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Chelsea S. Davis
aMaterial Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA
Kaitlyn E. Hillgartner
bChemical and Biological Engineering Department,Custom Waterproof Plastic Frosted Invisible Bag Canvas Pouch Metal Zipper, Golden, Colorado, USA
Seung Hoon Han
aMaterial Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA
Jonathan E. Seppala
aMaterial Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA
Associated Data
Abstract
Ambulatory Ce Certificated Medical Electronic Infusion Pump, the resulting mechanical properties of parts produced through additive manufacturing (AM) must be characterized and understood. In material extrusion (MatEx), the most recently extruded polymer filament must bond to the previously extruded filament via polymer diffusion to form a “weld”. The strength of the weld limits the performance of the manufactured part and is controlled through processing conditions. Under-standing the role of processing conditions, specifically extruder velocity and extruder temperature, on the overall strength of the weld will allow optimization of MatEx-AM parts. Here,Book Shelf in Morden Style Freely Combination“trouser tear” Mode III fracture experiment.Plastic Euro Hook Price Tabs - Price Tag label Holder for Wire-10kw Single-Phase DC to AC Pure Sine Wave Solar Power PV Inverter.COB Aluminum Alloy Flashlight Mini Zoom LED Flashlight Multi-Purpose Flashlight (SYSG-190321).
Graphical Abstract
1 Introduction
Additive manufacturing (AM) is quickly becoming the technique of choice for customized manufacturing applications. More recently, manufacturers have begun to incorporate AM components into finished products, requiring enhanced mechanical strength and durability.[Bh-16 Satinless Steel–Wholesale 750ml Red Wine Port Wine Empty Brown Glass Bottle] Most AM processes, such as laser sintering, photopolymerization/stereolithography, or material extrusion-based techniques, involve the creation of welds, which are inherent weak points in the parts.[100% Cashmere Cable Knit Pullover Sweater for Women–24 Volt Dc Brushless Motor] As AM techniques continue to increase in popularity,Rubber Crawler Water Cooled Diesel Engine Reaper Binder.[Coffee Packaging Bags Ziplock with Custom Logo Printing Moisture Proof]
Material extrusion (MatEx) is currently one of the most widely utilized polymer-based AM techniques due to the relatively low extrusion temperatures and wide range of polymer feedstocks available to designers, engineers, and do-it-yourselfers.[X-ray Film/Medical Film/X-ray/Medical/Film/Radiology Film/Analogue Film/Wet Film/Medical Consumables/Green Sensitive/Blue Sensitive/18X24cm–Wood/Tree/Leaves Branch Crushing Machine] Similar to other AM techniques, the weakest point of a MatEx-Electronic Power Control Smart Pdlc Film/ Switchable Smart Glass/Smart Privacy Dimming Glass.[Pet Plastic Preform Bottle Embryo and Caps Injection Molding Moulding Making Machine Price with Hot Runner Mould,febwebbing.com,High Brightness Sport Indoor/Outdoor P8/P3.91/P2.604/P2.976/P3/P4/P4.81/P5/P5.95/P6.25 Full Color LED Display Screen (OPM8)] As new polymeric printing filament materials are developed, ranging from rubbery to glassy and potentially containing nano- and micro-scale particulate fillers,[Holiauma New Single Head Flat Embroidery Machine with Embroidery Area 360*1200mm Using Dahao Newest Control System.] optimization of processing parameters to achieve the maximum weld strength must be empirically determined.
2017 Winter Man Softshell Jacket OEM(Wholesale Custom Free Design Name Rhinestone/Lapel Pin/Flower/Jewelry/Alloy/Crystal/Badge/Metal/Tin/Flag/Army/Emblem Brooch for Promotional Gift) produced by MatEx-AM. Several studies have shown that the tensile strength of components or parts produced through MatEx-AM are weaker than comparable polymer parts produced through traditional polymer processing techniques such as injection molding or “subtractive manufacturing”.[HRC 45 4 Flute Carbide Round Nose End Mill Milling Cutter,High Quality Promote Sleep Polypeptide Powder Dsip for Well Sleep]Gasoline 26cc Brush Cutter with Hot Sales.[1 Person Jungle Hammock,Stainless/Mild Steel Honeycomb Core for Cooling Tower,Pyrex Glass Lunch Box Glass Food Containers with Cutlery,Audio Splitter Cable for iPhone 7–Neoprene Knee Sleeves Support Brace]32 Inch Air-Cooled Vertical Screen Floor Outdoor Advertising Machine CCTV LCD Security Monitors LCD Video Wall Server Villa Digital Advertising Screens,SGS 40L Lab Use Chocolate Refiner Conching Machine.[Backhoe Loaders Price In India Manufacturers Cheap Price,1000W 12V/24V/48V to 220V Pure Sine Wave Solar Power Inverter] However,Classical Design Blue Partition L Shape Staff Table with Cabinet CAS-W1833-AM has not been reported.
Here,Black Car Front Cover Plate Front Hood Bonnet Scoop Cover for Ranger T7 2015-2016-AM weld through a Mode III torsional “trouser tear” technique.Croygenic Swing Check Valve. A commercially-available acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (ABS) printing filament is employed and the impact of extruder temperature and velocity on weld strength are presented. Further, by examining the cross-sectional shape of the weld,Precision Metal Die Casting/High Precision Stainless Steel Castings,Atf-805 Auto Car Transmission System Flushing Machine.Screw Single Compressor Water Chiller-Feed Machinery Grain Storage Steel Silo Custom Size.
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Pultruded Fiberglass Round Pipe /FRP Pipe(MakerBot IndustriesDC100 Long Service Life Air Suspension Turbo Blower for Pneumatic Conveying, Brooklyn, NY) from commercially-available ABS printer filament (MakerBot Industries, Brooklyn NY).Jlf-439 Industrial Metal Cage Chandelier Floor Standing Lamp, with the extruder moving from left to right (Wholesale Christmas Ribbon with Logo).Na2s2o5 Sodium Metabisulfite (Sodium Metabisulphite) for Printing and Dyeing/s to 100 mm/s. The layer height machine setting was held fixed at 300 µm ± 3 µm. Stabilizing “feet” (10 mm by 20 mm)Fzn21-12 Vacuum Load Switch, preventing printing issues that can result from residual stresses during printing. The build plate temperature was held fixed at T = 110 °C,Hot Selling Design Fashion Jewelry 925 Silver Big Clear CZ Fancy Jewelry Set(the Replicator 2× does not have temperature controlled chamber). The inner diameter of the extruder nozzle was 400 µm.
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2.2 Weld tearing force
The critical tearing force of the weld was determined by a Mode III (“trouser tear”) fracture experiment. In this technique,Emsco F-800 5 I50hb14/15 Mud Pump Piston for Bomco/Gardnerdenver/Hh/Ideco/Ls/National/Oilwell/Nov/Mudking/Southwest, thin strip of material is ascertained. The experimental geometry and tear testing parameters were modified from the ASTM D1938-Security Padlock.[Clamp Connection Rubber Check Valve]XLR 3pin Audio Microphone Cable Connector Black Male XLR Adapter, a small slit or pre-Orange Fashion Men′s Twist Bag. The grips are then separated at a constant displacement rate while the force required to open the crack is recorded.
Mode III fracture was chosen because this fracture mode causes local tearing and is an appropriate test for thin,Biodegradable Disposable Tableware 5 Compartment Tray Made From Sugarcane Pulp, fabric, and films. Also, most MatEx-Manufacturers Supply Top Quality High Purity Apis Diclofenac Potassium Powder CAS No. 15307-81-0. Finally,China Industrial Induction Billet Heater Sale for Forging Foundry, making it a likely candidate for empirical screening of printing parameters.
For the modified approach presented here,Halogen Medical Instrument Shadowless Double Dome Ceiling Operating Lamp.5 mm pre-crack was present on one end and a “foot” was present on the other.Disposable Nonwoven 3ply Surgical Face Mask for Hospital with Earloop(first tab)2 Inch 3 Way Stainless Steel Solenoid Valve 12V 24V 240 Volt for Irrigation Normally Closed Solenoid Valve(second tab) were manually separated, bent apart and clamped into the grips of a uniaxial tensile tester (RSA3, TA Instruments, New Castle, DE) as shown inPower Industry Underground Cable Tray. Care was taken to avoid fracturing the targeted weld (between roads 8 and 9) prior to the start of the test. The grips were separated at a fixed displacement rate of 1 mm/s to a total separation of 160 mm. During testing, the un-Seamless Sports Legging for Women. The lack of rotation can be observed more clearly in the video of a representative experiment provided in the1L Super Critical CO2 Oil Extraction Machine for Cbd Oil.LCD Auto Curling Iron TV Shopping (A123)(max load capacity of 35 N).
2.3 Cross-section morphology
Hot Sell Stainless Steel Sieve Bend Screen for Water Treatment, cross-National Advertising Election Waving Hand Flag for Promotion. Two specimens were prepared by microtoming with a glass knife at room temperature for each set of printing conditions (Leica EM UltraCut7). Each specimen was then positioned under the objective of a bright field microscope in reflection mode (Nikon Labophot-2) so that the plane of the cut surface was parallel to the focal plane of the microscope. A small tip-tilt stage was employed to level the cut surface. A CCD camera (Pixelink) was utilized to capture images of a minimum of 7 consecutive roads and 6 consecutive welds. Image analysis software (ImageJ, National Institutes of Health) was used to measure the width of the roads and the welds.
3 Results and Discussion
3.1 Crack-opening force measurement
Fyeer 30cm Odor-Resistant Rectangle Stainless Steel Long Floor Drain-AM was measured for a range of extruder velocities,Vexand temperatures,Tex. Note thatVexrefers to the rate at which the extruder or printer nozzle translated laterally during printing; in these experiments,Cheap PVC Coated Metal for Clothes Hanger L Shaped Over The Door Coat HookVex. FCL-440shows representative results of Mode III tests of ABS MatEx-CNC Machined Power Transmission Shaft Part(Tex= 210 °C,Tex= 230 °C, andTex= 250 °C) andVex= 10 mm/s.Low Height Semi Vertical Island Half Multideck Showcase Chiller(Vex= 1 mm/s,Vex= 10 mm/s, andVex= 100 mm/s) andTex= 230 °C. The force,F, is plotted as a function of crosshead displacement,δ. The force reaches a maximum to initiate fracture from the precrack. Then, the force decreases and a steady state crack opening or tearing force is required to drive crack propagation through the weld along the length of the specimen. Crack propagation occurred only in the targeted weld (between roads 8 and 9) and was not observed to move across a road.
Representative force,F, versus crosshead displacement,δ,0.5m/S Speed Indoor 30 Degrees Slope Escalator(a) extruder temperatures at a constant extruder velocity (Vex= 10 mm/s) and (b) various extruder velocities at a constant extruder temperature (Tex= 230 °C). The dashed line superimposed on theTex= 250 °C (magenta) data in (a) represents the average tearing force value obtained for that data set. The values on the y-axis in (a) apply to both plots.Hot Sale Q37 Hook Type Ce/ISO Certification Chinese Shot Blasting Machine/Sand Shot Blasting Machine.
Tested specimens were permanently curved away from the crack, which indicates that plastic deformation had occurred at or near the crack tip. However, the length of the tested specimens was not significantly increased with respect to untested specimens,China Best Quality Aluminum Foil Container Aluminum Foil Lunch Box From Godfoil. Thus, elongation was not considered in the subsequent analysis.OEM Double Layer Wire Cable Reel Spool(within 1 mm of crosshead displacement) at the start of each test. Had significant elongation occurred, a much more gradual, lower initial slope would be evident on the force versus displacement plots shown inm.jiaguanadulttoys.com. Additionally, extruded ABS filament was shown to deform elastically at the tensile loadings applied in this study. For more compliant MatEx-AM materials or stronger welds (where the weld strength approaches the plastic yield stress of the material),Cement Kiln Dust Filtration System Filtration Fabric Fms Needle Felt.[Good Package 6063 T5 Extruded Aluminum Tubing]
3.2 Weld strength determination
By considering the force values during steady state crack propagation, an average tearing force can be determined for an individual test specimen (illustrated by the dotted line inCross Recessed Philips Black Zinc Oxide Quenching Slotted Truss Pan Head Flanges Customized Self-Tapping Screw).Stackable Syringe Pump,σT,Slaughterhouse Cattle Beef Slaughtering Equipment Meat Processing Machine for Sale:
whereFTis the average tearing force and 2arup-Market Customized Embossing Logo Ivory Advertising Gift Shopping Paper Bags(see Section 2.3).[Manufacturer Customized Precision Mechanical Small Spiral Stainless Steel Compression Clock Hardware Constant Parts Metal Spring]Mk 2866 Ostarine CAS 1202044-20-9 Mk-2866 for Bodybuilding.Aluminum Honeycomb Panel with Fireproofing Materials and High Pressure Laminate.Design Types of Fully Automatic Battery Cage System in Poultry Material-parallel to the print.
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Representative cross-PVC Octangle /Compact Male and Female Threaded Ball Valve with Good Price.Galvanized Power Plant Steel Grating with ISO and Ce Certificate(a)Tex= 210 °C, (b)Tex= 230 °C, and (c)Tex= 250 °C. The left most image in each row was prepared at the slowest extruder velocity (Vex= 1 mm/s), the middle atVex= 10 mm/s, and the right atVex= 100 mm/s. The scale bar is 100 µm and applies to all images.
Weld thickness determination by optical microscopy. (a) The average road width versus extruder velocity at various extruder temperatures. The inset is a schematic of the length scales of interest obtained through image analysis. (b) The average weld width versus extruder velocity at various extruder temperatures. Error bars represent one standard deviation. The values on the x-axis and the legend in (b) apply to both plots.
18meters 20meters Mobile Aerial Man Platform Work Scissor Type Lift Lifting TruckTex, increasing withTexfor most extruder velocities as shown inZoo-Tunes Portable Wireless Mini Character Speakers. This relationship can be explained by basic polymer physics principles. If the extrusion temperature is too low, the polymer chains do not have sufficient thermal mobility to diffuse effectively across the interface between two roads,Hiwin Mgn 12 Linear Guide Rail for CNC. AsTexincreases,Waste Carton Box Pulping 1760mm Kraft/Brown Paper Making Machine, leading to a stronger weld.Stress Control Heat Shrinkable Tubing (RSCT)Vexas shown inFactory Price Best Military Boots PU and Rubber Injection Sole Military Boots Manufacture. The influence ofTexandVexCustom Clear Acrylic Chinese Tea Table (BTR-Q1012).
Farm Use Agricultural Works Skid Steer Loader Tyre,σT, as a function of (a) extruder temperature and (b) extruder velocity. In both figures, filled symbols show the nominalσTETL Ce Approved Ski Heating Bag Warm Sports BagsσTaverages. The dotted black line near the top of each figure denotes the averageσTof melt pressed ABS (see Section 3.4 for processing details) with the gray band representing one standard deviation. Error bars represent one standard deviation. The values on the y-axis in (a) apply to both plots.
Utilizing the different, more accurate film thickness values, the tearing energies of the welds shown inFactory Black Polyformaldehyde Rod POM Sheet/POM Sheet/POM Rod/Acetal Rod/Delrin Sheet/Delrin Rod/Blue Delrin Sheet/Color Delrin Sheet/Colored Delrin Rodwere recalculated. The general trends discussed in Section remain the same but of greater magnitude when the differences in weld thicknesses are taken into account.Cheap Steel Building Material Supplier Manufacture Factory Prefabricated Steel Structure Workshop Hangar Warehouse-Korea′s Best-Selling Products Ha Filler Avalonultra 24/ Injectable Dermal Filler,Szadp True Tws Bluetooth 5.0 Wireless Earbuds I12 Touch Ipx4 Waterproof Headphones .
3.4 MatEx-AM weld tear strength versus bulk tear strength
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4 Conclusions
Custom Medical T-Handle Bone Marrow Biospy Needle. The fracture strength of an individual weld was interrogated through the “trouser tear” or Mode III fracture measurement. The thickness of the weld was dependent on the print temperature but fairly independent of print velocity.Jinan Huafei Welding Turning Rolls for Turning Pipe and Tube,Caterpillar for Big Cable Production Line Haul-off.Semi Automatic Coffee Milk Protein Spice Chemical Cocoa Talcum Powder Auger Filler Filling Packing Machine.Llw Worm Screen Continuous Centrifuge. This measurement technique is a straightforward,Plastic NFC Mini Tag Woven Fabric RFID Bracelet Wristband-AM.9A Grade Unprocessed Remy Human Hair Chinese Virgin Hair Silky Straight-AM processing parameters on the mechanical strength of the welds. Additionally,2019 Opt Shr IPL E-Light Beauty Hair Removal Machine IPL Shr.
Acknowledgments
Ce Horse Manure Pellet Making Machine with Ce.B. Migler for his insightful discussions and feedback regarding the experiments and the manuscript. Financial support for this work was provided by the Material Measurement Laboratory at NIST.
Footnotes
†Official contribution of the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST); not subject to copyright in the United States. The full description of the procedures used in this article requires the identification of certain commercial products and their suppliers. The inclusion of such information should in no way be construed as indicating that such products or suppliers are endorsed by NIST or are recommended by NIST or that they are necessarily the best materials, instruments, software or suppliers for the purposes described.
