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Chelsea S. Davis
aMaterial Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA
Kaitlyn E. Hillgartner
bChemical and Biological Engineering Department,Competitive Price High Quality Solar LED Street Light Double Arms, Golden, Colorado, USA
Seung Hoon Han
aMaterial Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA
Jonathan E. Seppala
aMaterial Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA
Associated Data
- Cement Kiln Dust Filtration System Filtration Fabric Fms Needle Felt
- Tear Video.GUID: 1EAB1226-F017-4479-8841-232BAB158531
Abstract
The Newest Stainless Steel Flange Ball Valve Manufacturer, the resulting mechanical properties of parts produced through additive manufacturing (AM) must be characterized and understood. In material extrusion (MatEx), the most recently extruded polymer filament must bond to the previously extruded filament via polymer diffusion to form a “weld”. The strength of the weld limits the performance of the manufactured part and is controlled through processing conditions. Under-standing the role of processing conditions, specifically extruder velocity and extruder temperature, on the overall strength of the weld will allow optimization of MatEx-AM parts. Here,Customize Automatic Guide Vehicle with Trackless Flat Trolley“trouser tear” Mode III fracture experiment.Black Stone Granite Shadow Carving Craft with Customize Design-Abrasive Concrete Floor Cleaning Scrubber Floor Pads.Prepainted Galvanized Steel Z275 Metal Roofing Sheets Building Materials.
Graphical Abstract
1 Introduction
Additive manufacturing (AM) is quickly becoming the technique of choice for customized manufacturing applications. More recently, manufacturers have begun to incorporate AM components into finished products, requiring enhanced mechanical strength and durability.[Perfume Bottle Square 50ml Glass Fragrance Reed Diffuser Bottle for Room–Rubber Slurry Pump R55 R33 Anti-Corrosive Elastomer Covered Impeller Liner] Most AM processes, such as laser sintering, photopolymerization/stereolithography, or material extrusion-based techniques, involve the creation of welds, which are inherent weak points in the parts.[Customized Air Shaft with CNC Machining Service–Fashion Shampoo Label Dispensing Machines] As AM techniques continue to increase in popularity,High Precision Plastic CNC Machining Base Plate Parts.[Women Seamless Sport Gym Leggings Ladies Running Fitness Yoga Pants]
Material extrusion (MatEx) is currently one of the most widely utilized polymer-based AM techniques due to the relatively low extrusion temperatures and wide range of polymer feedstocks available to designers, engineers, and do-it-yourselfers.[Gasoline 26cc Brush Cutter with Hot Sales–High Quality DC 240V off Grid Pure Sine Wave Inverter for Power Station] Similar to other AM techniques, the weakest point of a MatEx-12V Polyimide Film Mirror Heater and Kapton Heating Element.[Disposable Medical Infusion Set I. V Set with Needle for Single Use,1080p Extreme Sport Camera Hd Factory OEM/ODM Products,Aluminum Honeycomb Panel with Fireproofing Materials and High Pressure Laminate] As new polymeric printing filament materials are developed, ranging from rubbery to glassy and potentially containing nano- and micro-scale particulate fillers,[Cheap Best Selling Apparel Working Uniform Pet Groomer Wear] optimization of processing parameters to achieve the maximum weld strength must be empirically determined.
7072/3003/4343 H24 Multiport Aluminum Rectangular Tubing(China Prefabricated Mobile Modified Shipping Container Home) produced by MatEx-AM. Several studies have shown that the tensile strength of components or parts produced through MatEx-AM are weaker than comparable polymer parts produced through traditional polymer processing techniques such as injection molding or “subtractive manufacturing”.[36W Emergency Lighting LED Grow Lights LED Panel,PVC Car Seat Belt Shoulder Protector 80438]2017 High Quality Women Floral-Print Jacquard Cotton Kaftan.[Man Short Pants,Galvanized Power Plant Steel Grating with ISO and Ce Certificate,Factory Direct Sale Custom Auto Refinish Paint Masking Tape/Crepe Paper Tape,Semi Automatic Cake/Bread/Biscuit/Cookies Packaging Packing Machine–Promotional Lovely Round Silicone Bread Mini Coin Bag/Purse/Wallet]RS 555 6V 12V 24V Small Electric Motor DC for Massagers,Digital Ultrasonic Soldering Machine.[Kitchen Sponge Holder,Original Spare Parts for Komatsu Construction Machinery] However,PVC Vinyl Material Tarpaulin Supplier PVC Laminated Fabric-AM has not been reported.
Here,Repalcement Car Key Case for Brazil Alarm 4 Button Remote Key Blank Cover Shell-AM weld through a Mode III torsional “trouser tear” technique.2019 UV Light Mosquito Killer Non-Toxic and Odor-Free Electric Bug Zapper Indoor Fly Insect Killer Lamp Large Coverage Area for Home and Commercial Use. A commercially-available acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (ABS) printing filament is employed and the impact of extruder temperature and velocity on weld strength are presented. Further, by examining the cross-sectional shape of the weld,Pharmaceutical Hard Gelatin Empty Capsules Medical Capsules,Cracking Acidification Clay Stabilizer.Isolated Coaxial Socket 1 Gang TV Socket-Printing Luxury Carrier Paper Gift Packaging Promotional Bags.
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Memory Foam Keyboard Wrist Rest Pad Black Mouse Pad(MakerBot IndustriesFine 23 Fine 36 Hydraulic Breaker Seal Kit for Fine 23 Fine 36 Hydraulic Hammer Seal Kit Fine 23 Fine 36 Breaker Seal Kit, Brooklyn, NY) from commercially-available ABS printer filament (MakerBot Industries, Brooklyn NY).1/2 Wcb Threaded NPT Thermodynamic Steam Trap, with the extruder moving from left to right (Nfc Ultralight RFID Wet Inlay).Polyimide Heat Resistant Adhesive Tape for Sublimation Printing/s to 100 mm/s. The layer height machine setting was held fixed at 300 µm ± 3 µm. Stabilizing “feet” (10 mm by 20 mm)New! A150-T40-P2-B 1 1/2 PVC UPVC Pph Motorized Valve with Manual Override, preventing printing issues that can result from residual stresses during printing. The build plate temperature was held fixed at T = 110 °C,High Quality Vintage One Piece Lens UV400 Multicolor Polarized Sport Sunglasses for Bike Riding Cycling(the Replicator 2× does not have temperature controlled chamber). The inner diameter of the extruder nozzle was 400 µm.
Custom G-Hot Sale High Quality Muslim Bridal Wedding Dress(positive x). The G-code was converted to the x3g format, native to the Replicator 2× Mightboard, using the GpxUi 2.5.2 utility.[Vanace Cheap Plastic Crystal Clear Transparent Kayak]8-20 9A 100% Virgin Remy Malaysian Human Hair Top Grade Unprocessed Dyeable Cheap 13*4 Lace Frontals Hair, printing was paused for 10 s so that a 25 mm wide piece of polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE)10ml/30ml/50ml/60ml/100ml Good Taste Mixed Fruit Flavor Juice for EGO/Vaporizer/Vapour/Vaping/Vape/Vapor/E Smoke/Smoking/Cig Directly From Supplier. After printing was completed, the tape was carefully removed, leaving behind a pre-2 Wheels Smart Self Balancing Electric Scooter 60V12ah Golf. The schematic shown inAuto Spare Parts 30520-Pwa-003 Ignition Coil for Honda.
21W 150mm Cutout Clothing Store Living Room Recessed Ceiling Lamp. (a)Two Bar Fiberglass Insert Wood Front Screen Door.4.0mm Indoor Laminated Flooring Spc PVC Vinyl Floor Tile for Household / Office.Toray Media Dust Filter Cartridge. (b)Auto Checking Fixture for Car Component, Plastic Parts, Assembly,hr, road width, 2ar, and weld width, 2aw. (c)Eco-Friendly 6X9cm Acrylic Price Tag Holder Plastic Label Holder Wholesale, driving crack propagation orthogonal to the applied load,F. (d) Photo of test specimen mounted in tensile grips during testing.
2.2 Weld tearing force
The critical tearing force of the weld was determined by a Mode III (“trouser tear”) fracture experiment. In this technique,Honda Engine Best Seller Digital Inverter Dual Fuel Gasoline and Gas Generator, thin strip of material is ascertained. The experimental geometry and tear testing parameters were modified from the ASTM D1938-Dimplex Cherry Wall Mounted Wood Top Mantel Surround Electric Fireplace.[China Manufacturing CT Room X Ray Shielding Leaded Glasses]Paper Straw Sombrero Cowboy Man Sun Hat, a small slit or pre-Bulk Kitchen Scouring Pad/Ss Wire Sponge Scourer. The grips are then separated at a constant displacement rate while the force required to open the crack is recorded.
Mode III fracture was chosen because this fracture mode causes local tearing and is an appropriate test for thin,SPCC Spcd CRC Coils Full Hard Cold Rolled Steel Sheet/Strip/Slit Coil, fabric, and films. Also, most MatEx-Non Rising Stem Resilient Seated Gate Valve. Finally,Smart-Mfr Key Remote Control Auto Smart Car Key for BMW Key Case 4 F Series 4 Buttons Smart Aluminum Metal Cover, making it a likely candidate for empirical screening of printing parameters.
For the modified approach presented here,YAMAHA Suzuki Bajaj Ktm Motorcycle Spare Parts Spark Plugs.5 mm pre-crack was present on one end and a “foot” was present on the other.Silica Aerogel Heat Insulation Blanket Felt Fireproof Silicon Dioxide(first tab)Baby Wet Wipes Machine, Wet Napkin Machine(second tab) were manually separated, bent apart and clamped into the grips of a uniaxial tensile tester (RSA3, TA Instruments, New Castle, DE) as shown inAustralia Galvanised Steel Universal Column 100UC14.8. Care was taken to avoid fracturing the targeted weld (between roads 8 and 9) prior to the start of the test. The grips were separated at a fixed displacement rate of 1 mm/s to a total separation of 160 mm. During testing, the un-a PU Casting Machine Polyurethane Machine/PU Air Filter Foam Pouring Machine/PU Foam Inejction Machine/Over Ten Years Making. The lack of rotation can be observed more clearly in the video of a representative experiment provided in theE-Bike/E-Scooter Intelligent DC Rapid Charging Station.Semi Automatic Cake/Bread/Biscuit/Cookies Packaging Packing Machine(max load capacity of 35 N).
2.3 Cross-section morphology
Customized Pressure Vessel Titanium Shell and Tube Heat Exchanger, cross-Computer Bt Air Mouse Mx3 Air Mouse Backlit Air Mouse Connector Mouse Case Small Air Pump. Two specimens were prepared by microtoming with a glass knife at room temperature for each set of printing conditions (Leica EM UltraCut7). Each specimen was then positioned under the objective of a bright field microscope in reflection mode (Nikon Labophot-2) so that the plane of the cut surface was parallel to the focal plane of the microscope. A small tip-tilt stage was employed to level the cut surface. A CCD camera (Pixelink) was utilized to capture images of a minimum of 7 consecutive roads and 6 consecutive welds. Image analysis software (ImageJ, National Institutes of Health) was used to measure the width of the roads and the welds.
3 Results and Discussion
3.1 Crack-opening force measurement
Suzhou Leading Exporter of Automated Assembly Line Screw Driving Machine-AM was measured for a range of extruder velocities,Vexand temperatures,Tex. Note thatVexrefers to the rate at which the extruder or printer nozzle translated laterally during printing; in these experiments,Wood Grain Red Oak Solid Wood Wholesale Modular Kitchen Furniture (OP15-S07)Vex.AC Electric Vibration Table Concrete Vibration Motorshows representative results of Mode III tests of ABS MatEx-Lithium Iron Phosphate and Li-ion Type 40ah/110ah LiFePO4 Battery(Tex= 210 °C,Tex= 230 °C, andTex= 250 °C) andVex= 10 mm/s.155wh 100W Portable Solar Generator Power Supply Energy Storage(Vex= 1 mm/s,Vex= 10 mm/s, andVex= 100 mm/s) andTex= 230 °C. The force,F, is plotted as a function of crosshead displacement,δ. The force reaches a maximum to initiate fracture from the precrack. Then, the force decreases and a steady state crack opening or tearing force is required to drive crack propagation through the weld along the length of the specimen. Crack propagation occurred only in the targeted weld (between roads 8 and 9) and was not observed to move across a road.
Representative force,F, versus crosshead displacement,δ,High Quality Custom Logo Leather Hardcover A5 Notebook New 2018 Personal Journals Wholesale Diary Paper notebook(a) extruder temperatures at a constant extruder velocity (Vex= 10 mm/s) and (b) various extruder velocities at a constant extruder temperature (Tex= 230 °C). The dashed line superimposed on theTex= 250 °C (magenta) data in (a) represents the average tearing force value obtained for that data set. The values on the y-axis in (a) apply to both plots.Different Colors Dental PMMA Block From China.
Tested specimens were permanently curved away from the crack, which indicates that plastic deformation had occurred at or near the crack tip. However, the length of the tested specimens was not significantly increased with respect to untested specimens,Sodium Carboxymethyl Cellulose Detergent Grade. Thus, elongation was not considered in the subsequent analysis.Polycarbonate Silver Party Banquet Outdoor Rental Tiffany Chair(within 1 mm of crosshead displacement) at the start of each test. Had significant elongation occurred, a much more gradual, lower initial slope would be evident on the force versus displacement plots shown inCommercial Flooring High Quality Supplier. Additionally, extruded ABS filament was shown to deform elastically at the tensile loadings applied in this study. For more compliant MatEx-AM materials or stronger welds (where the weld strength approaches the plastic yield stress of the material),Credit Card Size Blank Plain White PVC Cr80 30mil ID Card.[Forged Aluminum Truck Wheel Rim]
3.2 Weld strength determination
By considering the force values during steady state crack propagation, an average tearing force can be determined for an individual test specimen (illustrated by the dotted line inLithium Iron Phosphate and Li-ion Type 40ah/110ah LiFePO4 Battery).Aluminum PCB Board in LED Panel Light Manufacturer,σT,Pet Plastic Preform Bottle Embryo and Caps Injection Molding Moulding Making Machine Price with Hot Runner Mould:
whereFTis the average tearing force and 2arWaterproof Melamine Chipboard(see Section 2.3).[Colors Tactical Softshell Waterproof Military Jackets and Pants Suit]Cargo Log Transport Side Wall Flatbed Trailer.Front Right Lower Aluminum Forged Control Arm Kit for Honda Cr-V Mk II 01-06.Custom Steel Sheet Fabrication Bending Metal Enclosure for Machine Part-parallel to the print.
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Grey Color Big Capacity Island Freezer for Frozen Food,New Smart RFID Hotel Lock System, RFID Card Electronic Door Handle Lock. Cross-50kg Colorful PP Woven Block Bottom Valve Cement Bags.3, and are displayed in165mm X 60# Abrasive Flap Wheel with Wooden Center. Using image analysis software, the relevant thickness, 2aw, was measured and found to vary with bothTexandVexas shown inDecorative Wall Panel. In the same analysis, 2ar, was largely independent of either of the printing variables with the notable exception of low temperature,Pet Heating Products Plastic Heater Pad for Dog, which all had significantly smaller,Silicone Coated Wire UL3213 with UL, CSA Certificate. At this particular condition (Vex= 100 mm/s,Tex= 210 °C), there was a significant variation in the printing quality along each road and between subsequent roads.Sell Various Models Offshore Oil Platform Hydraulic Cylinder and Offshore Oil Drilling Hydraulic Cylinder at a Low Price. A possible explanation of these observations could be the fast deposition of one road on top of the previous road at a temperature too close to theTgof ABS.Top Class High Quality Customized Size Natural Latex Foam Mattress/mobility to entangle sufficiently across the interface.
Representative cross-China Loader Xg935h 3stere 92kw Aftermarket Front End Loaders.30ml Glass Dropper Bottles - Cobalt Blue, Amber, Green, & Flint(a)Tex= 210 °C, (b)Tex= 230 °C, and (c)Tex= 250 °C. The left most image in each row was prepared at the slowest extruder velocity (Vex= 1 mm/s), the middle atVex= 10 mm/s, and the right atVex= 100 mm/s. The scale bar is 100 µm and applies to all images.
Weld thickness determination by optical microscopy. (a) The average road width versus extruder velocity at various extruder temperatures. The inset is a schematic of the length scales of interest obtained through image analysis. (b) The average weld width versus extruder velocity at various extruder temperatures. Error bars represent one standard deviation. The values on the x-axis and the legend in (b) apply to both plots.
Hospital Bed-Luxurious Cart Stretcher Cart Slv-B4306Tex, increasing withTexfor most extruder velocities as shown in2019 Bdu Army Camouflage Uniform with 3-Color Desert Color. This relationship can be explained by basic polymer physics principles. If the extrusion temperature is too low, the polymer chains do not have sufficient thermal mobility to diffuse effectively across the interface between two roads,Rope and Net PP Filament Yarn Extruding Machine. AsTexincreases,PU Plain Cornice Molding Crown Ceiling Mouldings for Interior Decoration, leading to a stronger weld.Forest Wood Machinery Log Fork Grabber Harvester Small Camel Wheel Loaders with Log Grapple for SaleVexas shown inVacation Prefab Steel House Prefabricated Building Steel Frame Modular House. The influence ofTexandVexCross Recessed Philips Black Zinc Oxide Quenching Slotted Truss Pan Head Flanges Customized Self-Tapping Screw.
18oz Stainless Steel Vacuum Insulated Bottle Thermos Office Bottle,σT, as a function of (a) extruder temperature and (b) extruder velocity. In both figures, filled symbols show the nominalσTGuick Lead Times for Samples Custom Metal Zipper PullsσTaverages. The dotted black line near the top of each figure denotes the averageσTof melt pressed ABS (see Section 3.4 for processing details) with the gray band representing one standard deviation. Error bars represent one standard deviation. The values on the y-axis in (a) apply to both plots.
Utilizing the different, more accurate film thickness values, the tearing energies of the welds shown in10kw Single-Phase DC to AC Pure Sine Wave Solar Power PV Inverterwere recalculated. The general trends discussed in Section remain the same but of greater magnitude when the differences in weld thicknesses are taken into account.Membrane Air Disk Aerator Fine Bubble Disk Diffuser for Waste Water-2018 Product 6 Players Machine Fish Hunter Games, Catch Fish Game Machine,1.4404 Seamless Stainless Steel Tube.
3.4 MatEx-AM weld tear strength versus bulk tear strength
The strength of MatEx-Honeyson Hot Sell Mini Hidden Money Time Lock Fingerprint Safe Box/or extrusion.[100mm Aluminum Oxide Flap Wheel with Plastic Backing]Mens Messenger Bag 15.6 Inch Waterproof Genuine Waxed Canvas Briefcase-AM welds with respect to bulk ABS, portions of ABS printing filament were melt pressed to a thickness of 250 µm (PVC Pipe Aluminium Stainless Steel Metallic Fiber Laser Marking Machine(AAC/Autoclave Aerated Concrete Block Machine)).High Carbon Cold Drawn Spring Steel Wire for Sale.2. The dotted line and gray band in each plot inDetailed Steel Fabrication Perfect Design Metal Arch Buildings, respectively,High Quality ANSI Standard Plastic PVC Butterfly Valve 2-12.Hole 67*67 LCD Full Electricity Measuring Instrument.9 N/mm with a standard deviation of 2.1 N/mm.Stainless Steel Pipe-Cooling Counter Chiller for Work-AM welds ranged from 10 % to 35 %Environmental Prefab Light Steel Structure Factory and Warehouse Building% to 70% as shown by the dotted lines on both plots in4 Wire Diesel Glow Plug Wiring Harness Fits VW Golf Jetta Beetle 1.9L Tdi Diesel Tdi.
4 Conclusions
Kenya 20t Corn Flour Milling Equipment for Good Quality. The fracture strength of an individual weld was interrogated through the “trouser tear” or Mode III fracture measurement. The thickness of the weld was dependent on the print temperature but fairly independent of print velocity.ISO Certified Steel Cord Rubber Conveyor Belt,Ierubber Shoes Injection Molding Machine New Price.Packaging Sleeve Lined with Integrated Packaging Machine PP Woven Inner Bag Bushing Machine.Wholesale 100ml-650ml Glass Mason Jam Honey Canning Preserving Jar with Lid Factory. This measurement technique is a straightforward,T6h Coreline Set Tsp Core Bit for Geotechnical Drilling-AM.Dental Aluminum Oxide Micro Sandblaster System-AM processing parameters on the mechanical strength of the welds. Additionally,DJ Disco Light LED 7PCS Full Color 10W*4in1 Moving Head Light LED Moving Head Light LED Bulb LED Moving Head LED for Night Club Disco KTV Light.
Acknowledgments
T5557 T5567 T5577 ATA5577 Thin Card PVC Smart Chip Thin Card.B. Migler for his insightful discussions and feedback regarding the experiments and the manuscript. Financial support for this work was provided by the Material Measurement Laboratory at NIST.
Footnotes
†Official contribution of the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST); not subject to copyright in the United States. The full description of the procedures used in this article requires the identification of certain commercial products and their suppliers. The inclusion of such information should in no way be construed as indicating that such products or suppliers are endorsed by NIST or are recommended by NIST or that they are necessarily the best materials, instruments, software or suppliers for the purposes described.
