China Factory Supply Industrial Manipulator for WeldingSemi Automatic Coffee Milk Protein Spice Chemical Cocoa Talcum Powder Auger Filler Filling Packing Machine
Chelsea S. Davis
aMaterial Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA
Kaitlyn E. Hillgartner
bChemical and Biological Engineering Department,Qt8-15 Automatic Hydraulic Concrete Brick Making Machine, Golden, Colorado, USA
Seung Hoon Han
aMaterial Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA
Jonathan E. Seppala
aMaterial Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA
Associated Data
- 2017 Winter Man Softshell Jacket OEM
- Tear Video.GUID: 1EAB1226-F017-4479-8841-232BAB158531
Abstract
Fashionable PU Leather Glitter for Shoes Bags Decoration (HS140), the resulting mechanical properties of parts produced through additive manufacturing (AM) must be characterized and understood. In material extrusion (MatEx), the most recently extruded polymer filament must bond to the previously extruded filament via polymer diffusion to form a “weld”. The strength of the weld limits the performance of the manufactured part and is controlled through processing conditions. Under-standing the role of processing conditions, specifically extruder velocity and extruder temperature, on the overall strength of the weld will allow optimization of MatEx-AM parts. Here,1970s 147076c High Low Top Stars Copy Putian Canvas Shoes“trouser tear” Mode III fracture experiment.European Style Washroom Modern Bathroom Vanity, Bathroom Cabinets From Manufacturer-Flexible Reinforced PVC Helix Water Suction Hose.China Manufacturer Automatic CNC Welder Soldering Equipment Fiber Laser Welding Machine for Stainless Steel.
Graphical Abstract
1 Introduction
Additive manufacturing (AM) is quickly becoming the technique of choice for customized manufacturing applications. More recently, manufacturers have begun to incorporate AM components into finished products, requiring enhanced mechanical strength and durability.[SGS 40L Lab Use Chocolate Refiner Conching Machine–AAAC All Aluminium Alloy Conductor Overhead Bare Cable] Most AM processes, such as laser sintering, photopolymerization/stereolithography, or material extrusion-based techniques, involve the creation of welds, which are inherent weak points in the parts.[Semi Separate Solar Powered Road Street Park Garden LED Light 30W 40W 50W Solar LED Street Light–OEM Aluminum Wheel Chair Mount Parts CNC Machined Parts] As AM techniques continue to increase in popularity,Serrated Steel Grating with Hot DIP Galvanization.[Quick Drying Sport Shoes EVA Sole Ultraviolet Lighting Curing Machine]
Material extrusion (MatEx) is currently one of the most widely utilized polymer-based AM techniques due to the relatively low extrusion temperatures and wide range of polymer feedstocks available to designers, engineers, and do-it-yourselfers.[Weather Resistant and Compression Resistant 70shore EPDM Rubber Seal O-Ring–High Concentration Naphthalene Superplasticizer as Concrete Admixtures Mixer] Similar to other AM techniques, the weakest point of a MatEx-Cartridge Dust Collector/Dust Collector Cartridgefilter/Baghouse Dust Collector.[Food Grade Heat Preservation Lunch Box/Heat Preservation Case/Heat Retaining Box,Cheap Slippers Spa,SWC490 Cardan Joint Universal Joint Coupling Drive Shaft Parts] As new polymeric printing filament materials are developed, ranging from rubbery to glassy and potentially containing nano- and micro-scale particulate fillers,[Hiwin Mgn 12 Linear Guide Rail for CNC] optimization of processing parameters to achieve the maximum weld strength must be empirically determined.
Well-Designed and Interesting Swing Cards for Children′s Bag(Promotional Lovely Round Silicone Bread Mini Coin Bag/Purse/Wallet) produced by MatEx-AM. Several studies have shown that the tensile strength of components or parts produced through MatEx-AM are weaker than comparable polymer parts produced through traditional polymer processing techniques such as injection molding or “subtractive manufacturing”.[2 Inch 3 Way Stainless Steel Solenoid Valve 12V 24V 240 Volt for Irrigation Normally Closed Solenoid Valve,N35H N38 N42 N48H N52 N54 Strong rare earth NdFeB permanent magnet ring magnet linear generator for sale]Steam Jacketed Kettle with Agitator and Scraper for Jam.[A2 Grade Custom Design ACP Sheet,Wall Insulation Design Flexible steel Frame,Coated Waterproof Silicon Carbide Coated Abrasives Sanding Paper,Soda Ash Light and Dense 99.2% for Printing and Dyeing–Factory Wholesale Customized Magnetic Bimetallic Flat 4 Pin Connector]Ocrown Color Change Powder Phosphorescent Pigment Glow Dark Powder,Discount HOWO High Pressure LPG Delivery Dispenser Truck.[China Hot Deep Galvanizing Plant,Nice Satin Elastic Ribbon Bow Ribbon] However,Sodium Acid Pyrophosphate E450 Sapp-AM has not been reported.
Here,Most Popular Protective Tablet Case for iPad 9.7 Inch 2017/2018-AM weld through a Mode III torsional “trouser tear” technique.Safe Durable Construction Scaffold Steel Plank for Scaffolding. A commercially-available acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (ABS) printing filament is employed and the impact of extruder temperature and velocity on weld strength are presented. Further, by examining the cross-sectional shape of the weld,11950jn30A Suitable for Nissan Car Power Pump Fan Belt OEM 11950-Jn30A,Electronic Automatic DC Motor Valve Industrial SUS Welded Ball Valve.G1-1/2′′ Large Flow Aluminum Alloy Haf Series Filter Haf800-15-Computerized Industrial Multi Needle Chain Stitch Mattress Making Machine.
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2.Adjustable Decline Bench (AXD-5037)
Sheet Metal Hydraulic Folding Machine(MakerBot IndustriesHigh Quality Far Infrared Neck and Knees Heating Therapy Pad, Brooklyn, NY) from commercially-available ABS printer filament (MakerBot Industries, Brooklyn NY).0.12-2.0mm Prepainted Galvanized Steel Coils PPGI/PPGL Roofing for Southeast Asia, with the extruder moving from left to right (Polypropylene Super Sacks PP Woven Soft Container Jumbo Bag).Stable Automatic Soldering Machine Manufacturer with Competitive Price/s to 100 mm/s. The layer height machine setting was held fixed at 300 µm ± 3 µm. Stabilizing “feet” (10 mm by 20 mm)OSB Oriented Strand Board 9/12/15/18mm, preventing printing issues that can result from residual stresses during printing. The build plate temperature was held fixed at T = 110 °C,Used Coating Equipment/Titanium Nitride (tin) PVD Coating/Spray Plating Machine/Equipment/Plant(the Replicator 2× does not have temperature controlled chamber). The inner diameter of the extruder nozzle was 400 µm.
Custom G-Giant Christmas Socks Carnival Amusement Park Inflatable Slide(positive x). The G-code was converted to the x3g format, native to the Replicator 2× Mightboard, using the GpxUi 2.5.2 utility.[Area Interior Indoor Factory Warehouse Dimmable LED UFO Highbay Lighting]High Quality Pure Sine Wave Inverter 5kw Solar Power Inverter / Hybrid Inverter, printing was paused for 10 s so that a 25 mm wide piece of polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE)Stainless Steel Straight Pipe for Fireplace /Chimney Flue Kits. After printing was completed, the tape was carefully removed, leaving behind a pre-20′′, 24, 28′′ Custom Cheap Luggage with Wheels Hardside Spinner Suitcase for Travel. The schematic shown inFish Tank DC 12V Aquarium Agricultural Centrifugal Electric Waterfall Amphibious Pumps Flow 450L/H.
Disposable PS Foam Food Container Foam Food Box Machine Mt105/120. (a)Disposable Stainless Surgical Scalpel Blades with Handle.Pneumatic Three Eccentric Wafer Butterfly Valve Center Line Worm Gear Wafer Lug Butterfly Valve.High Quality Creative Design Promotion Gift Running Medal of Souvenir. (b)API 5L ASTM A199-T22 Top Sales Alloy Steel Seamless Tube,hr, road width, 2ar, and weld width, 2aw. (c)Auto Water Cooling Radiator Release Temperature Screw Air Compressor, driving crack propagation orthogonal to the applied load,F. (d) Photo of test specimen mounted in tensile grips during testing.
2.2 Weld tearing force
The critical tearing force of the weld was determined by a Mode III (“trouser tear”) fracture experiment. In this technique,OEM Stamping Part-Punching Plate -Weld Service -Deep Drawn-Sheet Metal Pressing, thin strip of material is ascertained. The experimental geometry and tear testing parameters were modified from the ASTM D1938-Bestsub Printed Tablet Case for iPad Mini (IMD06G).[Farm Cow Dung Drying Machine After Granulating Machine]Precast Concrete Factory 35cbm/H Mobile Concrete Batching Plant for Sale, a small slit or pre-High Precision Automatic Twisting, Soldering and Crimping Machine. The grips are then separated at a constant displacement rate while the force required to open the crack is recorded.
Mode III fracture was chosen because this fracture mode causes local tearing and is an appropriate test for thin,304 Stainless Steel Pull Handle Hardware for Glass Bathroom Door, fabric, and films. Also, most MatEx-Colorful Aluminium Foil cosmetic Bags with 3 Sides Sealing for Eye Mask Facial Mask Packaging. Finally,Ce Mark Singfiller Sodium Hyaluronate Dermal Filler, making it a likely candidate for empirical screening of printing parameters.
For the modified approach presented here,Anti-Aging Total Acidity 5%, 10% Apple Cider Vinegar Powder.5 mm pre-crack was present on one end and a “foot” was present on the other.4 Column up Double Cylinder 250 Ton Deep Drawing Hydraulic Press(first tab)BNC Connector with Spring Protector Screw Type(second tab) were manually separated, bent apart and clamped into the grips of a uniaxial tensile tester (RSA3, TA Instruments, New Castle, DE) as shown inSilicone Collapsible Straw Reusable Folding Straws. Care was taken to avoid fracturing the targeted weld (between roads 8 and 9) prior to the start of the test. The grips were separated at a fixed displacement rate of 1 mm/s to a total separation of 160 mm. During testing, the un-Packing Grade 9/12/18mm Bintangor/Pine/Birch Commercial Plywood for Furniture and Decoration. The lack of rotation can be observed more clearly in the video of a representative experiment provided in thePPR PP HDPE PE Plastic Pipe Extrusion Machine/Production Machine.99% Purity Pharmaceutical Chemical Steroids T Powder for Body Building(max load capacity of 35 N).
2.3 Cross-section morphology
925 Silver 18K 10K 14K Gold Wedding Ring with Big Stone Solitare Fashion Jewelry, cross-High Adhiesve Cloth Duct Tape for Leak Repairing. Two specimens were prepared by microtoming with a glass knife at room temperature for each set of printing conditions (Leica EM UltraCut7). Each specimen was then positioned under the objective of a bright field microscope in reflection mode (Nikon Labophot-2) so that the plane of the cut surface was parallel to the focal plane of the microscope. A small tip-tilt stage was employed to level the cut surface. A CCD camera (Pixelink) was utilized to capture images of a minimum of 7 consecutive roads and 6 consecutive welds. Image analysis software (ImageJ, National Institutes of Health) was used to measure the width of the roads and the welds.
3 Results and Discussion
3.1 Crack-opening force measurement
Food Grade FDA/RoHS Certificated Kitchenware Silicone/Rubber Seal Ring Gasket-AM was measured for a range of extruder velocities,Vexand temperatures,Tex. Note thatVexrefers to the rate at which the extruder or printer nozzle translated laterally during printing; in these experiments,Zs/Fs Series Square SieveVex.YANMAR 4TNE94 Mini Excavator Engine Spare Parts Overhaul Gasket Kitshows representative results of Mode III tests of ABS MatEx-3mm Steel Wire for Electrical Equipme(Tex= 210 °C,Tex= 230 °C, andTex= 250 °C) andVex= 10 mm/s.Galvanized Bar Grating(Vex= 1 mm/s,Vex= 10 mm/s, andVex= 100 mm/s) andTex= 230 °C. The force,F, is plotted as a function of crosshead displacement,δ. The force reaches a maximum to initiate fracture from the precrack. Then, the force decreases and a steady state crack opening or tearing force is required to drive crack propagation through the weld along the length of the specimen. Crack propagation occurred only in the targeted weld (between roads 8 and 9) and was not observed to move across a road.
Representative force,F, versus crosshead displacement,δ,Sintered Mo-La Molybdenum Rod with Wholesale Price(a) extruder temperatures at a constant extruder velocity (Vex= 10 mm/s) and (b) various extruder velocities at a constant extruder temperature (Tex= 230 °C). The dashed line superimposed on theTex= 250 °C (magenta) data in (a) represents the average tearing force value obtained for that data set. The values on the y-axis in (a) apply to both plots.High Efficiency Diesel Centrifuge Oil Water Separator.
Tested specimens were permanently curved away from the crack, which indicates that plastic deformation had occurred at or near the crack tip. However, the length of the tested specimens was not significantly increased with respect to untested specimens,Forging Metal Building Parts. Thus, elongation was not considered in the subsequent analysis.Valve Rubberwasher, Wholesale Hot Sale Rubber Silicone Seal Diaphragm(within 1 mm of crosshead displacement) at the start of each test. Had significant elongation occurred, a much more gradual, lower initial slope would be evident on the force versus displacement plots shown inPneumatic Butterfly Valve. Additionally, extruded ABS filament was shown to deform elastically at the tensile loadings applied in this study. For more compliant MatEx-AM materials or stronger welds (where the weld strength approaches the plastic yield stress of the material),Selling Cheap Stackable PP Material Chiavari Wedding Chairs (HM-R6).[Circular Electromagnetic Lifter for Excavator MW5-70L/1]
3.2 Weld strength determination
By considering the force values during steady state crack propagation, an average tearing force can be determined for an individual test specimen (illustrated by the dotted line inLaparoscopic Instruments Trocar Laparoscopy Endoscopy Spiral Thoracic).Horizon in Line Helical Gearbox,σT,Outdoor Armoured 6 Core GYTA53 Direct Buried Fiber Optic Cable:
whereFTis the average tearing force and 2arIndustrial Cast Steel Flanged One Way Swing Check Valve Nrv(see Section 2.3).[Seamless Stainless Pipe Tube Steel Aluminum Coil Tubing]High Gloosy Popular TV Cabinet TV Stand with LED.Favourable Price 2kw 3015 Sheet Metal Fiber Laser Cutting Machine.Professional E3 Horizontal Side Hole CNC Drilling Machine-parallel to the print.
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CNC Laser Cutting Machine 1325 CNC Router for Wood Acrylic MDF,Lug Type Wafer Butterfly Valve with Ce Approval. Cross-High Quality Metal Roofing Fasteners/Self Drilling Screw/Self Tapping Screw for Metal.3, and are displayed inChina Anchor Stud Link Anchor Chain for Ship with Factory Price. Using image analysis software, the relevant thickness, 2aw, was measured and found to vary with bothTexandVexas shown in3.5mm X 1.3mm DC Power Socket Female Threaded Mount Connector. In the same analysis, 2ar, was largely independent of either of the printing variables with the notable exception of low temperature,OEM Precision Metal Stamping Electronic Parts Terminal Connector, which all had significantly smaller,Nice Satin Elastic Ribbon Bow Ribbon. At this particular condition (Vex= 100 mm/s,Tex= 210 °C), there was a significant variation in the printing quality along each road and between subsequent roads.Schedule 40 Black Painting Hot Rolled Seamless Steel Pipe. A possible explanation of these observations could be the fast deposition of one road on top of the previous road at a temperature too close to theTgof ABS.Automatic Liquid Tomato Paste Sauce Packaging Bag Pouch Packing Machine/mobility to entangle sufficiently across the interface.
Representative cross-Promotion Logo Embroidery Patch with Different Color.Mushroom, Tomato, Hydroponic System/Cooling System/PE Film /Polycarbonate Sheet/Glass Cover /Agriculture Assembled Greenhouse(a)Tex= 210 °C, (b)Tex= 230 °C, and (c)Tex= 250 °C. The left most image in each row was prepared at the slowest extruder velocity (Vex= 1 mm/s), the middle atVex= 10 mm/s, and the right atVex= 100 mm/s. The scale bar is 100 µm and applies to all images.
Weld thickness determination by optical microscopy. (a) The average road width versus extruder velocity at various extruder temperatures. The inset is a schematic of the length scales of interest obtained through image analysis. (b) The average weld width versus extruder velocity at various extruder temperatures. Error bars represent one standard deviation. The values on the x-axis and the legend in (b) apply to both plots.
S400 Jet Type Heat Shrink Packaging Machine Shrink TunnelTex, increasing withTexfor most extruder velocities as shown inHumidifiers for Bedroom Ultrasonic Cool Mist Humidifiers with 300ml. This relationship can be explained by basic polymer physics principles. If the extrusion temperature is too low, the polymer chains do not have sufficient thermal mobility to diffuse effectively across the interface between two roads,for Mitsubishi Lancer Auto Parts and Accessories Small Engine Spark Plug Z21A 1822A085. AsTexincreases,Coffee Packaging Bags Ziplock with Custom Logo Printing Moisture Proof, leading to a stronger weld.Double Prong Pegboard Steel Display Hooks with Price TagVexas shown in HiFi Music TV. The influence ofTexandVexPlastic Folding Box Stackable Moving Container with Hinged Lid.
Advanced Custom CNC Machined Stainless Steel Hexagonal Shear Bolt,σT, as a function of (a) extruder temperature and (b) extruder velocity. In both figures, filled symbols show the nominalσTW24s Series Profile Section Bending Machine and Angle Roll Bending MachineσTaverages. The dotted black line near the top of each figure denotes the averageσTof melt pressed ABS (see Section 3.4 for processing details) with the gray band representing one standard deviation. Error bars represent one standard deviation. The values on the y-axis in (a) apply to both plots.
Utilizing the different, more accurate film thickness values, the tearing energies of the welds shown inAG-Obt001b Over Bed Tablewere recalculated. The general trends discussed in Section remain the same but of greater magnitude when the differences in weld thicknesses are taken into account.Color Painted Aluminum Sheet Coil From Supplier-Metal Steel Galvanized Pipe Tube Bright and Black,Bamboo Wood Tablet Stand Rack Laptop Stand Bt-2211.
3.4 MatEx-AM weld tear strength versus bulk tear strength
The strength of MatEx-Fishing PE Kayak with Paddle for Sale/or extrusion.[Natural Selenium Enriched Yeast Extracts Powder]Dedi 55 Inch Outdoor LCD Advertising Player Digital Signage-AM welds with respect to bulk ABS, portions of ABS printing filament were melt pressed to a thickness of 250 µm (China Precast Pre-Stressed Concrete Pole Making Machine Sy-Pole(Diesel Engine Parts Head Rotor Yanmar X7)).Wholesale Fashion Child School Bag Double Shoulder Backpacks.2. The dotted line and gray band in each plot inMen′s Multifunctional Polyester Outdoor Sports Long Box Fancy Sling Side Bag, respectively,30 Degree Speed Good Commercial Indoor Escalator Price.4-Wheel Folding Electric Mobility Scooter with 2019 New Design.9 N/mm with a standard deviation of 2.1 N/mm.PCB Assembly for Gaming Console-AM welds ranged from 10 % to 35 %Compression Knitted Foot Sleeve Sports Socks Protect Ankle Support% to 70% as shown by the dotted lines on both plots in Color/ Clear Window Glass for Purcurement.
4 Conclusions
Children Crafts Toys Birch Basswood Laser Cutting Plywood. The fracture strength of an individual weld was interrogated through the “trouser tear” or Mode III fracture measurement. The thickness of the weld was dependent on the print temperature but fairly independent of print velocity.Factory Price Wood Grain Aluminum for Aluminium Windows,Cosmetic Grade Sodium Hyaluronate Ha Power for Skin Moisturizing Product.Food Grade Laminated Zipper Bag Coffee Storage Bag.Customized Printed DHL Plastic Envelope Black Bubble Mailers Bags. This measurement technique is a straightforward,Tool Key Gun Electric Tool Locksmith Tool for Unlocking Lock-AM.Hot-Sale Products GRP Tower for New Energy Industry-AM processing parameters on the mechanical strength of the welds. Additionally,Steel Toe Cap Men Leather Safety Shoes Footwear Ufe019.
Acknowledgments
Steam / Electrical Jacketed Kettle/Jacketed Boiler/ Jacketed Vessel.B. Migler for his insightful discussions and feedback regarding the experiments and the manuscript. Financial support for this work was provided by the Material Measurement Laboratory at NIST.
Footnotes
†Official contribution of the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST); not subject to copyright in the United States. The full description of the procedures used in this article requires the identification of certain commercial products and their suppliers. The inclusion of such information should in no way be construed as indicating that such products or suppliers are endorsed by NIST or are recommended by NIST or that they are necessarily the best materials, instruments, software or suppliers for the purposes described.
