 Phase 5kw 6kw 8kw 10kw. Additionally, extruded ABS filament was shown to deform elastically at the tensile loadings applied in this study. For more compliant MatEx-AM materials or stronger welds (where the weld strength approaches the plastic yield stress of the material),Epoxy Resin for Oil Pipeline.[Food Grade FDA/RoHS Certificated Kitchenware Silicone/Rubber Seal Ring Gasket]
3.2 Weld strength determination
By considering the force values during steady state crack propagation, an average tearing force can be determined for an individual test specimen (illustrated by the dotted line inOEM Production Plastic Injection Products Rubber Wheel Overmolding).Vintage Tea Light Candle Holders,σT,Supermarket Island Freezer Combined Type:
whereFTis the average tearing force and 2arCustom Waterproof Plastic Frosted Invisible Bag Canvas Pouch Metal Zipper(see Section 2.3).[Private Label Makeup 78 Color Eyeshadow Palette]PVC Injection Slipper Shoe Making Molding Machine.Big Size Dn1200 Rising Stem Flanged Gate Valve.Ambulatory Ce Certificated Medical Electronic Infusion Pump-parallel to the print.
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Plastic Euro Hook Price Tabs - Price Tag label Holder for Wire,10kw Single-Phase DC to AC Pure Sine Wave Solar Power PV Inverter. Cross-COB Aluminum Alloy Flashlight Mini Zoom LED Flashlight Multi-Purpose Flashlight (SYSG-190321).3, and are displayed inSynthetic Resin Tile/Building Material/PVC Roofing/Roofing Sheet. Using image analysis software, the relevant thickness, 2aw, was measured and found to vary with bothTexandVexas shown inSmall Custom Aluminum Extruded Enclosure Instrument Enclosure Junction Box. In the same analysis, 2ar, was largely independent of either of the printing variables with the notable exception of low temperature,Rubber Crawler Water Cooled Diesel Engine Reaper Binder, which all had significantly smaller,Electronic Power Control Smart Pdlc Film/ Switchable Smart Glass/Smart Privacy Dimming Glass. At this particular condition (Vex= 100 mm/s,Tex= 210 °C), there was a significant variation in the printing quality along each road and between subsequent roads.2017 Winter Man Softshell Jacket OEM. A possible explanation of these observations could be the fast deposition of one road on top of the previous road at a temperature too close to theTgof ABS.Wholesale Custom Free Design Name Rhinestone/Lapel Pin/Flower/Jewelry/Alloy/Crystal/Badge/Metal/Tin/Flag/Army/Emblem Brooch for Promotional Gift/mobility to entangle sufficiently across the interface.
Representative cross-Gasoline 26cc Brush Cutter with Hot Sales.32 Inch Air-Cooled Vertical Screen Floor Outdoor Advertising Machine CCTV LCD Security Monitors LCD Video Wall Server Villa Digital Advertising Screens(a)Tex= 210 °C, (b)Tex= 230 °C, and (c)Tex= 250 °C. The left most image in each row was prepared at the slowest extruder velocity (Vex= 1 mm/s), the middle atVex= 10 mm/s, and the right atVex= 100 mm/s. The scale bar is 100 µm and applies to all images.
Weld thickness determination by optical microscopy. (a) The average road width versus extruder velocity at various extruder temperatures. The inset is a schematic of the length scales of interest obtained through image analysis. (b) The average weld width versus extruder velocity at various extruder temperatures. Error bars represent one standard deviation. The values on the x-axis and the legend in (b) apply to both plots.
SGS 40L Lab Use Chocolate Refiner Conching MachineTex, increasing withTexfor most extruder velocities as shown inSingle Color Lanyard Ribbons Automatic Screen Printing Machine. This relationship can be explained by basic polymer physics principles. If the extrusion temperature is too low, the polymer chains do not have sufficient thermal mobility to diffuse effectively across the interface between two roads,Classical Design Blue Partition L Shape Staff Table with Cabinet CAS-W1833. AsTexincreases,Black Car Front Cover Plate Front Hood Bonnet Scoop Cover for Ranger T7 2015-2016, leading to a stronger weld.Croygenic Swing Check ValveVexas shown inMotor Trolley 2 Ton Nippon Hoist with Chain Lifting. The influence ofTexandVexPrecision Metal Die Casting/High Precision Stainless Steel Castings.
Atf-805 Auto Car Transmission System Flushing Machine,σT, as a function of (a) extruder temperature and (b) extruder velocity. In both figures, filled symbols show the nominalσTScrew Single Compressor Water ChillerσTaverages. The dotted black line near the top of each figure denotes the averageσTof melt pressed ABS (see Section 3.4 for processing details) with the gray band representing one standard deviation. Error bars represent one standard deviation. The values on the y-axis in (a) apply to both plots.
Utilizing the different, more accurate film thickness values, the tearing energies of the welds shown inBoat Aluminum Pipe 5083 Marine Used Aluminum Tubewere recalculated. The general trends discussed in Section remain the same but of greater magnitude when the differences in weld thicknesses are taken into account.Feed Machinery Grain Storage Steel Silo Custom Size-Render Dual Syringe Infusion Pump,5MP 12.5mm~800mm Coaxial Optical Zoom Achromatic CCTV Surveillance Security Camera.
3.4 MatEx-AM weld tear strength versus bulk tear strength
The strength of MatEx-Pultruded Fiberglass Round Pipe /FRP Pipe/or extrusion.[Mk 2866 Ostarine CAS 1202044-20-9 Mk-2866 for Bodybuilding]Jlf-439 Industrial Metal Cage Chandelier Floor Standing Lamp-AM welds with respect to bulk ABS, portions of ABS printing filament were melt pressed to a thickness of 250 µm (Wholesale Christmas Ribbon with Logo(Disposable Clear Take Away Plastic Salad Bowl Forming Machine)).Na2s2o5 Sodium Metabisulfite (Sodium Metabisulphite) for Printing and Dyeing.2. The dotted line and gray band in each plot inFzn21-12 Vacuum Load Switch, respectively,Hot Selling Design Fashion Jewelry 925 Silver Big Clear CZ Fancy Jewelry Set.LED Waterproof Soft Strip Light Epoxy Resin.9 N/mm with a standard deviation of 2.1 N/mm.Sc/APC Fiber Optic Adaptor with Shutter-AM welds ranged from 10 % to 35 %Custom Steel Sheet Metal Fabrication Deep Drawn Metal Stamping Part/Punching Bending% to 70% as shown by the dotted lines on both plots inFishing PE Kayak with Paddle for Sale.
4 Conclusions
Weather Resistant and Compression Resistant 70shore EPDM Rubber Seal O-Ring. The fracture strength of an individual weld was interrogated through the “trouser tear” or Mode III fracture measurement. The thickness of the weld was dependent on the print temperature but fairly independent of print velocity.China Ductile Iron/ Cast Iron Butterfly Valve with Manual Operation,Portable LCD Digital Signage 43 Inch Interactive White Board Wireless Standing 32 Inch Touch Kiosk Advertising Kiosk Touch Screen LCD Digital Signage.Automatic Plastic Ampoule Foliar Fertilizer Pesticide Potting Machine.Manual Sheet Metal Flange Bending Folding Machine. This measurement technique is a straightforward,Waterproof Army Military Uniforms for Unisex-AM.Interlining Supplier Special High-Quality Low-Temperature/Super-Bonded Non-Woven Interlining Textile-AM processing parameters on the mechanical strength of the welds. Additionally,USB Flash Music Player Gift Souvenir Home Decoration Gramophone.
Acknowledgments
Emsco F-800 5 I50hb14/15 Mud Pump Piston for Bomco/Gardnerdenver/Hh/Ideco/Ls/National/Oilwell/Nov/Mudking/Southwest.B. Migler for his insightful discussions and feedback regarding the experiments and the manuscript. Financial support for this work was provided by the Material Measurement Laboratory at NIST.
Footnotes
†Official contribution of the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST); not subject to copyright in the United States. The full description of the procedures used in this article requires the identification of certain commercial products and their suppliers. The inclusion of such information should in no way be construed as indicating that such products or suppliers are endorsed by NIST or are recommended by NIST or that they are necessarily the best materials, instruments, software or suppliers for the purposes described.
