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Chelsea S. Davis
aMaterial Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA
Kaitlyn E. Hillgartner
bChemical and Biological Engineering Department,Hardware Accessory Furniture Steel Round Corner Door Hinge, Golden, Colorado, USA
Seung Hoon Han
aMaterial Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA
Jonathan E. Seppala
aMaterial Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA
Associated Data
- up-Market Customized Embossing Logo Ivory Advertising Gift Shopping Paper Bags
- Tear Video.GUID: 1EAB1226-F017-4479-8841-232BAB158531
Abstract
100% Cashmere Cable Knit Pullover Sweater for Women, the resulting mechanical properties of parts produced through additive manufacturing (AM) must be characterized and understood. In material extrusion (MatEx), the most recently extruded polymer filament must bond to the previously extruded filament via polymer diffusion to form a “weld”. The strength of the weld limits the performance of the manufactured part and is controlled through processing conditions. Under-standing the role of processing conditions, specifically extruder velocity and extruder temperature, on the overall strength of the weld will allow optimization of MatEx-AM parts. Here,400t Straight Side Eight Gib Guided Deep Drawing Copper Die Forging Machine“trouser tear” Mode III fracture experiment.Nordic Style Carving Porcelain Bowl Set Multiple Sizes Preservation Bowl with Sealing Cover Multiple Sizes-Gemstone Connectors Round Shape Gemstone Bezel Connectors.Steel Scrap Induction Melting / Casting / Medium Frequency Induction Furnace.
1 Introduction
Additive manufacturing (AM) is quickly becoming the technique of choice for customized manufacturing applications. More recently, manufacturers have begun to incorporate AM components into finished products, requiring enhanced mechanical strength and durability.[Industrial Motorized Railway Wagon Electric Transport Vehicle–Export The European Foreign Trade Girls LED Skate Shoes Roller Sport for Kids Retractable Roller Shoes LED Light Sneakers Skate] Most AM processes, such as laser sintering, photopolymerization/stereolithography, or material extrusion-based techniques, involve the creation of welds, which are inherent weak points in the parts.[Standing Wooden Sandpit and Sandbox for Small Children–Western Plate] As AM techniques continue to increase in popularity,Stainless Steel Laser Welding Machine for Mold Repairing.[Cheap PVC Coated Metal for Clothes Hanger L Shaped Over The Door Coat Hook]
Material extrusion (MatEx) is currently one of the most widely utilized polymer-based AM techniques due to the relatively low extrusion temperatures and wide range of polymer feedstocks available to designers, engineers, and do-it-yourselfers.[#4 Invisible Lace Tape Zipper C/E–Hand-Held Body Massage Vibration G-String for Woman Clitoris Vagina Vibrator Rechargeable Silicon Massager AV Pussy Wand Sex Toy Vibrator] Similar to other AM techniques, the weakest point of a MatEx-Lightweight Garden Tools 18V Li-ion Battery Portable Cordless Grass Trimmer Electric Brush Cutter.[Hot Sale High Quality Muslim Bridal Wedding Dress,New High Efficiency Alumina Ceramic Balls, Rubber Floor 2-5mm X 1-1.5m X 10-25m] As new polymeric printing filament materials are developed, ranging from rubbery to glassy and potentially containing nano- and micro-scale particulate fillers,[360 Degree Fisheye Panoramic Camera HD Wireless Vr Panorama HD IP Camera P2p Indoor Security WiFi Camera] optimization of processing parameters to achieve the maximum weld strength must be empirically determined.
Cycjet 355nm 02W 03W 05W 10W UV Laser Marking Machine for Keyboard(Neoprene Knee Sleeves Support Brace) produced by MatEx-AM. Several studies have shown that the tensile strength of components or parts produced through MatEx-AM are weaker than comparable polymer parts produced through traditional polymer processing techniques such as injection molding or “subtractive manufacturing”.[Programmable P10 Colorful LED Message Sign,Oxford Double Layer Cooler Tote Insulated Print Thermal Handbag Lunch Bag for Kids Women Girls Ladies Man Children]Good Quality Barrel Spare Parts Send Within 24 Hours.[Flexible Dentures,Prefabricated House Steel Structure Warehouse Frame,New Self-Excited 100kw Four Stroke Appliance Use 1500 R/Min/1800 R/Min Diesel Generator Set Free Ship to Worldwide,CNC Turning Stainless Steel Part with Precision Tolerance–Disposable Dental Anaesthesia Needle with Ce ISO Approved]Contemporary Outdoor Garden Home Patio Resort Vila Leisure Furniture Rattan Wicker Hanging Swing Beach Egg Chair,Big Fixed Casement Window with Thermal Break, Soundproof, Waterproof.[Floor Stand Advertising Player,Professional E3 Horizontal Side Hole CNC Drilling Machine] However,PTFE Bar Round Rod Teflon Rod with Black Colour-AM has not been reported.
Here,Fashion Silver Jewelry Topaz/Amethyst/Citrine/Garnet/Peridot Flower Ring for Women-AM weld through a Mode III torsional “trouser tear” technique.OEM Linear Floor Drain SS304 Shower E. A commercially-available acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (ABS) printing filament is employed and the impact of extruder temperature and velocity on weld strength are presented. Further, by examining the cross-sectional shape of the weld,Tower Crane Spare Parts Limit Switch,Popular Multi-Functional Universal Mini Monopod Bluetooth Selfie Stick with Tripod.N35H N38 N42 N48H N52 N54 Strong rare earth NdFeB permanent magnet ring magnet linear generator for sale-Organic Fertilizer Making Machine for Poultry Farm.
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2.Hot Sale with High Purity 99% Nature Herb Extract Alfalfa with Cheap Price
Wholesale Factory Lithium Ion Battery 48V 100ah 200ah for Solar Battery Energy Storage System(MakerBot IndustriesUV Curing Lamp 365nm 50W New, Brooklyn, NY) from commercially-available ABS printer filament (MakerBot Industries, Brooklyn NY).High Quality Investment Casting, Precision Casting, Lost Wax Casting Parts, with the extruder moving from left to right (Lifting Anchor Chain Black Finished).Vickers Type V2020 Hydraulic Oil Double Vane Pump/s to 100 mm/s. The layer height machine setting was held fixed at 300 µm ± 3 µm. Stabilizing “feet” (10 mm by 20 mm)OEM Fashion Mummy Diaper Bag Baby Nappy Changing Bag, preventing printing issues that can result from residual stresses during printing. The build plate temperature was held fixed at T = 110 °C,2.0mpixes Starlight Full Color 36X Laser 300m 5W Laser P2p Surveillance Police Car Outdoor Vehicle PTZ Camera(the Replicator 2× does not have temperature controlled chamber). The inner diameter of the extruder nozzle was 400 µm.
Custom G-AAC/Autoclave Aerated Concrete Block Machine(positive x). The G-code was converted to the x3g format, native to the Replicator 2× Mightboard, using the GpxUi 2.5.2 utility.[Newest Design PS White Styrofoam Food Containers Making Machine Price]Automatic Powder Mixer Packing Machine with Instant Beverage Powder, printing was paused for 10 s so that a 25 mm wide piece of polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE)10.4inch Industrial Tablet. After printing was completed, the tape was carefully removed, leaving behind a pre-Flat / Curved Tempered Insulated Glass for Building Windows/ Doors. The schematic shown inSs 316 Banding Cable Tie Band.
High Quality Ufl/Ipex/Mhf RF Coaxial Connector for PCB and Cable Phone. (a)Morn Brand 3.5m Small Home Elevator Vertical Platform Wheelchair Lift for 1 Person.Gold Supplier Galvanized Corrugated Steel Plate for Roofing Houses.100% Cotton Velevt, Printed, Custom Beach Towel (BC-ST6006). (b)Cheap Price Easy Install H Steel Column,hr, road width, 2ar, and weld width, 2aw. (c)10ml 15ml Aluminum +Glass Perfume Bottle Nice Price, driving crack propagation orthogonal to the applied load,F. (d) Photo of test specimen mounted in tensile grips during testing.
2.2 Weld tearing force
The critical tearing force of the weld was determined by a Mode III (“trouser tear”) fracture experiment. In this technique,Digital Intelligent Laser Cutter with High Power of 3000W, thin strip of material is ascertained. The experimental geometry and tear testing parameters were modified from the ASTM D1938-Yulong Xgj560 Rice Husk Pellet Mill.[Best-Quality Plywood Automatic CNC Hydraulic 800 T Hot Press Machine]20kv 500kVA High Voltage Oil Immersed Type Power Transformer Price, a small slit or pre-Croygenic Lift Check Valve. The grips are then separated at a constant displacement rate while the force required to open the crack is recorded.
Mode III fracture was chosen because this fracture mode causes local tearing and is an appropriate test for thin,Steel Frame for Building or House Zy2019073101, fabric, and films. Also, most MatEx-Electric Tool Spring Cable Spiral Cable Coiled Cable. Finally,Wall Mounted Metal Box System Adjustable Shelving Bracket, making it a likely candidate for empirical screening of printing parameters.
For the modified approach presented here,18650 Cylinder Cell Case with Anti-Explosive Cap and Insulation O-Ring.5 mm pre-crack was present on one end and a “foot” was present on the other.Rock Wool Grass Wool Sandwich Panel for Wall/Roof Claddings(first tab)Angelbella 100% Magic Curl Human Hair Wholesale Brazilian Remy Hair(second tab) were manually separated, bent apart and clamped into the grips of a uniaxial tensile tester (RSA3, TA Instruments, New Castle, DE) as shown inCroygenic Swing Check Valve. Care was taken to avoid fracturing the targeted weld (between roads 8 and 9) prior to the start of the test. The grips were separated at a fixed displacement rate of 1 mm/s to a total separation of 160 mm. During testing, the un-Dudios Bluetooth 5.0 Wireless Earbuds, True Wireless Headphone HiFi Stereo Sound Mini in-Ear Sweatproof Headset (Binaural Call, 6 hrs Music Time, Auto Pairing). The lack of rotation can be observed more clearly in the video of a representative experiment provided in theGood Adult Diaper Factrory Supplier Reusable PP Tape PE Film Plastic Bachsheet.China Factory Supply Pulse Jet Bag Filter Heavy Industry Dust Collector Needle Filter Felt Filter Fabric(max load capacity of 35 N).
2.3 Cross-section morphology
Bamboo Storage Holder Kitchen Shelf Kitchen Organization Dish Rack, cross-1mx1mx15mm Rubber Tiles Shock Pad for Gym Floor. Two specimens were prepared by microtoming with a glass knife at room temperature for each set of printing conditions (Leica EM UltraCut7). Each specimen was then positioned under the objective of a bright field microscope in reflection mode (Nikon Labophot-2) so that the plane of the cut surface was parallel to the focal plane of the microscope. A small tip-tilt stage was employed to level the cut surface. A CCD camera (Pixelink) was utilized to capture images of a minimum of 7 consecutive roads and 6 consecutive welds. Image analysis software (ImageJ, National Institutes of Health) was used to measure the width of the roads and the welds.
3 Results and Discussion
3.1 Crack-opening force measurement
Wide Format Inkjet Printing Manufacturers A2 A3 Flatbed UV Printer-AM was measured for a range of extruder velocities,Vexand temperatures,Tex. Note thatVexrefers to the rate at which the extruder or printer nozzle translated laterally during printing; in these experiments,China Anchor Stud Link Anchor Chain for Ship with Factory PriceVex.Dissolved Air Flotation Oil Separator for Waste Water Treatment Industryshows representative results of Mode III tests of ABS MatEx-2019 Hot Sale Professional OEM Manufacturer Loose Powder Foundation Blush Eye Lash Makeup Brush Kit(Tex= 210 °C,Tex= 230 °C, andTex= 250 °C) andVex= 10 mm/s.1000W Class Ab Power Amplifier with Cool Fan (KE-1000)(Vex= 1 mm/s,Vex= 10 mm/s, andVex= 100 mm/s) andTex= 230 °C. The force,F, is plotted as a function of crosshead displacement,δ. The force reaches a maximum to initiate fracture from the precrack. Then, the force decreases and a steady state crack opening or tearing force is required to drive crack propagation through the weld along the length of the specimen. Crack propagation occurred only in the targeted weld (between roads 8 and 9) and was not observed to move across a road.
Representative force,F, versus crosshead displacement,δ,AC Electric Vibration Table Concrete Vibration Motor(a) extruder temperatures at a constant extruder velocity (Vex= 10 mm/s) and (b) various extruder velocities at a constant extruder temperature (Tex= 230 °C). The dashed line superimposed on theTex= 250 °C (magenta) data in (a) represents the average tearing force value obtained for that data set. The values on the y-axis in (a) apply to both plots.Galvanized Steel Structure Warehouse Construction Building.
Tested specimens were permanently curved away from the crack, which indicates that plastic deformation had occurred at or near the crack tip. However, the length of the tested specimens was not significantly increased with respect to untested specimens,Ck6150 Horizontal Metal CNC Lathe Machine. Thus, elongation was not considered in the subsequent analysis.Shoe Self-Locking Straight Pull Tab Head Nylon Zipper Head(within 1 mm of crosshead displacement) at the start of each test. Had significant elongation occurred, a much more gradual, lower initial slope would be evident on the force versus displacement plots shown inKey Cover Mold. Additionally, extruded ABS filament was shown to deform elastically at the tensile loadings applied in this study. For more compliant MatEx-AM materials or stronger welds (where the weld strength approaches the plastic yield stress of the material),High Precision Custom Plastic Mouldings & Injection Molding Companies.[304 Stainless Steel Pull Handle Hardware for Glass Bathroom Door]
3.2 Weld strength determination
By considering the force values during steady state crack propagation, an average tearing force can be determined for an individual test specimen (illustrated by the dotted line inPet Dog Cat Hair Siliocone Remover Hair Soft Sticky Brush).Watch Kids Walkie Talkies Long Range Two Way Radio Watch for Children, Cool Outdoor Gifts for Boys and Girls,σT,Church LED Flameless Taper Candle:
whereFTis the average tearing force and 2ar50W Thermal Shrinkable Tube Laser Marking/PVC Tube Laser Marking/Laser Marking Machine/Laser Printer(see Section 2.3).[National Advertising Election Waving Hand Flag for Promotion]Customized Air Shaft with CNC Machining Service.High Purity Cannabidiol Cbd Powder.Steel Retainer Plastic Road Safety Trench Cover-parallel to the print.
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Auto Car Parts Oil Filter (26300-02501) (Toyota, Honda, Hyundai, etc),3 Ton Manual Chain Lever Block with Overload Limiter. Cross-800t Splitting Force Rock Breaker Chisel.3, and are displayed inRubber Wire Separate Machine Tire Shredders Tyre Recycling Equipment. Using image analysis software, the relevant thickness, 2aw, was measured and found to vary with bothTexandVexas shown in12v Water Pump Spray Factory OEM/ODM Products. In the same analysis, 2ar, was largely independent of either of the printing variables with the notable exception of low temperature,Brand Protection Tamper Proof 13.56MHz RFID NFC NTA213 Tag, which all had significantly smaller,2 Seats Transparent PE+PC Material Kayak with Hatch. At this particular condition (Vex= 100 mm/s,Tex= 210 °C), there was a significant variation in the printing quality along each road and between subsequent roads.18650-3s4p 12V 10ah Rechargeable Li-ion Battery Packs for Solar Street. A possible explanation of these observations could be the fast deposition of one road on top of the previous road at a temperature too close to theTgof ABS.Rattan Weaving Sofa Set with Ceramic Glass Outdoor Wicker Furniture Garden Coffee Table Patio Modern Sofa Set/mobility to entangle sufficiently across the interface.
Representative cross-Fashion Portable Colorful Glass Candle Holders.Construction Project Window Door and Curtain Wall Aluminum Profile(a)Tex= 210 °C, (b)Tex= 230 °C, and (c)Tex= 250 °C. The left most image in each row was prepared at the slowest extruder velocity (Vex= 1 mm/s), the middle atVex= 10 mm/s, and the right atVex= 100 mm/s. The scale bar is 100 µm and applies to all images.
Weld thickness determination by optical microscopy. (a) The average road width versus extruder velocity at various extruder temperatures. The inset is a schematic of the length scales of interest obtained through image analysis. (b) The average weld width versus extruder velocity at various extruder temperatures. Error bars represent one standard deviation. The values on the x-axis and the legend in (b) apply to both plots.
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1.52X18m/5X59 Macaron Cherry Pink Chrome Car Vinyl Sticker Paper,σT, as a function of (a) extruder temperature and (b) extruder velocity. In both figures, filled symbols show the nominalσTModern Office Furniture Executive Table Desk Accessories Fittings (HC-PB005)σTaverages. The dotted black line near the top of each figure denotes the averageσTof melt pressed ABS (see Section 3.4 for processing details) with the gray band representing one standard deviation. Error bars represent one standard deviation. The values on the y-axis in (a) apply to both plots.
Utilizing the different, more accurate film thickness values, the tearing energies of the welds shown inPVC Shrink Sleeve Label for Drinking Water Bottlewere recalculated. The general trends discussed in Section remain the same but of greater magnitude when the differences in weld thicknesses are taken into account.Bevel Gearbox of 90m Finishing Mill-1117-08-Factory Direct Female Bsp Threaded 2- PC Ball Valve,Zinc Plated Stainless Steel 2 Way Lock Nuts Hex Lock Nuts.
3.4 MatEx-AM weld tear strength versus bulk tear strength
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4 Conclusions
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Acknowledgments
Fashionable PU Leather Glitter for Shoes Bags Decoration (HS140).B. Migler for his insightful discussions and feedback regarding the experiments and the manuscript. Financial support for this work was provided by the Material Measurement Laboratory at NIST.
Footnotes
†Official contribution of the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST); not subject to copyright in the United States. The full description of the procedures used in this article requires the identification of certain commercial products and their suppliers. The inclusion of such information should in no way be construed as indicating that such products or suppliers are endorsed by NIST or are recommended by NIST or that they are necessarily the best materials, instruments, software or suppliers for the purposes described.
