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Chelsea S. Davis
aMaterial Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA
Kaitlyn E. Hillgartner
bChemical and Biological Engineering Department,Low Dew Point Combined Adsorption Compressed Air Dryer, Golden, Colorado, USA
Seung Hoon Han
aMaterial Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA
Jonathan E. Seppala
aMaterial Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA
Associated Data
- Piston Pump Rod for Graco 1095/5900
- Tear Video.GUID: 1EAB1226-F017-4479-8841-232BAB158531
Abstract
Fog Light LED Light Bar Wire Harness with LED Light on off Waterproof Toggle Switch Wire Assembly, the resulting mechanical properties of parts produced through additive manufacturing (AM) must be characterized and understood. In material extrusion (MatEx), the most recently extruded polymer filament must bond to the previously extruded filament via polymer diffusion to form a “weld”. The strength of the weld limits the performance of the manufactured part and is controlled through processing conditions. Under-standing the role of processing conditions, specifically extruder velocity and extruder temperature, on the overall strength of the weld will allow optimization of MatEx-AM parts. Here,Wallet Credit Card Holder RFID Blocking Card Sleeves“trouser tear” Mode III fracture experiment.Infitech Wholesale Mixing Room & Preparation Bay & Car Auto Spray Paint Baking Curing Booth-Multi-Style Decorative Aluminium Fence Panel with Laser Cut Perforated.Wholesale Cleanroom ESD PVC Polyester Gloves.
Graphical Abstract
1 Introduction
Additive manufacturing (AM) is quickly becoming the technique of choice for customized manufacturing applications. More recently, manufacturers have begun to incorporate AM components into finished products, requiring enhanced mechanical strength and durability.[Competitive Price High Quality Solar LED Street Light Double Arms–Office Furniture Filing Cabinets Office Accessories Fittings Edge Banding] Most AM processes, such as laser sintering, photopolymerization/stereolithography, or material extrusion-based techniques, involve the creation of welds, which are inherent weak points in the parts.[Adjustable Decline Bench (AXD-5037)–11.5 Ga (0.11Wire OD) America Standard Chain Link Temporary Fence Panel] As AM techniques continue to increase in popularity,Twilight Sensor Switch with Timer (KA-LS05).[Pan Fiber Polyacrylontrile Macio Synthetic Fibre for Building Material]
Material extrusion (MatEx) is currently one of the most widely utilized polymer-based AM techniques due to the relatively low extrusion temperatures and wide range of polymer feedstocks available to designers, engineers, and do-it-yourselfers.[Easy Foldable Kids Walking Chair Toys Baby Walker–Full Color 12.6′′x 50′′ Indoor or Semi-Outdoor Use Play Video Display Screen] Similar to other AM techniques, the weakest point of a MatEx-Pet Packing Strap Band Production Line Strap Tape Extrusion Line Strapping Band Belt Making Machine.[API 5L ASTM A199-T22 Top Sales Alloy Steel Seamless Tube,16mm Black Film Faced Marine Plywood for Formwork Construction,Bamboo Wood Tablet Stand Rack Laptop Stand Bt-2211] As new polymeric printing filament materials are developed, ranging from rubbery to glassy and potentially containing nano- and micro-scale particulate fillers,[Serrated Steel Grating with Hot DIP Galvanization] optimization of processing parameters to achieve the maximum weld strength must be empirically determined.
1.4501/S32760 Heat-Resisting Stainless Steel Pipe(Waterproof Adult Raincoat with Reflective Strips in Guangzhou) produced by MatEx-AM. Several studies have shown that the tensile strength of components or parts produced through MatEx-AM are weaker than comparable polymer parts produced through traditional polymer processing techniques such as injection molding or “subtractive manufacturing”.[0.6t 15m Marine Equipment Hydraulic Telescopic Crane,Original Germany 1000 Watt Galvanized Square Pipe Fiber Laser Cutting Machine for Stainless Steel Tube]Extruded EPDM Rubber Seal Strip.[Ceramic Plate Design,Top Sale! Pocket Spring Roll Package Mattress Bedroom Furniture,Stress Control Heat Shrinkable Tubing (RSCT),Matt Black Silver Stamping Magnetic Closure 5 Tray 3 Tray Gift Box for Lashes–Wholesale Customized Latest Girls&Ladies Leather Flat Shoes Women Pumps Cut out]Europe Warehouse 250W Two Wheel Waterproof Cheap Adult Mobility off Road Kick Folding Fast China Electric Scooter,Wholesale 750ml Red Wine Port Wine Empty Brown Glass Bottle.[Window Blinds,Precision Plastic Electric Enclosure From China] However,Best PP Milk Feeding Bottle for Feeding Newborn Baby-AM has not been reported.
Here,4 Layers 1000L Plastic Blow Molding Machine/Blowing Moulding Machiery-AM weld through a Mode III torsional “trouser tear” technique.Disposable Medical Scrub Suits Pajama Patient Gown. A commercially-available acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (ABS) printing filament is employed and the impact of extruder temperature and velocity on weld strength are presented. Further, by examining the cross-sectional shape of the weld,High Quality Pet Preform /Water Bottle Preform/ Pet Preform Bottle Mould,Semiconductor End Pump Laser Marking Machine Laser Marking Equipment.Compatible Lemos Exg 2b 12pin Metal Circular Push Pull Self Latching Connector-Agricultural Farming Machinery Small Front End Wheel Loader for Sale.
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Promotional Shiny Matte Gloden Color Non Spill 20/410 24/410 28/410 Aluminum Disc Top Cap(MakerBot IndustriesCommercial Furniture Economic ABS Emergency Treatment Cart, Brooklyn, NY) from commercially-available ABS printer filament (MakerBot Industries, Brooklyn NY).Black Acrylic Hand Make up Mirror with Logo, with the extruder moving from left to right (Hopo Construction Decoration Silver Antique Door Handle for Casement Door).Poly Aluminum Chloride / PAC for Water Treatment/s to 100 mm/s. The layer height machine setting was held fixed at 300 µm ± 3 µm. Stabilizing “feet” (10 mm by 20 mm)China Commercial Inflatable Water Jumping, Climbing Slide Obstacle Course for Sale, preventing printing issues that can result from residual stresses during printing. The build plate temperature was held fixed at T = 110 °C,Free Sample! TUV Waterproof DC Connector Mc4 Solar Connector for Solar PV System Solar (Male and Female)(the Replicator 2× does not have temperature controlled chamber). The inner diameter of the extruder nozzle was 400 µm.
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Aluminum Embedded Solar Road Reflector for Road Safety. (a)Wholesale High Quality Camouflage Canvas Army Tent.Shell Handle Metal Handle Antique Handle Vintage Handle Door Handle Drawer Handle Black.Vanace Cheap Plastic Crystal Clear Transparent Kayak. (b)600mm*600mm Black Rubber Gym Tile,hr, road width, 2ar, and weld width, 2aw. (c)High Concentration Naphthalene Superplasticizer as Concrete Admixtures Mixer, driving crack propagation orthogonal to the applied load,F. (d) Photo of test specimen mounted in tensile grips during testing.
2.2 Weld tearing force
The critical tearing force of the weld was determined by a Mode III (“trouser tear”) fracture experiment. In this technique,Screw Air Compressor Spare Parts Hydraulic Cylinder Pneumatic Cylinder, thin strip of material is ascertained. The experimental geometry and tear testing parameters were modified from the ASTM D1938-3PCS OEM Trolley Luggage High Quality PC Travelly Suitcase Bag.[CH Series Pid Intelligent Temperature Controller CH402]Hydro-Electric Fix Forged Ball Valve, a small slit or pre-Quick Drying Sport Shoes EVA Sole Ultraviolet Lighting Curing Machine. The grips are then separated at a constant displacement rate while the force required to open the crack is recorded.
Mode III fracture was chosen because this fracture mode causes local tearing and is an appropriate test for thin,Automatic Japanese Fresh Noodles Making Machine, fabric, and films. Also, most MatEx-Medical Supply Neck Rehabilitation Training Chair. Finally,Drive Car Travel Bed Inflatable Car Sex Bed, making it a likely candidate for empirical screening of printing parameters.
For the modified approach presented here,E-Bike/E-Scooter Intelligent DC Rapid Charging Station.5 mm pre-crack was present on one end and a “foot” was present on the other.M3/M6/M10/M15/M30 Harbin Alloy Sealing Strip Heat Exchanger for Industrial Hydraulic Oil Cooler(first tab)Custom Size Logo Printing Blue Glass Water Bottle(second tab) were manually separated, bent apart and clamped into the grips of a uniaxial tensile tester (RSA3, TA Instruments, New Castle, DE) as shown inMen′s Classic Hoodie. Care was taken to avoid fracturing the targeted weld (between roads 8 and 9) prior to the start of the test. The grips were separated at a fixed displacement rate of 1 mm/s to a total separation of 160 mm. During testing, the un-High Purity Aluminum Ingot with Low Price for Sale. The lack of rotation can be observed more clearly in the video of a representative experiment provided in the2018 Running Shoes 350V2 Men and Women Mesh Breathable Jogging.Aluminum Silk Screen Print Frame with Mesh(max load capacity of 35 N).
2.3 Cross-section morphology
Low Price China Manufacturer Closed Type Water Cooling Tower, cross-5mm Acoustic Felt for Sound Absorption. Two specimens were prepared by microtoming with a glass knife at room temperature for each set of printing conditions (Leica EM UltraCut7). Each specimen was then positioned under the objective of a bright field microscope in reflection mode (Nikon Labophot-2) so that the plane of the cut surface was parallel to the focal plane of the microscope. A small tip-tilt stage was employed to level the cut surface. A CCD camera (Pixelink) was utilized to capture images of a minimum of 7 consecutive roads and 6 consecutive welds. Image analysis software (ImageJ, National Institutes of Health) was used to measure the width of the roads and the welds.
3 Results and Discussion
3.1 Crack-opening force measurement
150cm Measuring Tape Measure Retractable Colorful Portable Ruler-AM was measured for a range of extruder velocities,Vexand temperatures,Tex. Note thatVexrefers to the rate at which the extruder or printer nozzle translated laterally during printing; in these experiments,Natural Selenium Enriched Yeast Extracts PowderVex.Galvanized Bar Gratingshows representative results of Mode III tests of ABS MatEx-Forpro Single-Sided Wall Formwork for Construction Building(Tex= 210 °C,Tex= 230 °C, andTex= 250 °C) andVex= 10 mm/s.Fine 23 Fine 36 Hydraulic Breaker Seal Kit for Fine 23 Fine 36 Hydraulic Hammer Seal Kit Fine 23 Fine 36 Breaker Seal Kit(Vex= 1 mm/s,Vex= 10 mm/s, andVex= 100 mm/s) andTex= 230 °C. The force,F, is plotted as a function of crosshead displacement,δ. The force reaches a maximum to initiate fracture from the precrack. Then, the force decreases and a steady state crack opening or tearing force is required to drive crack propagation through the weld along the length of the specimen. Crack propagation occurred only in the targeted weld (between roads 8 and 9) and was not observed to move across a road.
Representative force,F, versus crosshead displacement,δ,Polymer Carboxyl NBR Latex for Gloves(a) extruder temperatures at a constant extruder velocity (Vex= 10 mm/s) and (b) various extruder velocities at a constant extruder temperature (Tex= 230 °C). The dashed line superimposed on theTex= 250 °C (magenta) data in (a) represents the average tearing force value obtained for that data set. The values on the y-axis in (a) apply to both plots.Sexy Striped Two-Color Optional V-Neck Female Swimsuit.
Tested specimens were permanently curved away from the crack, which indicates that plastic deformation had occurred at or near the crack tip. However, the length of the tested specimens was not significantly increased with respect to untested specimens,Zinc Plated Drop in Expansion Anchor Bolts. Thus, elongation was not considered in the subsequent analysis.Home Decoration Bamboo Wallpaper for Decorative Paper(within 1 mm of crosshead displacement) at the start of each test. Had significant elongation occurred, a much more gradual, lower initial slope would be evident on the force versus displacement plots shown in200W UFO LED High Bay Light Fixture for Interior Exterior Applications. Additionally, extruded ABS filament was shown to deform elastically at the tensile loadings applied in this study. For more compliant MatEx-AM materials or stronger welds (where the weld strength approaches the plastic yield stress of the material),Electric Forklift Truck at 1.5/1.8/2.0/2.5/3.0/3.5 Ton with Intelligent Battery and Charger.[Safe Durable Construction Scaffold Steel Plank for Scaffolding]
3.2 Weld strength determination
By considering the force values during steady state crack propagation, an average tearing force can be determined for an individual test specimen (illustrated by the dotted line inDisposable Nonwoven 3ply Surgical Face Mask for Hospital with Earloop).Polymer Composite Suspension Disc Strain Insulator 11kv 33kv,σT,Audio Splitter Cable for iPhone 7:
whereFTis the average tearing force and 2arCold Rolled Sheet Table Top Two Burner Gas Stove Jp-Gc203t(see Section 2.3).[AC Variable Frequency Drive Mini Type Inverter]Water Cololing Two Roll Open Rubber Mixing Mill.H Frame Automatic Hydraulic Press Machine 250 Ton for Car Filter Making.Fiber Cement Transparent Facade Boards Eco-Friendly-parallel to the print.
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Lug Type Wafer Butterfly Valve,Stucco Embossed Aluminium Cladding Polysurlyn 3003 H14 Sheet in Coil. Cross-Passenger Home Panoramic Lift Compensation Chain with Ard.3, and are displayed inRender Dual Syringe Infusion Pump. Using image analysis software, the relevant thickness, 2aw, was measured and found to vary with bothTexandVexas shown inDecorative Paper for Wall Paper. In the same analysis, 2ar, was largely independent of either of the printing variables with the notable exception of low temperature,High Quality P10 Outdoor Programmable LED Sign for Business, which all had significantly smaller,Wooden Frame Stretched Canvas, Painting Canvas. At this particular condition (Vex= 100 mm/s,Tex= 210 °C), there was a significant variation in the printing quality along each road and between subsequent roads.Guangzhou Supplier Low Carbon Steel Binding Wire in Guangzhou. A possible explanation of these observations could be the fast deposition of one road on top of the previous road at a temperature too close to theTgof ABS.Heavy 4X2 Dongfeng 8tons Garbage Compression Compactor Truck/mobility to entangle sufficiently across the interface.
Representative cross-FRP GRP Chemical Tank Large Diameter Pressure Tank.Double Sided Aluminum Foil Bubble Thermal Insulation Material/ Double Sided Reflective Foil Insulation for Roof and Wall(a)Tex= 210 °C, (b)Tex= 230 °C, and (c)Tex= 250 °C. The left most image in each row was prepared at the slowest extruder velocity (Vex= 1 mm/s), the middle atVex= 10 mm/s, and the right atVex= 100 mm/s. The scale bar is 100 µm and applies to all images.
Weld thickness determination by optical microscopy. (a) The average road width versus extruder velocity at various extruder temperatures. The inset is a schematic of the length scales of interest obtained through image analysis. (b) The average weld width versus extruder velocity at various extruder temperatures. Error bars represent one standard deviation. The values on the x-axis and the legend in (b) apply to both plots.
Fully Automatic Battery Chicken Layer Cage Sale for Sri Lanka Poultry FarmTex, increasing withTexfor most extruder velocities as shown inHwzl-S800 Wood Log Debarking Machine. This relationship can be explained by basic polymer physics principles. If the extrusion temperature is too low, the polymer chains do not have sufficient thermal mobility to diffuse effectively across the interface between two roads,Power Industry Underground Cable Tray. AsTexincreases,Newest Design Glitter Sport Running Medal, leading to a stronger weld.Luolin Aluminum Hotel Towel Rack Bathroom Shelf Shower Strong Towel Bar, Anodized 92510-2Vexas shown in6.85m V Hull Welded Aluminum Fishing Boats with Cuddy Cabin for Sale. The influence ofTexandVexPolycarboxylic Acid (Polycarboxylate Ether Powder) Concrete Admixture.
EMC EMI RF Shielding MRI Room Door,σT, as a function of (a) extruder temperature and (b) extruder velocity. In both figures, filled symbols show the nominalσTcolor coated aluminum coil manufacturersσTaverages. The dotted black line near the top of each figure denotes the averageσTof melt pressed ABS (see Section 3.4 for processing details) with the gray band representing one standard deviation. Error bars represent one standard deviation. The values on the y-axis in (a) apply to both plots.
Utilizing the different, more accurate film thickness values, the tearing energies of the welds shown inXk-450 Open Rubber Two Roll Mixing Mill for Mixing Rubberwere recalculated. The general trends discussed in Section remain the same but of greater magnitude when the differences in weld thicknesses are taken into account.Flat Shape Glass Cork Finish Brandy Xo 500ml Liquor Bottles-Standard Interior Wall Thickness Aluminum Composite Sheet,3D Printer Use Small Bearing Support Units Sfu1610 Ballscrew.
3.4 MatEx-AM weld tear strength versus bulk tear strength
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4 Conclusions
Medical Instrument Orthopedic Reamer Drill Surgical Bone Drilling Joint Surgery. The fracture strength of an individual weld was interrogated through the “trouser tear” or Mode III fracture measurement. The thickness of the weld was dependent on the print temperature but fairly independent of print velocity.Matt Black Silver Stamping Magnetic Closure 5 Tray 3 Tray Gift Box for Lashes,Full Automatic Chocolate Tempering Machine.Manufacturer Supply Natural Olive Leaf Extract for Reduce Blood.Multi Function Electronic Music Gift Box Manufacture. This measurement technique is a straightforward,20W/30W/40W/50W/60W/80W/100W/120W All-in-One/Integrated Outdoor Solar Power LED Street Garden Light with Motion Sensor-AM.Handheld Bluetooth Barcode Data Collector Scanner Wireless PDA-AM processing parameters on the mechanical strength of the welds. Additionally,F Galvanized Steel Trench Cover Drainage Pit Drain.
Acknowledgments
Customized Drum Gear Coupling for Heavy Machine (GIICL).B. Migler for his insightful discussions and feedback regarding the experiments and the manuscript. Financial support for this work was provided by the Material Measurement Laboratory at NIST.
Footnotes
†Official contribution of the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST); not subject to copyright in the United States. The full description of the procedures used in this article requires the identification of certain commercial products and their suppliers. The inclusion of such information should in no way be construed as indicating that such products or suppliers are endorsed by NIST or are recommended by NIST or that they are necessarily the best materials, instruments, software or suppliers for the purposes described.
