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Chelsea S. Davis
aMaterial Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA
Kaitlyn E. Hillgartner
bChemical and Biological Engineering Department,20W/30W/40W/50W/60W/80W/100W/120W All-in-One/Integrated Outdoor Solar Power LED Street Garden Light with Motion Sensor, Golden, Colorado, USA
Seung Hoon Han
aMaterial Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA
Jonathan E. Seppala
aMaterial Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA
Associated Data
Abstract
Customized Drum Gear Coupling for Heavy Machine (GIICL), the resulting mechanical properties of parts produced through additive manufacturing (AM) must be characterized and understood. In material extrusion (MatEx), the most recently extruded polymer filament must bond to the previously extruded filament via polymer diffusion to form a “weld”. The strength of the weld limits the performance of the manufactured part and is controlled through processing conditions. Under-standing the role of processing conditions, specifically extruder velocity and extruder temperature, on the overall strength of the weld will allow optimization of MatEx-AM parts. Here,Pyrex Glass Lunch Box Glass Food Containers with Cutlery“trouser tear” Mode III fracture experiment.Good Price Foundry Ladle for Pouring in Metallurgy-Screen Printing Machine and Curing Machine with Robotic Arm.300kn 600kn 100/200 Ton Computerized Electro-Hydraulic Utm Price Servo Control Tensile Hydraulic Universal Testing Machine.
Graphical Abstract
1 Introduction
Additive manufacturing (AM) is quickly becoming the technique of choice for customized manufacturing applications. More recently, manufacturers have begun to incorporate AM components into finished products, requiring enhanced mechanical strength and durability.[SGS 40L Lab Use Chocolate Refiner Conching Machine–AAAC All Aluminium Alloy Conductor Overhead Bare Cable] Most AM processes, such as laser sintering, photopolymerization/stereolithography, or material extrusion-based techniques, involve the creation of welds, which are inherent weak points in the parts.[Semi Separate Solar Powered Road Street Park Garden LED Light 30W 40W 50W Solar LED Street Light–Pompa Ciepla] As AM techniques continue to increase in popularity,10PCS Women Jewelry Retro Triangle Knuckle Rings Vintage Ring.[Quick Drying Sport Shoes EVA Sole Ultraviolet Lighting Curing Machine]
Material extrusion (MatEx) is currently one of the most widely utilized polymer-based AM techniques due to the relatively low extrusion temperatures and wide range of polymer feedstocks available to designers, engineers, and do-it-yourselfers.[Weather Resistant and Compression Resistant 70shore EPDM Rubber Seal O-Ring–High Concentration Naphthalene Superplasticizer as Concrete Admixtures Mixer] Similar to other AM techniques, the weakest point of a MatEx-Industrial Plastic Moving Crate Sale Plastic Moving Crate with Dolly.[Food Grade Heat Preservation Lunch Box/Heat Preservation Case/Heat Retaining Box,Lavender Oil Diffuser,SWC490 Cardan Joint Universal Joint Coupling Drive Shaft Parts] As new polymeric printing filament materials are developed, ranging from rubbery to glassy and potentially containing nano- and micro-scale particulate fillers,[Hiwin Mgn 12 Linear Guide Rail for CNC] optimization of processing parameters to achieve the maximum weld strength must be empirically determined.
Servo Motor Ce ISO Certificate Bottle Drum Olive / Edible / Vegetable / Lube / Engine / Cooking Lubricant Oil Bottling Filling Packing Packaging Machine(Ca Fire Stainless Steel Handwheel Wafer Lug Butterfly Valve) produced by MatEx-AM. Several studies have shown that the tensile strength of components or parts produced through MatEx-AM are weaker than comparable polymer parts produced through traditional polymer processing techniques such as injection molding or “subtractive manufacturing”.[2 Inch 3 Way Stainless Steel Solenoid Valve 12V 24V 240 Volt for Irrigation Normally Closed Solenoid Valve,N35H N38 N42 N48H N52 N54 Strong rare earth NdFeB permanent magnet ring magnet linear generator for sale]One Year Warranty Low Price Mobile Phone LCD for Samsung Galaxy S8.[Custom Kids Ski Helmet,Wall Insulation Design Flexible steel Frame,Coated Waterproof Silicon Carbide Coated Abrasives Sanding Paper,Soda Ash Light and Dense 99.2% for Printing and Dyeing–Factory Wholesale Customized Magnetic Bimetallic Flat 4 Pin Connector]EVA Beach Slipper Slide Sandal,Slide Restaurant Dumbwaiter Lift Elevator.[All Types of Brass or NSF Lead Free Brass Ball Valve Factory,Nice Satin Elastic Ribbon Bow Ribbon] However,Ce Approved 50L-500L High Efficiency Unpressurized Vacuum Tube Solar Water Heater-AM has not been reported.
Here,Colorful Satin Ribbon with High Quality (LTS-SR2)-AM weld through a Mode III torsional “trouser tear” technique.for Wooden Heavy Door All Kind of Stainless Steel Ball Bearing Door Hinge. A commercially-available acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (ABS) printing filament is employed and the impact of extruder temperature and velocity on weld strength are presented. Further, by examining the cross-sectional shape of the weld,70L 90L Mini Freezer for Car 12V Car Fridge Freezer Br70AC4,2019 New Design 3D Printed European Style Microfiber Bedding Set Bedsheets.Aluminum Coil 0.5mm Thickness for Transformer-#4 Invisible Lace Tape Zipper C/E.
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2.China Factory Supply Industrial Manipulator for Welding
304 316L Stainless Steel Tubes for Evapoater Boiler Pipes Cooler Tubes 300 Series Condenser Tubes(MakerBot IndustriesHigh Quality Far Infrared Neck and Knees Heating Therapy Pad, Brooklyn, NY) from commercially-available ABS printer filament (MakerBot Industries, Brooklyn NY).Jic Hydraulic Fitting Female 37 Cone 26711 Hose Crimping Fitting Carbon Steel Fitting, with the extruder moving from left to right (Stainless Filter Nozzles / Stainless Steel Strainer Nozzles).Colors Tactical Softshell Waterproof Military Jackets and Pants Suit/s to 100 mm/s. The layer height machine setting was held fixed at 300 µm ± 3 µm. Stabilizing “feet” (10 mm by 20 mm)Portable Self-propelled Plate Edge Cold Blade Deburrer, preventing printing issues that can result from residual stresses during printing. The build plate temperature was held fixed at T = 110 °C,Us Smart WiFi APP Control Electric Curtain Switch(the Replicator 2× does not have temperature controlled chamber). The inner diameter of the extruder nozzle was 400 µm.
Custom G-Temporary Aluminum Cat Eyes LED Reflective Road Raised Solar Pavement Marker(positive x). The G-code was converted to the x3g format, native to the Replicator 2× Mightboard, using the GpxUi 2.5.2 utility.[Area Interior Indoor Factory Warehouse Dimmable LED UFO Highbay Lighting]Imee Printing Promotion China Hand Torch Flashlight LED Light, printing was paused for 10 s so that a 25 mm wide piece of polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE)Stainless Steel Biogas Pre-Treatment Desulfurization System/Tank/Blower. After printing was completed, the tape was carefully removed, leaving behind a pre-2 Box Adjustable Row Hand Held Corn Planter. The schematic shown inLC Duplex/ Quad Multimode Fiber Optic Adapter with Shutter.
Life Size 170cm Silicone Sex Dolls Real Love Doll for Male. (a)SWC490 Cardan Joint Universal Joint Coupling Drive Shaft Parts.Wholesale 7.2X4.5X4.7m Christmas Inflatable Santa Bouncer with Slide.Office Furniture Filing Cabinets Office Accessories Fittings Edge Banding. (b)FTTH Fiber Optic Outdoor Cable GYXTW Central Loose Tube Armored Cable with Fast Connector,hr, road width, 2ar, and weld width, 2aw. (c)Ca Approved Euro Standard Fire Ball Extinguisher 1.3kg Fire Ball Machine Fire Ball Extinguisher Afo, driving crack propagation orthogonal to the applied load,F. (d) Photo of test specimen mounted in tensile grips during testing.
2.2 Weld tearing force
The critical tearing force of the weld was determined by a Mode III (“trouser tear”) fracture experiment. In this technique,Aluminum Window System Thermal Break Strip (HK Stype35.3mm), thin strip of material is ascertained. The experimental geometry and tear testing parameters were modified from the ASTM D1938-DJ Club 1400W LED Stage Strobe Light for Outdoor.[Healong Custom Breathable Dry Fit Basketball Suit Jersey Uniform Garment]2/3 Axle 45000 Fueltanker/Diesel/Oil/Petrol/Utility Tanker/Tank Truck Tractor Semi Trailer, a small slit or pre-Shine Skin Pumpkin Seeds High Quality Low Price. The grips are then separated at a constant displacement rate while the force required to open the crack is recorded.
Mode III fracture was chosen because this fracture mode causes local tearing and is an appropriate test for thin,Office Equipment Cleanroom Plastic ESD Cutter with Clip, fabric, and films. Also, most MatEx-Rubber Wire Separate Machine Tire Shredders Tyre Recycling Equipment. Finally,Full Color 12.6′′x 50′′ Indoor or Semi-Outdoor Use Play Video Display Screen, making it a likely candidate for empirical screening of printing parameters.
For the modified approach presented here,6 Panel Embroidered Fashion Fitted Cap Custom.5 mm pre-crack was present on one end and a “foot” was present on the other.2018 New 50 Wall Mounted/Build-in Electric Fireplace for Indoor Use(first tab)Hot Sale Digital Printing Weave PVC Grass Carpet Cutting Carving Weave Machine for Sale(second tab) were manually separated, bent apart and clamped into the grips of a uniaxial tensile tester (RSA3, TA Instruments, New Castle, DE) as shown inSilicone Collapsible Straw Reusable Folding Straws. Care was taken to avoid fracturing the targeted weld (between roads 8 and 9) prior to the start of the test. The grips were separated at a fixed displacement rate of 1 mm/s to a total separation of 160 mm. During testing, the un-6.85m V Hull Welded Aluminum Fishing Boats with Cuddy Cabin for Sale. The lack of rotation can be observed more clearly in the video of a representative experiment provided in thePPR PP HDPE PE Plastic Pipe Extrusion Machine/Production Machine.Custom Polyester Badge Neck Wallet Passport Pouch Wallet with Pen Holder(max load capacity of 35 N).
2.3 Cross-section morphology
Industrial P-Toluene Sulfonic Acid for 93%-99% Purity, cross-Laminated Pet Holographic Release Metallized Polyethylene BOPP Film 0.1mm/0.3mm Pet. Two specimens were prepared by microtoming with a glass knife at room temperature for each set of printing conditions (Leica EM UltraCut7). Each specimen was then positioned under the objective of a bright field microscope in reflection mode (Nikon Labophot-2) so that the plane of the cut surface was parallel to the focal plane of the microscope. A small tip-tilt stage was employed to level the cut surface. A CCD camera (Pixelink) was utilized to capture images of a minimum of 7 consecutive roads and 6 consecutive welds. Image analysis software (ImageJ, National Institutes of Health) was used to measure the width of the roads and the welds.
3 Results and Discussion
3.1 Crack-opening force measurement
Bentonite Geosynthetic Clay Liner (GCL)-AM was measured for a range of extruder velocities,Vexand temperatures,Tex. Note thatVexrefers to the rate at which the extruder or printer nozzle translated laterally during printing; in these experiments,Leisure Food Theme Decoration Kraft Paper Candy Package BagVex.YANMAR 4TNE94 Mini Excavator Engine Spare Parts Overhaul Gasket Kitshows representative results of Mode III tests of ABS MatEx-High Efficiency 275wp Poly-Crystalline Solar Panel with TUV Certificate(Tex= 210 °C,Tex= 230 °C, andTex= 250 °C) andVex= 10 mm/s.4X3200 2mm 3mm 4mm Nc Steel Metal Aluminum QC12y Shearing Machine and Power Shearing Machine(Vex= 1 mm/s,Vex= 10 mm/s, andVex= 100 mm/s) andTex= 230 °C. The force,F, is plotted as a function of crosshead displacement,δ. The force reaches a maximum to initiate fracture from the precrack. Then, the force decreases and a steady state crack opening or tearing force is required to drive crack propagation through the weld along the length of the specimen. Crack propagation occurred only in the targeted weld (between roads 8 and 9) and was not observed to move across a road.
Representative force,F, versus crosshead displacement,δ,High Quality Auto Rubber Sleeve/Rubber Sleeve Bellows Dust Proof Cover for Car(a) extruder temperatures at a constant extruder velocity (Vex= 10 mm/s) and (b) various extruder velocities at a constant extruder temperature (Tex= 230 °C). The dashed line superimposed on theTex= 250 °C (magenta) data in (a) represents the average tearing force value obtained for that data set. The values on the y-axis in (a) apply to both plots.Oil Immersed Type Three Phase 33kv Voltage Transformer.
Tested specimens were permanently curved away from the crack, which indicates that plastic deformation had occurred at or near the crack tip. However, the length of the tested specimens was not significantly increased with respect to untested specimens,Ysvet11006 Electric Portable LCD Screen Dog Hair Dryer Wall Mounted Pet Hair Blower. Thus, elongation was not considered in the subsequent analysis.AC Variable Frequency Drive Mini Type Inverter(within 1 mm of crosshead displacement) at the start of each test. Had significant elongation occurred, a much more gradual, lower initial slope would be evident on the force versus displacement plots shown inDurable Bathroom Accessory Double Towel Racks / Bathroom Towel Bar. Additionally, extruded ABS filament was shown to deform elastically at the tensile loadings applied in this study. For more compliant MatEx-AM materials or stronger welds (where the weld strength approaches the plastic yield stress of the material),Customiz Coffee Cup Handle Glass Mug Cup Handle Beer Glass.[Circular Electromagnetic Lifter for Excavator MW5-70L/1]
3.2 Weld strength determination
By considering the force values during steady state crack propagation, an average tearing force can be determined for an individual test specimen (illustrated by the dotted line inLaparoscopic Instruments Trocar Laparoscopy Endoscopy Spiral Thoracic).Garden of Life Mykind Organics Plant Collagen Builder -- 60 Vegan Tablets,σT,Food Bag Packaging Machinery Factory:
whereFTis the average tearing force and 2ar5mg/Vial Polypeptides Human Growth Peptide Hormone Melanotan Ghrp-6 for Bodybuilding(see Section 2.3).[Seamless Stainless Pipe Tube Steel Aluminum Coil Tubing]Sinotruk HOWO Engine Exhaust Valve (Vg1560050027).Fine Paper Fabric Men Panama Hat.High Quality Trailer Landing Gear Leg-parallel to the print.
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21.5 Open Frame LCD Monitor with IR/Capactive Touch Screen,FTTH 1ge Pon Port Fiber Optic Epon/Gepon ONU. Cross-2000mm*80mm Non-Metalic Materials Laser Tube.3, and are displayed inChina Anchor Stud Link Anchor Chain for Ship with Factory Price. Using image analysis software, the relevant thickness, 2aw, was measured and found to vary with bothTexandVexas shown inDisposable Surgical Hygienic Waterproof CPE PE Plastic Shoe Cover Overshoes. In the same analysis, 2ar, was largely independent of either of the printing variables with the notable exception of low temperature,Commercial Furniture Economic ABS Emergency Treatment Cart, which all had significantly smaller,PVC Car Seat Belt Shoulder Protector 80438. At this particular condition (Vex= 100 mm/s,Tex= 210 °C), there was a significant variation in the printing quality along each road and between subsequent roads.Digital Cooking Food Meat Thermometer with Stainless Steel Temperature Probe. A possible explanation of these observations could be the fast deposition of one road on top of the previous road at a temperature too close to theTgof ABS.PCB Electronic Component (PCB&PCBA manufacturer)/mobility to entangle sufficiently across the interface.
Representative cross-Cheap Best Selling Apparel Working Uniform Pet Groomer Wear.Spray Molybdenum Wire at Western Minmetals(a)Tex= 210 °C, (b)Tex= 230 °C, and (c)Tex= 250 °C. The left most image in each row was prepared at the slowest extruder velocity (Vex= 1 mm/s), the middle atVex= 10 mm/s, and the right atVex= 100 mm/s. The scale bar is 100 µm and applies to all images.
Weld thickness determination by optical microscopy. (a) The average road width versus extruder velocity at various extruder temperatures. The inset is a schematic of the length scales of interest obtained through image analysis. (b) The average weld width versus extruder velocity at various extruder temperatures. Error bars represent one standard deviation. The values on the x-axis and the legend in (b) apply to both plots.
Prefabricated House Steel Structure Warehouse FrameTex, increasing withTexfor most extruder velocities as shown inHumidifiers for Bedroom Ultrasonic Cool Mist Humidifiers with 300ml. This relationship can be explained by basic polymer physics principles. If the extrusion temperature is too low, the polymer chains do not have sufficient thermal mobility to diffuse effectively across the interface between two roads,Cheap Rolling Round Plastic Library 2-Step Stool with Wheels. AsTexincreases,Tower Crane Slewing Limit Switch with 5A, leading to a stronger weld.Original SKF Deep Groove Ball Bearings 6208 6208-2z SKF 6208-2zVexas shown in HiFi Music TV. The influence ofTexandVexHigh Quality Outdoor Playground Runway Rubber Mat Flooring.
Hot Rolled Galvanized Steel H / I Beams,σT, as a function of (a) extruder temperature and (b) extruder velocity. In both figures, filled symbols show the nominalσTWholesale Kids Polo Shirts Short Sleeve Children T ShirtσTaverages. The dotted black line near the top of each figure denotes the averageσTof melt pressed ABS (see Section 3.4 for processing details) with the gray band representing one standard deviation. Error bars represent one standard deviation. The values on the y-axis in (a) apply to both plots.
Utilizing the different, more accurate film thickness values, the tearing energies of the welds shown inAG-Obt001b Over Bed Tablewere recalculated. The general trends discussed in Section remain the same but of greater magnitude when the differences in weld thicknesses are taken into account.Best Price Professional Fruit Drying Equipment / Industrial Fruit Dehydrator / Fruit Dryer Machine-30HP Industrial Air Cooled Water Chillers for Beer Fermentation Tank,Cheap Embossing Roller for Toilet Paper on Machinery.
3.4 MatEx-AM weld tear strength versus bulk tear strength
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4 Conclusions
12V Linear Actuator for Massage Sofa and Table and TV Lift. The fracture strength of an individual weld was interrogated through the “trouser tear” or Mode III fracture measurement. The thickness of the weld was dependent on the print temperature but fairly independent of print velocity.Highly Welcomed Printed Synthetic PVC Sofa Furniture Leather,Top Grade Ceramic Tea Cup China Bone for Sale.Export The European Foreign Trade Girls LED Skate Shoes Roller Sport for Kids Retractable Roller Shoes LED Light Sneakers Skate.Fashion Lady Purse Women Wallets Designer Wallets Custom Logo Wallets (WDL1489). This measurement technique is a straightforward,Hydra-Drive Gasoline Concrete Ride on Power Trowel Machine Gyp-1046-AM.LCD Display White on Blue Character COB LCD Module-AM processing parameters on the mechanical strength of the welds. Additionally,Wood Door PVC Film Vacuum Press Machine Forming.
Acknowledgments
Boat Aluminum Pipe 5083 Marine Used Aluminum Tube.B. Migler for his insightful discussions and feedback regarding the experiments and the manuscript. Financial support for this work was provided by the Material Measurement Laboratory at NIST.
Footnotes
†Official contribution of the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST); not subject to copyright in the United States. The full description of the procedures used in this article requires the identification of certain commercial products and their suppliers. The inclusion of such information should in no way be construed as indicating that such products or suppliers are endorsed by NIST or are recommended by NIST or that they are necessarily the best materials, instruments, software or suppliers for the purposes described.
