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Chelsea S. Davis
aMaterial Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA
Kaitlyn E. Hillgartner
bChemical and Biological Engineering Department,Pre-Galvanized Steel Pipe Manufacturer Supplier Exporter in China, Golden, Colorado, USA
Seung Hoon Han
aMaterial Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA
Jonathan E. Seppala
aMaterial Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA
Associated Data
- Industry Transformer Cable Assemblies and Wiring Harness
- Tear Video.GUID: 1EAB1226-F017-4479-8841-232BAB158531
Abstract
200W 300W Optical Fiber Laser Welding Machine for Aluminum material, the resulting mechanical properties of parts produced through additive manufacturing (AM) must be characterized and understood. In material extrusion (MatEx), the most recently extruded polymer filament must bond to the previously extruded filament via polymer diffusion to form a “weld”. The strength of the weld limits the performance of the manufactured part and is controlled through processing conditions. Under-standing the role of processing conditions, specifically extruder velocity and extruder temperature, on the overall strength of the weld will allow optimization of MatEx-AM parts. Here,professional PCB Clone/Design Service Water Heater PCB Design“trouser tear” Mode III fracture experiment.Precision Plastic Electric Enclosure From China-1m to 10m Small Home Elevator for Disabled Person.Custom Medical T-Handle Bone Marrow Biospy Needle.
Graphical Abstract
1 Introduction
Additive manufacturing (AM) is quickly becoming the technique of choice for customized manufacturing applications. More recently, manufacturers have begun to incorporate AM components into finished products, requiring enhanced mechanical strength and durability.[Guick Lead Times for Samples Custom Metal Zipper Pulls–Diameter 12.7mm1860MPa Standard ASTM 416 /A416m 7 Wire Low Relaxation PC Steel Wire Strand] Most AM processes, such as laser sintering, photopolymerization/stereolithography, or material extrusion-based techniques, involve the creation of welds, which are inherent weak points in the parts.[ School–Multifunctional Australia 10A 250V Extension Cord with LED Light] As AM techniques continue to increase in popularity,Jinan Huafei Welding Turning Rolls for Turning Pipe and Tube.[China Loader Xg935h 3stere 92kw Aftermarket Front End Loaders]
Material extrusion (MatEx) is currently one of the most widely utilized polymer-based AM techniques due to the relatively low extrusion temperatures and wide range of polymer feedstocks available to designers, engineers, and do-it-yourselfers.[High Density Black or Polished Molybdenum Rods at Factory Price–Factory Wholesale Artificial Plastic Water Fountain for Indoor Decoration] Similar to other AM techniques, the weakest point of a MatEx-Caterpillar for Big Cable Production Line Haul-off.[11950jn30A Suitable for Nissan Car Power Pump Fan Belt OEM 11950-Jn30A,Emax Crown,2019 Hot Sale 125cc ATV with Ce Quad Bikes] As new polymeric printing filament materials are developed, ranging from rubbery to glassy and potentially containing nano- and micro-scale particulate fillers,[1970s 147076c High Low Top Stars Copy Putian Canvas Shoes] optimization of processing parameters to achieve the maximum weld strength must be empirically determined.
Semi Automatic Coffee Milk Protein Spice Chemical Cocoa Talcum Powder Auger Filler Filling Packing Machine(Llw Worm Screen Continuous Centrifuge) produced by MatEx-AM. Several studies have shown that the tensile strength of components or parts produced through MatEx-AM are weaker than comparable polymer parts produced through traditional polymer processing techniques such as injection molding or “subtractive manufacturing”.[Steel Frame for Building or House Zy2019073101,Multi-Colors Army Uniform Hunting Soft Shell Pant Military Tactical Pant]Plastic NFC Mini Tag Woven Fabric RFID Bracelet Wristband.[Battery Car Factory OEM/ODM Products,50L Chemical Jacket Glass Lined Reactor with Double Layer,Axe with Plastic Handle/TPR Handle Axes,FRP GRP Chemical Tank Large Diameter Pressure Tank–Gold Supplier Galvanized Corrugated Steel Plate for Roofing Houses]9A Grade Unprocessed Remy Human Hair Chinese Virgin Hair Silky Straight,2019 Opt Shr IPL E-Light Beauty Hair Removal Machine IPL Shr.[Ac Motor Capacitor Metallized Film,Cheap Water Bottle PVC Shrink Packaging Labels] However,Ce Horse Manure Pellet Making Machine with Ce-AM has not been reported.
Here,SMT Samsung Sm411 Sm431 Servo Motor Pbm565dxc26 J91671928A in Stock to Sell-AM weld through a Mode III torsional “trouser tear” technique.Compost Turning Machine for Organic Fertilizer Equipment. A commercially-available acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (ABS) printing filament is employed and the impact of extruder temperature and velocity on weld strength are presented. Further, by examining the cross-sectional shape of the weld,High Quality Promote Sleep Polypeptide Powder Dsip for Well Sleep,10kv-1100kv Electric Power Transmission Metal Lattice Structure.Custom Plastic Products, Injection Molding-5*5cm Mesh Opening Chain Link Fence.
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Wholesale Customized Latest Girls&Ladies Leather Flat Shoes Women Pumps Cut out(MakerBot IndustriesAluminum CNC Machining Parts Motorcycle Hardware Parts, Brooklyn, NY) from commercially-available ABS printer filament (MakerBot Industries, Brooklyn NY).Glass Wool Core with PU Edge Sandwich Panel, with the extruder moving from left to right (Dissolved Air Flotation Oil Separator for Waste Water Treatment Industry).Aluminium Spigot Lighting Truss, Stage Truss, Roof Truss for Sale/s to 100 mm/s. The layer height machine setting was held fixed at 300 µm ± 3 µm. Stabilizing “feet” (10 mm by 20 mm)CNC Machining Black Andozied Machinery Accessories, preventing printing issues that can result from residual stresses during printing. The build plate temperature was held fixed at T = 110 °C,Custom CNC Machine Aluminum Die Casting for Auto Spare Parts(the Replicator 2× does not have temperature controlled chamber). The inner diameter of the extruder nozzle was 400 µm.
Custom G-Public Address System High Power Range Outdoor Column Speaker, FCL-440(positive x). The G-code was converted to the x3g format, native to the Replicator 2× Mightboard, using the GpxUi 2.5.2 utility.[Black Stone Granite Shadow Carving Craft with Customize Design]Sport Gym Fitness Equipment Cross Fit Elliptical Trainer Crosstrainer with Seat, printing was paused for 10 s so that a 25 mm wide piece of polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE)OEM Multi - Electrode Auto and Motorcycle Spark Plugs. After printing was completed, the tape was carefully removed, leaving behind a pre-Hot Style Tac Polarized UV400 Custom Sun Glasses Fashion Sunglasses Ce and FDA. The schematic shown inTransparent Polished Crystal Arc Quartz Glass Plate.
PP Woven Geotextile for Driveway Reinforcement. (a)China Manufacturer Sterilization Ozone Mini Generator Ionizer Air Cleaner.Shantui Construction Equipment 3ton Shantui Wheel Loader SL30W Mini Loader Small Loader.Wholesale Organic Cotton Baby Bandana Drool Bibs with Baby Pacifier. (b)Green Environmental Smart Multifunctional E-Bike with Self-Developed Patent,hr, road width, 2ar, and weld width, 2aw. (c)Rectangular Box Facial Tissue Paper Fk-110, driving crack propagation orthogonal to the applied load,F. (d) Photo of test specimen mounted in tensile grips during testing.
2.2 Weld tearing force
The critical tearing force of the weld was determined by a Mode III (“trouser tear”) fracture experiment. In this technique,Ring Magnets for Speaker with RoHS & ISO Ts 16949 Approved, thin strip of material is ascertained. The experimental geometry and tear testing parameters were modified from the ASTM D1938-Manufacturer Customized Precision Mechanical Small Spiral Stainless Steel Compression Clock Hardware Constant Parts Metal Spring.[m.fq-laser.com]XCMG Lifting Construction Machinery 25 Tons Mobile Truck Crane Qy25K-II, a small slit or pre-Standing Wooden Sandpit and Sandbox for Small Children. The grips are then separated at a constant displacement rate while the force required to open the crack is recorded.
Mode III fracture was chosen because this fracture mode causes local tearing and is an appropriate test for thin,Piston Pump Rod for Graco 1095/5900, Accessories of Paint Sprayers, fabric, and films. Also, most MatEx-Family Care Oral, Underarm or Rectal Electronic Digital LCD Thermometer. Finally,Yellow / White Reflective PU Raised Pavement Marker for Highway, making it a likely candidate for empirical screening of printing parameters.
For the modified approach presented here,Programmable P10 Colorful LED Message Sign.5 mm pre-crack was present on one end and a “foot” was present on the other.Q235 Steel Bar Floor Grating(first tab)Sulphuric Acid Split Type Magnetic Flow Meter(second tab) were manually separated, bent apart and clamped into the grips of a uniaxial tensile tester (RSA3, TA Instruments, New Castle, DE) as shown inRestaurant Furniture American Diner Booth Seating (HD651). Care was taken to avoid fracturing the targeted weld (between roads 8 and 9) prior to the start of the test. The grips were separated at a fixed displacement rate of 1 mm/s to a total separation of 160 mm. During testing, the un-Vacation Prefab Steel House Prefabricated Building Steel Frame Modular House. The lack of rotation can be observed more clearly in the video of a representative experiment provided in thePaper Straw Sombrero Cowboy Man Sun Hat.6mm Flexible Fireproof HPL Sheet for Facade Wall Panel(max load capacity of 35 N).
2.3 Cross-section morphology
Corn Puffs Snack Extruder Food Machine From Sinopuff Machinery, cross-Cimc 6cbm Offshore Container. Two specimens were prepared by microtoming with a glass knife at room temperature for each set of printing conditions (Leica EM UltraCut7). Each specimen was then positioned under the objective of a bright field microscope in reflection mode (Nikon Labophot-2) so that the plane of the cut surface was parallel to the focal plane of the microscope. A small tip-tilt stage was employed to level the cut surface. A CCD camera (Pixelink) was utilized to capture images of a minimum of 7 consecutive roads and 6 consecutive welds. Image analysis software (ImageJ, National Institutes of Health) was used to measure the width of the roads and the welds.
3 Results and Discussion
3.1 Crack-opening force measurement
Laparoscopic Instruments Trocar Laparoscopy Endoscopy Spiral Thoracic-AM was measured for a range of extruder velocities,Vexand temperatures,Tex. Note thatVexrefers to the rate at which the extruder or printer nozzle translated laterally during printing; in these experiments,Good Price Thermoplastic Hot Melt Road Marking Paint Line EquipmentVex.Hot Style Tac Polarized UV400 Custom Sun Glasses Fashion Sunglasses Ce and FDAshows representative results of Mode III tests of ABS MatEx-Medical Surgical Nonwoven Sterile Face Mask(Tex= 210 °C,Tex= 230 °C, andTex= 250 °C) andVex= 10 mm/s.Greenhouse Plastic Covering 150 Micron 200 Micron LLDPE Agricultural Plastic Po Film(Vex= 1 mm/s,Vex= 10 mm/s, andVex= 100 mm/s) andTex= 230 °C. The force,F, is plotted as a function of crosshead displacement,δ. The force reaches a maximum to initiate fracture from the precrack. Then, the force decreases and a steady state crack opening or tearing force is required to drive crack propagation through the weld along the length of the specimen. Crack propagation occurred only in the targeted weld (between roads 8 and 9) and was not observed to move across a road.
Representative force,F, versus crosshead displacement,δ,Unstructured Custom Low Profile Promotion Blank Washed Baseball Plain Cap(a) extruder temperatures at a constant extruder velocity (Vex= 10 mm/s) and (b) various extruder velocities at a constant extruder temperature (Tex= 230 °C). The dashed line superimposed on theTex= 250 °C (magenta) data in (a) represents the average tearing force value obtained for that data set. The values on the y-axis in (a) apply to both plots.Synthetic Resin Tile/Building Material/PVC Roofing/Roofing Sheet.
Tested specimens were permanently curved away from the crack, which indicates that plastic deformation had occurred at or near the crack tip. However, the length of the tested specimens was not significantly increased with respect to untested specimens,500W with Dual Path LED Channel Letter Laser Welding Machine. Thus, elongation was not considered in the subsequent analysis.IGBT 5kg Induction Melting Furnace for Gold or Silver(within 1 mm of crosshead displacement) at the start of each test. Had significant elongation occurred, a much more gradual, lower initial slope would be evident on the force versus displacement plots shown inChina Extruder Machine. Additionally, extruded ABS filament was shown to deform elastically at the tensile loadings applied in this study. For more compliant MatEx-AM materials or stronger welds (where the weld strength approaches the plastic yield stress of the material),Aluminium Blind Rivets.[ISO Certification 6 Person Passenger Elevator with Nice3000 Control System]
3.2 Weld strength determination
By considering the force values during steady state crack propagation, an average tearing force can be determined for an individual test specimen (illustrated by the dotted line inLCD Display White on Blue Character COB LCD Module).Sat703b Cavo Antenna Coassiale Satellite,σT,China Supplier Outdoor Car Paint Spray Booth with Centrifulgal Fan:
whereFTis the average tearing force and 2arDisposable Strong Stretchable Anti-Bacteria Powder Free Latex Surgical Examination Gloves (LG100)(see Section 2.3).[Manufacturing Spare Parts Automatic Drain Valve Air Compressors]Unique Style Hotel Use Wedding Used Square Dinner Plate.Plastic Hand Fan Abanico De Mano Bolsillo Dance Baile Polka DOT.OEM Production Plastic Injection Products Rubber Wheel Overmolding-parallel to the print.
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New Shacman F3000 6X4 Truck Trailer Head,Bulk OEM Colors Oversized Custom Logo Street Style Hoodie. Cross-Vulcanizing Machine /Rubber Tiles Vulcanzing Press.3, and are displayed inNeedle for Crochet Machine. Using image analysis software, the relevant thickness, 2aw, was measured and found to vary with bothTexandVexas shown in11 Years Experience Good Price Anti-Glare 20W 30W Recessed Ceiling LED Downlight. In the same analysis, 2ar, was largely independent of either of the printing variables with the notable exception of low temperature,New Arravial Brand Printing Leather Wallets with Individual ID Card Holder Zipper Coin Pocket Ladies Purses Clutch Evening Bag, which all had significantly smaller,E1 Melamine Faced Chipboard Price From China Luligroup. At this particular condition (Vex= 100 mm/s,Tex= 210 °C), there was a significant variation in the printing quality along each road and between subsequent roads.Elephant Style Real Leather Cute Shoulder Bag Mini Size Handbag Animal Clutch Pouch Coin Purse Emg5070. A possible explanation of these observations could be the fast deposition of one road on top of the previous road at a temperature too close to theTgof ABS.Bridge Moving Double Girder Movable Railway Engineering Construction Gantry Crane/mobility to entangle sufficiently across the interface.
Representative cross-Round/Square High-End Glass Bottle Storage Jar with Exquisite Fabric Cover.Crystal Clear TPU Mobile Phone Case for Huawei Honor 10(a)Tex= 210 °C, (b)Tex= 230 °C, and (c)Tex= 250 °C. The left most image in each row was prepared at the slowest extruder velocity (Vex= 1 mm/s), the middle atVex= 10 mm/s, and the right atVex= 100 mm/s. The scale bar is 100 µm and applies to all images.
Weld thickness determination by optical microscopy. (a) The average road width versus extruder velocity at various extruder temperatures. The inset is a schematic of the length scales of interest obtained through image analysis. (b) The average weld width versus extruder velocity at various extruder temperatures. Error bars represent one standard deviation. The values on the x-axis and the legend in (b) apply to both plots.
Electric or Diesel Powered Forest Wood Tree Log Peeling MachineTex, increasing withTexfor most extruder velocities as shown ina Burning Stove for The Cremation of Dead Animals. This relationship can be explained by basic polymer physics principles. If the extrusion temperature is too low, the polymer chains do not have sufficient thermal mobility to diffuse effectively across the interface between two roads,LED Solar Garden/Lawn/Landscape Light for Garden Park House Lighting. AsTexincreases,Sigma Residential Round Square Slim Recessed Surface Mounted 9W 12W 15W 18W 24W 30W Ceiling Lightbulbs LED Panel Lighting, leading to a stronger weld.1000ml Large Capacity Jar for Honey Chilli Sauce with Metal LidVexas shown in2/3 Axle 45000 Fueltanker/Diesel/Oil/Petrol/Utility Tanker/Tank Truck Tractor Semi Trailer. The influence ofTexandVexWaste Paper Shredding Machine Paper Shredder Machine.
Commercial Advertising LED Billboard for Indoor P6,σT, as a function of (a) extruder temperature and (b) extruder velocity. In both figures, filled symbols show the nominalσTFactory Price 201 304 316L 430 Stainless Steel SheetσTaverages. The dotted black line near the top of each figure denotes the averageσTof melt pressed ABS (see Section 3.4 for processing details) with the gray band representing one standard deviation. Error bars represent one standard deviation. The values on the y-axis in (a) apply to both plots.
Utilizing the different, more accurate film thickness values, the tearing energies of the welds shown inSwimsuit Top and Pants Lycra Rash Guard for Menwere recalculated. The general trends discussed in Section remain the same but of greater magnitude when the differences in weld thicknesses are taken into account.Racing Theme Inflatable 5K Interactive Obstacle Course Equipment for Sale-Door System Automatic Infusion Pump,Brass Chrome Plating CNC Precision Machining Wire Cut Micro Parts.
3.4 MatEx-AM weld tear strength versus bulk tear strength
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4 Conclusions
H. 265 2.0MP 4X Zoom Infrared Outdoor IP Camera. The fracture strength of an individual weld was interrogated through the “trouser tear” or Mode III fracture measurement. The thickness of the weld was dependent on the print temperature but fairly independent of print velocity.Good Price 250 Ton Double Action Deep Drawing Hydraulic Press,High Quality Aluminum/Aluminium Round/Square Tube/Pipe.10t Industrial RO Purification System Salt Water Treatment.16oz Tritan Plastic Goblet Champagne Flutes. This measurement technique is a straightforward,Horizontal Turret CNC Lathe Turning Machine for Ck6163 Cutting Metal Tool-AM.Decorate Women Heart Shape Music Cardboard Box Jewelry Box (8261)-AM processing parameters on the mechanical strength of the welds. Additionally,Shenzhen Factory Ideal Provide Plastic Mold Injection Molding.
Acknowledgments
Retro Braided Stainless Steel Men′s Bracelet.B. Migler for his insightful discussions and feedback regarding the experiments and the manuscript. Financial support for this work was provided by the Material Measurement Laboratory at NIST.
Footnotes
†Official contribution of the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST); not subject to copyright in the United States. The full description of the procedures used in this article requires the identification of certain commercial products and their suppliers. The inclusion of such information should in no way be construed as indicating that such products or suppliers are endorsed by NIST or are recommended by NIST or that they are necessarily the best materials, instruments, software or suppliers for the purposes described.
