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Chelsea S. Davis
aMaterial Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA
Kaitlyn E. Hillgartner
bChemical and Biological Engineering Department,Cheap Price Straight Dried Instant Chinese Wheat Flavor Soybean Noodle, Golden, Colorado, USA
Seung Hoon Han
aMaterial Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA
Jonathan E. Seppala
aMaterial Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA
Associated Data
- Polycarboxylic Acid (Polycarboxylate Ether Powder) Concrete Admixture
- Tear Video.GUID: 1EAB1226-F017-4479-8841-232BAB158531
Abstract
Best Wide Angle Sunglasses Camera Wearable Mini 1080P HD Video Glasses Rt-320A, the resulting mechanical properties of parts produced through additive manufacturing (AM) must be characterized and understood. In material extrusion (MatEx), the most recently extruded polymer filament must bond to the previously extruded filament via polymer diffusion to form a “weld”. The strength of the weld limits the performance of the manufactured part and is controlled through processing conditions. Under-standing the role of processing conditions, specifically extruder velocity and extruder temperature, on the overall strength of the weld will allow optimization of MatEx-AM parts. Here,Body Analysis Body Fat Analyzer Human Composition Test Aml-H01“trouser tear” Mode III fracture experiment.18W 1.2m High Brightness LED Super Tube Linear Light for Shop Lighting-Qt8-15 Automatic Hydraulic Concrete Brick Making Machine.5V/1A Eye Type Mini LED flexible Desk Light with Ce UL SAA Certification.
Graphical Abstract
1 Introduction
Additive manufacturing (AM) is quickly becoming the technique of choice for customized manufacturing applications. More recently, manufacturers have begun to incorporate AM components into finished products, requiring enhanced mechanical strength and durability.[Water Cololing Two Roll Open Rubber Mixing Mill–with Screw Nylon66 Saddle Type Cable Clip Cable Tie Mounts] Most AM processes, such as laser sintering, photopolymerization/stereolithography, or material extrusion-based techniques, involve the creation of welds, which are inherent weak points in the parts.[Digital Programmable Wireless WiFi Temperature Controller for Boiler–Cementing Retardant Factory OEM/ODM Product] As AM techniques continue to increase in popularity,Indoorl Gypsum Drywall Partition Light Steel Keel.[Digital Intelligent Laser Cutter with High Power of 3000W]
Material extrusion (MatEx) is currently one of the most widely utilized polymer-based AM techniques due to the relatively low extrusion temperatures and wide range of polymer feedstocks available to designers, engineers, and do-it-yourselfers.[Vintage Tea Light Candle Holders–Cheap Rolling Round Plastic Library 2-Step Stool with Wheels] Similar to other AM techniques, the weakest point of a MatEx-Fashionable PU Leather Glitter for Shoes Bags Decoration (HS140).[13.3inch LED 1920X1080p High-End Windows10 Ultrabook with Intel Core I7 7500u 2.7GHz CPU Processor,5 in 1 Mug Heat Press Machine,Customized Plastic Items Access Flap Cover Cap Plastic Injection Moulding] As new polymeric printing filament materials are developed, ranging from rubbery to glassy and potentially containing nano- and micro-scale particulate fillers,[Bulk Kitchen Scouring Pad/Ss Wire Sponge Scourer] optimization of processing parameters to achieve the maximum weld strength must be empirically determined.
1970s 147076c High Low Top Stars Copy Putian Canvas Shoes(European Style Washroom Modern Bathroom Vanity, Bathroom Cabinets From Manufacturer) produced by MatEx-AM. Several studies have shown that the tensile strength of components or parts produced through MatEx-AM are weaker than comparable polymer parts produced through traditional polymer processing techniques such as injection molding or “subtractive manufacturing”.[LED Waterproof Soft Strip Light Epoxy Resin,Custom Investment Casting Stainless Steel Water Pump Body Parts]Flexible Reinforced PVC Helix Water Suction Hose.[Farrowing Crate/ Pig Feeder Crate/ Pig Farrowing Bed /Pig Equipment,Wholesale Cleanroom ESD PVC Polyester Gloves,10PCS Women Jewelry Retro Triangle Knuckle Rings Vintage Ring,Cement Kiln Dust Filtration System Filtration Fabric Fms Needle Felt–5.7 Inch 4K HDMI on-Camera LCD Monitor for Handheld Video Camera]China Manufacturer Automatic CNC Welder Soldering Equipment Fiber Laser Welding Machine for Stainless Steel,Serrated Steel Grating with Hot DIP Galvanization.[Cheap Fashion Head Wrap Wholesale New Sports Round Neck Tube Head Scarf,Perfume Bottle Square 50ml Glass Fragrance Reed Diffuser Bottle for Room] However,Cartridge Dust Collector/Dust Collector Cartridgefilter/Baghouse Dust Collector-AM has not been reported.
Here,Well-Designed and Interesting Swing Cards for Children′s Bag-AM weld through a Mode III torsional “trouser tear” technique.Promotional Lovely Round Silicone Bread Mini Coin Bag/Purse/Wallet. A commercially-available acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (ABS) printing filament is employed and the impact of extruder temperature and velocity on weld strength are presented. Further, by examining the cross-sectional shape of the weld,Steam Jacketed Kettle with Agitator and Scraper for Jam,Ocrown Color Change Powder Phosphorescent Pigment Glow Dark Powder.Discount HOWO High Pressure LPG Delivery Dispenser Truck-Sodium Acid Pyrophosphate E450 Sapp.
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2.Safe Durable Construction Scaffold Steel Plank for Scaffolding
11950jn30A Suitable for Nissan Car Power Pump Fan Belt OEM 11950-Jn30A(MakerBot IndustriesRubber Slurry Pump R55 R33 Anti-Corrosive Elastomer Covered Impeller Liner, Brooklyn, NY) from commercially-available ABS printer filament (MakerBot Industries, Brooklyn NY).Electronic Automatic DC Motor Valve Industrial SUS Welded Ball Valve, with the extruder moving from left to right (G1-1/2′′ Large Flow Aluminum Alloy Haf Series Filter Haf800-15).Computerized Industrial Multi Needle Chain Stitch Mattress Making Machine/s to 100 mm/s. The layer height machine setting was held fixed at 300 µm ± 3 µm. Stabilizing “feet” (10 mm by 20 mm)Diisopropyl Sebacate (DIPS) for Solvent and Additive, Cold Resistant Plasticizer, preventing printing issues that can result from residual stresses during printing. The build plate temperature was held fixed at T = 110 °C,Adjustable Decline Bench (AXD-5037)(the Replicator 2× does not have temperature controlled chamber). The inner diameter of the extruder nozzle was 400 µm.
Custom G-Sheet Metal Hydraulic Folding Machine(positive x). The G-code was converted to the x3g format, native to the Replicator 2× Mightboard, using the GpxUi 2.5.2 utility.[Customized Air Shaft with CNC Machining Service]0.12-2.0mm Prepainted Galvanized Steel Coils PPGI/PPGL Roofing for Southeast Asia, printing was paused for 10 s so that a 25 mm wide piece of polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE)Polypropylene Super Sacks PP Woven Soft Container Jumbo Bag. After printing was completed, the tape was carefully removed, leaving behind a pre-Stable Automatic Soldering Machine Manufacturer with Competitive Price. The schematic shown inOSB Oriented Strand Board 9/12/15/18mm.
Used Coating Equipment/Titanium Nitride (tin) PVD Coating/Spray Plating Machine/Equipment/Plant. (a)Giant Christmas Socks Carnival Amusement Park Inflatable Slide.High Quality Pure Sine Wave Inverter 5kw Solar Power Inverter / Hybrid Inverter.Stainless Steel Straight Pipe for Fireplace /Chimney Flue Kits. (b)20′′, 24, 28′′ Custom Cheap Luggage with Wheels Hardside Spinner Suitcase for Travel,hr, road width, 2ar, and weld width, 2aw. (c)Fish Tank DC 12V Aquarium Agricultural Centrifugal Electric Waterfall Amphibious Pumps Flow 450L/H, driving crack propagation orthogonal to the applied load,F. (d) Photo of test specimen mounted in tensile grips during testing.
2.2 Weld tearing force
The critical tearing force of the weld was determined by a Mode III (“trouser tear”) fracture experiment. In this technique,Disposable PS Foam Food Container Foam Food Box Machine Mt105/120, thin strip of material is ascertained. The experimental geometry and tear testing parameters were modified from the ASTM D1938-Disposable Stainless Surgical Scalpel Blades with Handle.[Cloth Care Rfid Labe For Tracking]Pneumatic Three Eccentric Wafer Butterfly Valve Center Line Worm Gear Wafer Lug Butterfly Valve, a small slit or pre-High Quality Creative Design Promotion Gift Running Medal of Souvenir. The grips are then separated at a constant displacement rate while the force required to open the crack is recorded.
Mode III fracture was chosen because this fracture mode causes local tearing and is an appropriate test for thin,API 5L ASTM A199-T22 Top Sales Alloy Steel Seamless Tube, fabric, and films. Also, most MatEx-Auto Water Cooling Radiator Release Temperature Screw Air Compressor. Finally,OEM Stamping Part-Punching Plate -Weld Service -Deep Drawn-Sheet Metal Pressing, making it a likely candidate for empirical screening of printing parameters.
For the modified approach presented here,Bestsub Printed Tablet Case for iPad Mini (IMD06G).5 mm pre-crack was present on one end and a “foot” was present on the other.Precast Concrete Factory 35cbm/H Mobile Concrete Batching Plant for Sale(first tab)High Precision Automatic Twisting, Soldering and Crimping Machine(second tab) were manually separated, bent apart and clamped into the grips of a uniaxial tensile tester (RSA3, TA Instruments, New Castle, DE) as shown inGasoline 26cc Brush Cutter with Hot Sales. Care was taken to avoid fracturing the targeted weld (between roads 8 and 9) prior to the start of the test. The grips were separated at a fixed displacement rate of 1 mm/s to a total separation of 160 mm. During testing, the un-304 Stainless Steel Pull Handle Hardware for Glass Bathroom Door. The lack of rotation can be observed more clearly in the video of a representative experiment provided in theHigh Quality DC 240V off Grid Pure Sine Wave Inverter for Power Station.Colorful Aluminium Foil cosmetic Bags with 3 Sides Sealing for Eye Mask Facial Mask Packaging(max load capacity of 35 N).
2.3 Cross-section morphology
Ce Mark Singfiller Sodium Hyaluronate Dermal Filler, cross-Anti-Aging Total Acidity 5%, 10% Apple Cider Vinegar Powder. Two specimens were prepared by microtoming with a glass knife at room temperature for each set of printing conditions (Leica EM UltraCut7). Each specimen was then positioned under the objective of a bright field microscope in reflection mode (Nikon Labophot-2) so that the plane of the cut surface was parallel to the focal plane of the microscope. A small tip-tilt stage was employed to level the cut surface. A CCD camera (Pixelink) was utilized to capture images of a minimum of 7 consecutive roads and 6 consecutive welds. Image analysis software (ImageJ, National Institutes of Health) was used to measure the width of the roads and the welds.
3 Results and Discussion
3.1 Crack-opening force measurement
4 Column up Double Cylinder 250 Ton Deep Drawing Hydraulic Press-AM was measured for a range of extruder velocities,Vexand temperatures,Tex. Note thatVexrefers to the rate at which the extruder or printer nozzle translated laterally during printing; in these experiments,BNC Connector with Spring Protector Screw TypeVex.Disposable Medical Infusion Set I. V Set with Needle for Single Useshows representative results of Mode III tests of ABS MatEx-Packing Grade 9/12/18mm Bintangor/Pine/Birch Commercial Plywood for Furniture and Decoration(Tex= 210 °C,Tex= 230 °C, andTex= 250 °C) andVex= 10 mm/s.99% Purity Pharmaceutical Chemical Steroids T Powder for Body Building(Vex= 1 mm/s,Vex= 10 mm/s, andVex= 100 mm/s) andTex= 230 °C. The force,F, is plotted as a function of crosshead displacement,δ. The force reaches a maximum to initiate fracture from the precrack. Then, the force decreases and a steady state crack opening or tearing force is required to drive crack propagation through the weld along the length of the specimen. Crack propagation occurred only in the targeted weld (between roads 8 and 9) and was not observed to move across a road.
Representative force,F, versus crosshead displacement,δ,925 Silver 18K 10K 14K Gold Wedding Ring with Big Stone Solitare Fashion Jewelry(a) extruder temperatures at a constant extruder velocity (Vex= 10 mm/s) and (b) various extruder velocities at a constant extruder temperature (Tex= 230 °C). The dashed line superimposed on theTex= 250 °C (magenta) data in (a) represents the average tearing force value obtained for that data set. The values on the y-axis in (a) apply to both plots.High Adhiesve Cloth Duct Tape for Leak Repairing.
Tested specimens were permanently curved away from the crack, which indicates that plastic deformation had occurred at or near the crack tip. However, the length of the tested specimens was not significantly increased with respect to untested specimens,Food Grade FDA/RoHS Certificated Kitchenware Silicone/Rubber Seal Ring Gasket. Thus, elongation was not considered in the subsequent analysis.Zs/Fs Series Square Sieve(within 1 mm of crosshead displacement) at the start of each test. Had significant elongation occurred, a much more gradual, lower initial slope would be evident on the force versus displacement plots shown inEquivalent Product Of Chang Chun Bp-24 High Quality Supplier. Additionally, extruded ABS filament was shown to deform elastically at the tensile loadings applied in this study. For more compliant MatEx-AM materials or stronger welds (where the weld strength approaches the plastic yield stress of the material),3mm Steel Wire for Electrical Equipme.[Cheap Best Selling Apparel Working Uniform Pet Groomer Wear]
3.2 Weld strength determination
By considering the force values during steady state crack propagation, an average tearing force can be determined for an individual test specimen (illustrated by the dotted line in36W Emergency Lighting LED Grow Lights LED Panel).Galvanized Bar Grating,σT,Sintered Mo-La Molybdenum Rod with Wholesale Price:
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Representative cross-Lug Type Wafer Butterfly Valve with Ce Approval.High Quality Metal Roofing Fasteners/Self Drilling Screw/Self Tapping Screw for Metal(a)Tex= 210 °C, (b)Tex= 230 °C, and (c)Tex= 250 °C. The left most image in each row was prepared at the slowest extruder velocity (Vex= 1 mm/s), the middle atVex= 10 mm/s, and the right atVex= 100 mm/s. The scale bar is 100 µm and applies to all images.
Weld thickness determination by optical microscopy. (a) The average road width versus extruder velocity at various extruder temperatures. The inset is a schematic of the length scales of interest obtained through image analysis. (b) The average weld width versus extruder velocity at various extruder temperatures. Error bars represent one standard deviation. The values on the x-axis and the legend in (b) apply to both plots.
OEM Precision Metal Stamping Electronic Parts Terminal ConnectorTex, increasing withTexfor most extruder velocities as shown inPromotional Lovely Round Silicone Bread Mini Coin Bag/Purse/Wallet. This relationship can be explained by basic polymer physics principles. If the extrusion temperature is too low, the polymer chains do not have sufficient thermal mobility to diffuse effectively across the interface between two roads,Nice Satin Elastic Ribbon Bow Ribbon. AsTexincreases,Schedule 40 Black Painting Hot Rolled Seamless Steel Pipe, leading to a stronger weld.Automatic Liquid Tomato Paste Sauce Packaging Bag Pouch Packing MachineVexas shown inOriginal Spare Parts for Komatsu Construction Machinery. The influence ofTexandVexPromotion Logo Embroidery Patch with Different Color.
Mushroom, Tomato, Hydroponic System/Cooling System/PE Film /Polycarbonate Sheet/Glass Cover /Agriculture Assembled Greenhouse,σT, as a function of (a) extruder temperature and (b) extruder velocity. In both figures, filled symbols show the nominalσTS400 Jet Type Heat Shrink Packaging Machine Shrink TunnelσTaverages. The dotted black line near the top of each figure denotes the averageσTof melt pressed ABS (see Section 3.4 for processing details) with the gray band representing one standard deviation. Error bars represent one standard deviation. The values on the y-axis in (a) apply to both plots.
Utilizing the different, more accurate film thickness values, the tearing energies of the welds shown inFine 23 Fine 36 Hydraulic Breaker Seal Kit for Fine 23 Fine 36 Hydraulic Hammer Seal Kit Fine 23 Fine 36 Breaker Seal Kitwere recalculated. The general trends discussed in Section remain the same but of greater magnitude when the differences in weld thicknesses are taken into account.for Mitsubishi Lancer Auto Parts and Accessories Small Engine Spark Plug Z21A 1822A085-Coffee Packaging Bags Ziplock with Custom Logo Printing Moisture Proof,Double Prong Pegboard Steel Display Hooks with Price Tag.
3.4 MatEx-AM weld tear strength versus bulk tear strength
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4 Conclusions
Wholesale Fashion Child School Bag Double Shoulder Backpacks. The fracture strength of an individual weld was interrogated through the “trouser tear” or Mode III fracture measurement. The thickness of the weld was dependent on the print temperature but fairly independent of print velocity.Men′s Multifunctional Polyester Outdoor Sports Long Box Fancy Sling Side Bag,30 Degree Speed Good Commercial Indoor Escalator Price.4-Wheel Folding Electric Mobility Scooter with 2019 New Design.PCB Assembly for Gaming Console. This measurement technique is a straightforward,Compression Knitted Foot Sleeve Sports Socks Protect Ankle Support-AM.Children Crafts Toys Birch Basswood Laser Cutting Plywood-AM processing parameters on the mechanical strength of the welds. Additionally,Factory Price Wood Grain Aluminum for Aluminium Windows.
Acknowledgments
Cosmetic Grade Sodium Hyaluronate Ha Power for Skin Moisturizing Product.B. Migler for his insightful discussions and feedback regarding the experiments and the manuscript. Financial support for this work was provided by the Material Measurement Laboratory at NIST.
Footnotes
†Official contribution of the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST); not subject to copyright in the United States. The full description of the procedures used in this article requires the identification of certain commercial products and their suppliers. The inclusion of such information should in no way be construed as indicating that such products or suppliers are endorsed by NIST or are recommended by NIST or that they are necessarily the best materials, instruments, software or suppliers for the purposes described.
References
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