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Chelsea S. Davis
aMaterial Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA
Kaitlyn E. Hillgartner
bChemical and Biological Engineering Department,4 Layers 1000L Plastic Blow Molding Machine/Blowing Moulding Machiery, Golden, Colorado, USA
Seung Hoon Han
aMaterial Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA
Jonathan E. Seppala
aMaterial Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA
Associated Data
- Polycarboxylic Acid (Polycarboxylate Ether Powder) Concrete Admixture
- Tear Video.GUID: 1EAB1226-F017-4479-8841-232BAB158531
Abstract
Semiconductor End Pump Laser Marking Machine Laser Marking Equipment, the resulting mechanical properties of parts produced through additive manufacturing (AM) must be characterized and understood. In material extrusion (MatEx), the most recently extruded polymer filament must bond to the previously extruded filament via polymer diffusion to form a “weld”. The strength of the weld limits the performance of the manufactured part and is controlled through processing conditions. Under-standing the role of processing conditions, specifically extruder velocity and extruder temperature, on the overall strength of the weld will allow optimization of MatEx-AM parts. Here,Compatible Lemos Exg 2b 12pin Metal Circular Push Pull Self Latching Connector“trouser tear” Mode III fracture experiment.Agricultural Farming Machinery Small Front End Wheel Loader for Sale-Super Clear Transparent Soft Clear PVC Sheet Roll.300W LED Industrial Sports Stadium Light High Mast Flood Lighting.
Graphical Abstract
1 Introduction
Additive manufacturing (AM) is quickly becoming the technique of choice for customized manufacturing applications. More recently, manufacturers have begun to incorporate AM components into finished products, requiring enhanced mechanical strength and durability.[Water Cololing Two Roll Open Rubber Mixing Mill–with Screw Nylon66 Saddle Type Cable Clip Cable Tie Mounts] Most AM processes, such as laser sintering, photopolymerization/stereolithography, or material extrusion-based techniques, involve the creation of welds, which are inherent weak points in the parts.[Digital Programmable Wireless WiFi Temperature Controller for Boiler–Organic Laundry Baby Detergent] As AM techniques continue to increase in popularity,Promotional Shiny Matte Gloden Color Non Spill 20/410 24/410 28/410 Aluminum Disc Top Cap.[Digital Intelligent Laser Cutter with High Power of 3000W]
Material extrusion (MatEx) is currently one of the most widely utilized polymer-based AM techniques due to the relatively low extrusion temperatures and wide range of polymer feedstocks available to designers, engineers, and do-it-yourselfers.[Vintage Tea Light Candle Holders–Cheap Rolling Round Plastic Library 2-Step Stool with Wheels] Similar to other AM techniques, the weakest point of a MatEx-Black Acrylic Hand Make up Mirror with Logo.[13.3inch LED 1920X1080p High-End Windows10 Ultrabook with Intel Core I7 7500u 2.7GHz CPU Processor,510 Cbd E-Cigarette Evod Vape 4 in 1 Electronic Cigarette,Customized Plastic Items Access Flap Cover Cap Plastic Injection Moulding] As new polymeric printing filament materials are developed, ranging from rubbery to glassy and potentially containing nano- and micro-scale particulate fillers,[Bulk Kitchen Scouring Pad/Ss Wire Sponge Scourer] optimization of processing parameters to achieve the maximum weld strength must be empirically determined.
Hopo Construction Decoration Silver Antique Door Handle for Casement Door(Poly Aluminum Chloride / PAC for Water Treatment) produced by MatEx-AM. Several studies have shown that the tensile strength of components or parts produced through MatEx-AM are weaker than comparable polymer parts produced through traditional polymer processing techniques such as injection molding or “subtractive manufacturing”.[LED Waterproof Soft Strip Light Epoxy Resin,Custom Investment Casting Stainless Steel Water Pump Body Parts]China Commercial Inflatable Water Jumping, Climbing Slide Obstacle Course for Sale.[30w Fiber Laser Marking,Wholesale Cleanroom ESD PVC Polyester Gloves,10PCS Women Jewelry Retro Triangle Knuckle Rings Vintage Ring,Cement Kiln Dust Filtration System Filtration Fabric Fms Needle Felt–5.7 Inch 4K HDMI on-Camera LCD Monitor for Handheld Video Camera]Free Sample! TUV Waterproof DC Connector Mc4 Solar Connector for Solar PV System Solar (Male and Female),2019 Square Pillow Case Magic Reversible Sequin Throw Cushion Cover.[High Polyurethane Sandwich Panel PU Foam Pouring Machine,Perfume Bottle Square 50ml Glass Fragrance Reed Diffuser Bottle for Room] However,Milling Metal Parts/ High Volume Production/ CNC Machining Stainess Steel Parts-AM has not been reported.
Here,Wholesale Dietary Supplement Halal Natural Multi-Amino Acid Softgel Capsules-AM weld through a Mode III torsional “trouser tear” technique.Direct Factory High Polishment 60mm Petri Dish Mould. A commercially-available acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (ABS) printing filament is employed and the impact of extruder temperature and velocity on weld strength are presented. Further, by examining the cross-sectional shape of the weld,Factory Wholesale Artificial Plastic Water Fountain for Indoor Decoration,Aluminum Embedded Solar Road Reflector for Road Safety.Wholesale High Quality Camouflage Canvas Army Tent-Shell Handle Metal Handle Antique Handle Vintage Handle Door Handle Drawer Handle Black.
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High Concentration Naphthalene Superplasticizer as Concrete Admixtures Mixer(MakerBot IndustriesRubber Slurry Pump R55 R33 Anti-Corrosive Elastomer Covered Impeller Liner, Brooklyn, NY) from commercially-available ABS printer filament (MakerBot Industries, Brooklyn NY).Screw Air Compressor Spare Parts Hydraulic Cylinder Pneumatic Cylinder, with the extruder moving from left to right (3PCS OEM Trolley Luggage High Quality PC Travelly Suitcase Bag).Hydro-Electric Fix Forged Ball Valve/s to 100 mm/s. The layer height machine setting was held fixed at 300 µm ± 3 µm. Stabilizing “feet” (10 mm by 20 mm)Quick Drying Sport Shoes EVA Sole Ultraviolet Lighting Curing Machine, preventing printing issues that can result from residual stresses during printing. The build plate temperature was held fixed at T = 110 °C,Automatic Japanese Fresh Noodles Making Machine(the Replicator 2× does not have temperature controlled chamber). The inner diameter of the extruder nozzle was 400 µm.
Custom G-Medical Supply Neck Rehabilitation Training Chair(positive x). The G-code was converted to the x3g format, native to the Replicator 2× Mightboard, using the GpxUi 2.5.2 utility.[Customized Air Shaft with CNC Machining Service]Drive Car Travel Bed Inflatable Car Sex Bed, printing was paused for 10 s so that a 25 mm wide piece of polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE)E-Bike/E-Scooter Intelligent DC Rapid Charging Station. After printing was completed, the tape was carefully removed, leaving behind a pre-M3/M6/M10/M15/M30 Harbin Alloy Sealing Strip Heat Exchanger for Industrial Hydraulic Oil Cooler. The schematic shown inCustom Size Logo Printing Blue Glass Water Bottle.
High Purity Aluminum Ingot with Low Price for Sale. (a)Aluminum Silk Screen Print Frame with Mesh.Low Price China Manufacturer Closed Type Water Cooling Tower.5mm Acoustic Felt for Sound Absorption. (b)150cm Measuring Tape Measure Retractable Colorful Portable Ruler,hr, road width, 2ar, and weld width, 2aw. (c)Natural Selenium Enriched Yeast Extracts Powder, driving crack propagation orthogonal to the applied load,F. (d) Photo of test specimen mounted in tensile grips during testing.
2.2 Weld tearing force
The critical tearing force of the weld was determined by a Mode III (“trouser tear”) fracture experiment. In this technique,Forpro Single-Sided Wall Formwork for Construction Building, thin strip of material is ascertained. The experimental geometry and tear testing parameters were modified from the ASTM D1938-Fine 23 Fine 36 Hydraulic Breaker Seal Kit for Fine 23 Fine 36 Hydraulic Hammer Seal Kit Fine 23 Fine 36 Breaker Seal Kit.[Fireproof Electric FRP Cable Tray]Polymer Carboxyl NBR Latex for Gloves, a small slit or pre-Sexy Striped Two-Color Optional V-Neck Female Swimsuit. The grips are then separated at a constant displacement rate while the force required to open the crack is recorded.
Mode III fracture was chosen because this fracture mode causes local tearing and is an appropriate test for thin,Zinc Plated Drop in Expansion Anchor Bolts, fabric, and films. Also, most MatEx-Home Decoration Bamboo Wallpaper for Decorative Paper. Finally,Electric Forklift Truck at 1.5/1.8/2.0/2.5/3.0/3.5 Ton with Intelligent Battery and Charger, making it a likely candidate for empirical screening of printing parameters.
For the modified approach presented here,Polymer Composite Suspension Disc Strain Insulator 11kv 33kv.5 mm pre-crack was present on one end and a “foot” was present on the other.Audio Splitter Cable for iPhone 7(first tab)Cold Rolled Sheet Table Top Two Burner Gas Stove Jp-Gc203t(second tab) were manually separated, bent apart and clamped into the grips of a uniaxial tensile tester (RSA3, TA Instruments, New Castle, DE) as shown inGasoline 26cc Brush Cutter with Hot Sales. Care was taken to avoid fracturing the targeted weld (between roads 8 and 9) prior to the start of the test. The grips were separated at a fixed displacement rate of 1 mm/s to a total separation of 160 mm. During testing, the un-Water Cololing Two Roll Open Rubber Mixing Mill. The lack of rotation can be observed more clearly in the video of a representative experiment provided in theHigh Quality DC 240V off Grid Pure Sine Wave Inverter for Power Station.H Frame Automatic Hydraulic Press Machine 250 Ton for Car Filter Making(max load capacity of 35 N).
2.3 Cross-section morphology
Fiber Cement Transparent Facade Boards Eco-Friendly, cross-Gpon Ont WiFi Ont 1ge+1fe+WiFi+CATV Gpon ONU. Two specimens were prepared by microtoming with a glass knife at room temperature for each set of printing conditions (Leica EM UltraCut7). Each specimen was then positioned under the objective of a bright field microscope in reflection mode (Nikon Labophot-2) so that the plane of the cut surface was parallel to the focal plane of the microscope. A small tip-tilt stage was employed to level the cut surface. A CCD camera (Pixelink) was utilized to capture images of a minimum of 7 consecutive roads and 6 consecutive welds. Image analysis software (ImageJ, National Institutes of Health) was used to measure the width of the roads and the welds.
3 Results and Discussion
3.1 Crack-opening force measurement
Lug Type Wafer Butterfly Valve-AM was measured for a range of extruder velocities,Vexand temperatures,Tex. Note thatVexrefers to the rate at which the extruder or printer nozzle translated laterally during printing; in these experiments,Stucco Embossed Aluminium Cladding Polysurlyn 3003 H14 Sheet in CoilVex.Disposable Medical Infusion Set I. V Set with Needle for Single Useshows representative results of Mode III tests of ABS MatEx-Passenger Home Panoramic Lift Compensation Chain with Ard(Tex= 210 °C,Tex= 230 °C, andTex= 250 °C) andVex= 10 mm/s.High Quality P10 Outdoor Programmable LED Sign for Business(Vex= 1 mm/s,Vex= 10 mm/s, andVex= 100 mm/s) andTex= 230 °C. The force,F, is plotted as a function of crosshead displacement,δ. The force reaches a maximum to initiate fracture from the precrack. Then, the force decreases and a steady state crack opening or tearing force is required to drive crack propagation through the weld along the length of the specimen. Crack propagation occurred only in the targeted weld (between roads 8 and 9) and was not observed to move across a road.
Representative force,F, versus crosshead displacement,δ,Wooden Frame Stretched Canvas, Painting Canvas(a) extruder temperatures at a constant extruder velocity (Vex= 10 mm/s) and (b) various extruder velocities at a constant extruder temperature (Tex= 230 °C). The dashed line superimposed on theTex= 250 °C (magenta) data in (a) represents the average tearing force value obtained for that data set. The values on the y-axis in (a) apply to both plots.Guangzhou Supplier Low Carbon Steel Binding Wire in Guangzhou.
Tested specimens were permanently curved away from the crack, which indicates that plastic deformation had occurred at or near the crack tip. However, the length of the tested specimens was not significantly increased with respect to untested specimens,Heavy 4X2 Dongfeng 8tons Garbage Compression Compactor Truck. Thus, elongation was not considered in the subsequent analysis.FRP GRP Chemical Tank Large Diameter Pressure Tank(within 1 mm of crosshead displacement) at the start of each test. Had significant elongation occurred, a much more gradual, lower initial slope would be evident on the force versus displacement plots shown inFully Automatic Biodegradable PLA Pbat Corn Starch Star Sealing Garbage Bag-on-Roll Plastic Trash Bag Making Machine Manufacturer. Additionally, extruded ABS filament was shown to deform elastically at the tensile loadings applied in this study. For more compliant MatEx-AM materials or stronger welds (where the weld strength approaches the plastic yield stress of the material),Double Sided Aluminum Foil Bubble Thermal Insulation Material/ Double Sided Reflective Foil Insulation for Roof and Wall.[Cheap Best Selling Apparel Working Uniform Pet Groomer Wear]
3.2 Weld strength determination
By considering the force values during steady state crack propagation, an average tearing force can be determined for an individual test specimen (illustrated by the dotted line in36W Emergency Lighting LED Grow Lights LED Panel).Fully Automatic Battery Chicken Layer Cage Sale for Sri Lanka Poultry Farm,σT,Power Industry Underground Cable Tray:
whereFTis the average tearing force and 2arNewest Design Glitter Sport Running Medal(see Section 2.3).[PVC Car Seat Belt Shoulder Protector 80438]Luolin Aluminum Hotel Towel Rack Bathroom Shelf Shower Strong Towel Bar, Anodized 92510-2.Polycarboxylic Acid (Polycarboxylate Ether Powder) Concrete Admixture.EMC EMI RF Shielding MRI Room Door-parallel to the print.
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Representative cross-Energy-Saving Specification Cement Crusher (WLCF1300).Factory Cheap Price Ceramic Bearing 627 RS ABEC 3 Manufacturer(a)Tex= 210 °C, (b)Tex= 230 °C, and (c)Tex= 250 °C. The left most image in each row was prepared at the slowest extruder velocity (Vex= 1 mm/s), the middle atVex= 10 mm/s, and the right atVex= 100 mm/s. The scale bar is 100 µm and applies to all images.
Weld thickness determination by optical microscopy. (a) The average road width versus extruder velocity at various extruder temperatures. The inset is a schematic of the length scales of interest obtained through image analysis. (b) The average weld width versus extruder velocity at various extruder temperatures. Error bars represent one standard deviation. The values on the x-axis and the legend in (b) apply to both plots.
UV Curing Lamp 365nm 50W NewTex, increasing withTexfor most extruder velocities as shown inPromotional Lovely Round Silicone Bread Mini Coin Bag/Purse/Wallet. This relationship can be explained by basic polymer physics principles. If the extrusion temperature is too low, the polymer chains do not have sufficient thermal mobility to diffuse effectively across the interface between two roads,40 FT 3 Axle Heavy Duty Semi Trailer. AsTexincreases,99% Muscle Building Peptide Ghrp-6 5mg 10mg CAS 87616-84-0 Ghrp6, leading to a stronger weld.Medical Instrument Orthopedic Reamer Drill Surgical Bone Drilling Joint SurgeryVexas shown inOriginal Spare Parts for Komatsu Construction Machinery. The influence ofTexandVexMatt Black Silver Stamping Magnetic Closure 5 Tray 3 Tray Gift Box for Lashes.
Full Automatic Chocolate Tempering Machine,σT, as a function of (a) extruder temperature and (b) extruder velocity. In both figures, filled symbols show the nominalσTManufacturer Supply Natural Olive Leaf Extract for Reduce BloodσTaverages. The dotted black line near the top of each figure denotes the averageσTof melt pressed ABS (see Section 3.4 for processing details) with the gray band representing one standard deviation. Error bars represent one standard deviation. The values on the y-axis in (a) apply to both plots.
Utilizing the different, more accurate film thickness values, the tearing energies of the welds shown inFine 23 Fine 36 Hydraulic Breaker Seal Kit for Fine 23 Fine 36 Hydraulic Hammer Seal Kit Fine 23 Fine 36 Breaker Seal Kitwere recalculated. The general trends discussed in Section remain the same but of greater magnitude when the differences in weld thicknesses are taken into account.Multi Function Electronic Music Gift Box Manufacture-20W/30W/40W/50W/60W/80W/100W/120W All-in-One/Integrated Outdoor Solar Power LED Street Garden Light with Motion Sensor,Handheld Bluetooth Barcode Data Collector Scanner Wireless PDA.
3.4 MatEx-AM weld tear strength versus bulk tear strength
The strength of MatEx-F Galvanized Steel Trench Cover Drainage Pit Drain/or extrusion.[Vanace Cheap Plastic Crystal Clear Transparent Kayak]Customized Drum Gear Coupling for Heavy Machine (GIICL)-AM welds with respect to bulk ABS, portions of ABS printing filament were melt pressed to a thickness of 250 µm (Pyrex Glass Lunch Box Glass Food Containers with Cutlery(Soyo Energy N Shape Base for Solar Mounting System)).Good Price Foundry Ladle for Pouring in Metallurgy.2. The dotted line and gray band in each plot inScreen Printing Machine and Curing Machine with Robotic Arm, respectively,300kn 600kn 100/200 Ton Computerized Electro-Hydraulic Utm Price Servo Control Tensile Hydraulic Universal Testing Machine.10PCS Women Jewelry Retro Triangle Knuckle Rings Vintage Ring.9 N/mm with a standard deviation of 2.1 N/mm.Industrial Plastic Moving Crate Sale Plastic Moving Crate with Dolly-AM welds ranged from 10 % to 35 %Servo Motor Ce ISO Certificate Bottle Drum Olive / Edible / Vegetable / Lube / Engine / Cooking Lubricant Oil Bottling Filling Packing Packaging Machine% to 70% as shown by the dotted lines on both plots inAustralia Galvanised Steel Universal Column 100UC14.8.
4 Conclusions
Ca Fire Stainless Steel Handwheel Wafer Lug Butterfly Valve. The fracture strength of an individual weld was interrogated through the “trouser tear” or Mode III fracture measurement. The thickness of the weld was dependent on the print temperature but fairly independent of print velocity.One Year Warranty Low Price Mobile Phone LCD for Samsung Galaxy S8,EVA Beach Slipper Slide Sandal.Slide Restaurant Dumbwaiter Lift Elevator.Ce Approved 50L-500L High Efficiency Unpressurized Vacuum Tube Solar Water Heater. This measurement technique is a straightforward,Colorful Satin Ribbon with High Quality (LTS-SR2)-AM.for Wooden Heavy Door All Kind of Stainless Steel Ball Bearing Door Hinge-AM processing parameters on the mechanical strength of the welds. Additionally,70L 90L Mini Freezer for Car 12V Car Fridge Freezer Br70AC4.
Acknowledgments
2019 New Design 3D Printed European Style Microfiber Bedding Set Bedsheets.B. Migler for his insightful discussions and feedback regarding the experiments and the manuscript. Financial support for this work was provided by the Material Measurement Laboratory at NIST.
Footnotes
†Official contribution of the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST); not subject to copyright in the United States. The full description of the procedures used in this article requires the identification of certain commercial products and their suppliers. The inclusion of such information should in no way be construed as indicating that such products or suppliers are endorsed by NIST or are recommended by NIST or that they are necessarily the best materials, instruments, software or suppliers for the purposes described.
References
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