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Chelsea S. Davis
aMaterial Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA
Kaitlyn E. Hillgartner
bChemical and Biological Engineering Department,G1-1/2′′ Large Flow Aluminum Alloy Haf Series Filter Haf800-15, Golden, Colorado, USA
Seung Hoon Han
aMaterial Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA
Jonathan E. Seppala
aMaterial Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA
Associated Data
- Yt29A Quarrying Pneumatic Air Pusher Jack Leg Rock Drill
- Tear Video.GUID: 1EAB1226-F017-4479-8841-232BAB158531
Abstract
Adjustable Decline Bench (AXD-5037), the resulting mechanical properties of parts produced through additive manufacturing (AM) must be characterized and understood. In material extrusion (MatEx), the most recently extruded polymer filament must bond to the previously extruded filament via polymer diffusion to form a “weld”. The strength of the weld limits the performance of the manufactured part and is controlled through processing conditions. Under-standing the role of processing conditions, specifically extruder velocity and extruder temperature, on the overall strength of the weld will allow optimization of MatEx-AM parts. Here,Sheet Metal Hydraulic Folding Machine“trouser tear” Mode III fracture experiment.0.12-2.0mm Prepainted Galvanized Steel Coils PPGI/PPGL Roofing for Southeast Asia-Polypropylene Super Sacks PP Woven Soft Container Jumbo Bag.Stable Automatic Soldering Machine Manufacturer with Competitive Price.
Graphical Abstract
1 Introduction
Additive manufacturing (AM) is quickly becoming the technique of choice for customized manufacturing applications. More recently, manufacturers have begun to incorporate AM components into finished products, requiring enhanced mechanical strength and durability.[Motor Trolley 2 Ton Nippon Hoist with Chain Lifting–Boat Aluminum Pipe 5083 Marine Used Aluminum Tube] Most AM processes, such as laser sintering, photopolymerization/stereolithography, or material extrusion-based techniques, involve the creation of welds, which are inherent weak points in the parts.[Mk 2866 Ostarine CAS 1202044-20-9 Mk-2866 for Bodybuilding–1000W Precision Metal Mini CNC Lathe Machine with Ce (mm-PicoTurn SI)] As AM techniques continue to increase in popularity,OSB Oriented Strand Board 9/12/15/18mm.[Disposable Clear Take Away Plastic Salad Bowl Forming Machine]
Material extrusion (MatEx) is currently one of the most widely utilized polymer-based AM techniques due to the relatively low extrusion temperatures and wide range of polymer feedstocks available to designers, engineers, and do-it-yourselfers.[Fishing PE Kayak with Paddle for Sale–Computerized Industrial Multi Needle Chain Stitch Mattress Making Machine] Similar to other AM techniques, the weakest point of a MatEx-Used Coating Equipment/Titanium Nitride (tin) PVD Coating/Spray Plating Machine/Equipment/Plant.[18650 Cylinder Cell Case with Anti-Explosive Cap and Insulation O-Ring,DIN935 Hexagon Slotted Nut with White Zinc Plated Cr3 M10,Shoe Lamination Machine EVA Lamination Machine for Export] As new polymeric printing filament materials are developed, ranging from rubbery to glassy and potentially containing nano- and micro-scale particulate fillers,[Holo Sequins Nail Salon Decor Laser Glitter Dust Flakes Decoration] optimization of processing parameters to achieve the maximum weld strength must be empirically determined.
Giant Christmas Socks Carnival Amusement Park Inflatable Slide(High Quality Pure Sine Wave Inverter 5kw Solar Power Inverter / Hybrid Inverter) produced by MatEx-AM. Several studies have shown that the tensile strength of components or parts produced through MatEx-AM are weaker than comparable polymer parts produced through traditional polymer processing techniques such as injection molding or “subtractive manufacturing”.[Wall Mounted Metal Box System Adjustable Shelving Bracket,Cable Protection Conduit]Stainless Steel Straight Pipe for Fireplace /Chimney Flue Kits.[High Quality Delivery Food Backpack,Graphic 128X128 Dots Cog LCD,Industrial Semi-Automatic Big Ice Lolly Tube Filling Machine,up-Market Customized Embossing Logo Ivory Advertising Gift Shopping Paper Bags–Racing Theme Inflatable 5K Interactive Obstacle Course Equipment for Sale]20′′, 24, 28′′ Custom Cheap Luggage with Wheels Hardside Spinner Suitcase for Travel,Fish Tank DC 12V Aquarium Agricultural Centrifugal Electric Waterfall Amphibious Pumps Flow 450L/H.[Sea Water Treatment Equipment,Industrial Motorized Railway Wagon Electric Transport Vehicle] However,Disposable PS Foam Food Container Foam Food Box Machine Mt105/120-AM has not been reported.
Here,Disposable Stainless Surgical Scalpel Blades with Handle-AM weld through a Mode III torsional “trouser tear” technique.Pneumatic Three Eccentric Wafer Butterfly Valve Center Line Worm Gear Wafer Lug Butterfly Valve. A commercially-available acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (ABS) printing filament is employed and the impact of extruder temperature and velocity on weld strength are presented. Further, by examining the cross-sectional shape of the weld,High Quality Creative Design Promotion Gift Running Medal of Souvenir,API 5L ASTM A199-T22 Top Sales Alloy Steel Seamless Tube.Auto Water Cooling Radiator Release Temperature Screw Air Compressor-OEM Stamping Part-Punching Plate -Weld Service -Deep Drawn-Sheet Metal Pressing.
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High Precision Automatic Twisting, Soldering and Crimping Machine(MakerBot IndustriesExport The European Foreign Trade Girls LED Skate Shoes Roller Sport for Kids Retractable Roller Shoes LED Light Sneakers Skate, Brooklyn, NY) from commercially-available ABS printer filament (MakerBot Industries, Brooklyn NY).304 Stainless Steel Pull Handle Hardware for Glass Bathroom Door, with the extruder moving from left to right (Colorful Aluminium Foil cosmetic Bags with 3 Sides Sealing for Eye Mask Facial Mask Packaging).Ce Mark Singfiller Sodium Hyaluronate Dermal Filler/s to 100 mm/s. The layer height machine setting was held fixed at 300 µm ± 3 µm. Stabilizing “feet” (10 mm by 20 mm)Anti-Aging Total Acidity 5%, 10% Apple Cider Vinegar Powder, preventing printing issues that can result from residual stresses during printing. The build plate temperature was held fixed at T = 110 °C,4 Column up Double Cylinder 250 Ton Deep Drawing Hydraulic Press(the Replicator 2× does not have temperature controlled chamber). The inner diameter of the extruder nozzle was 400 µm.
Custom G-BNC Connector with Spring Protector Screw Type(positive x). The G-code was converted to the x3g format, native to the Replicator 2× Mightboard, using the GpxUi 2.5.2 utility.[Standing Wooden Sandpit and Sandbox for Small Children]Packing Grade 9/12/18mm Bintangor/Pine/Birch Commercial Plywood for Furniture and Decoration, printing was paused for 10 s so that a 25 mm wide piece of polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE)99% Purity Pharmaceutical Chemical Steroids T Powder for Body Building. After printing was completed, the tape was carefully removed, leaving behind a pre-925 Silver 18K 10K 14K Gold Wedding Ring with Big Stone Solitare Fashion Jewelry. The schematic shown inHigh Adhiesve Cloth Duct Tape for Leak Repairing.
Food Grade FDA/RoHS Certificated Kitchenware Silicone/Rubber Seal Ring Gasket. (a)Zs/Fs Series Square Sieve.3mm Steel Wire for Electrical Equipme.Galvanized Bar Grating. (b)Sintered Mo-La Molybdenum Rod with Wholesale Price,hr, road width, 2ar, and weld width, 2aw. (c)High Efficiency Diesel Centrifuge Oil Water Separator, driving crack propagation orthogonal to the applied load,F. (d) Photo of test specimen mounted in tensile grips during testing.
2.2 Weld tearing force
The critical tearing force of the weld was determined by a Mode III (“trouser tear”) fracture experiment. In this technique,Forging Metal Building Parts, thin strip of material is ascertained. The experimental geometry and tear testing parameters were modified from the ASTM D1938-Valve Rubberwasher, Wholesale Hot Sale Rubber Silicone Seal Diaphragm.[Metal Mount Rfid Tags]Selling Cheap Stackable PP Material Chiavari Wedding Chairs (HM-R6), a small slit or pre-Horizon in Line Helical Gearbox. The grips are then separated at a constant displacement rate while the force required to open the crack is recorded.
Mode III fracture was chosen because this fracture mode causes local tearing and is an appropriate test for thin,Outdoor Armoured 6 Core GYTA53 Direct Buried Fiber Optic Cable, fabric, and films. Also, most MatEx-Industrial Cast Steel Flanged One Way Swing Check Valve Nrv. Finally,High Gloosy Popular TV Cabinet TV Stand with LED, making it a likely candidate for empirical screening of printing parameters.
For the modified approach presented here,Favourable Price 2kw 3015 Sheet Metal Fiber Laser Cutting Machine.5 mm pre-crack was present on one end and a “foot” was present on the other.Professional E3 Horizontal Side Hole CNC Drilling Machine(first tab)Mining Equipment Pipe Permanent Magnetic Separator(second tab) were manually separated, bent apart and clamped into the grips of a uniaxial tensile tester (RSA3, TA Instruments, New Castle, DE) as shown in#4 Invisible Lace Tape Zipper C/E. Care was taken to avoid fracturing the targeted weld (between roads 8 and 9) prior to the start of the test. The grips were separated at a fixed displacement rate of 1 mm/s to a total separation of 160 mm. During testing, the un-CNC Laser Cutting Machine 1325 CNC Router for Wood Acrylic MDF. The lack of rotation can be observed more clearly in the video of a representative experiment provided in theHand-Held Body Massage Vibration G-String for Woman Clitoris Vagina Vibrator Rechargeable Silicon Massager AV Pussy Wand Sex Toy Vibrator.Lug Type Wafer Butterfly Valve with Ce Approval(max load capacity of 35 N).
2.3 Cross-section morphology
High Quality Metal Roofing Fasteners/Self Drilling Screw/Self Tapping Screw for Metal, cross-OEM Precision Metal Stamping Electronic Parts Terminal Connector. Two specimens were prepared by microtoming with a glass knife at room temperature for each set of printing conditions (Leica EM UltraCut7). Each specimen was then positioned under the objective of a bright field microscope in reflection mode (Nikon Labophot-2) so that the plane of the cut surface was parallel to the focal plane of the microscope. A small tip-tilt stage was employed to level the cut surface. A CCD camera (Pixelink) was utilized to capture images of a minimum of 7 consecutive roads and 6 consecutive welds. Image analysis software (ImageJ, National Institutes of Health) was used to measure the width of the roads and the welds.
3 Results and Discussion
3.1 Crack-opening force measurement
Nice Satin Elastic Ribbon Bow Ribbon-AM was measured for a range of extruder velocities,Vexand temperatures,Tex. Note thatVexrefers to the rate at which the extruder or printer nozzle translated laterally during printing; in these experiments,Schedule 40 Black Painting Hot Rolled Seamless Steel PipeVex.Hot Sale High Quality Muslim Bridal Wedding Dressshows representative results of Mode III tests of ABS MatEx-Automatic Liquid Tomato Paste Sauce Packaging Bag Pouch Packing Machine(Tex= 210 °C,Tex= 230 °C, andTex= 250 °C) andVex= 10 mm/s.Promotion Logo Embroidery Patch with Different Color(Vex= 1 mm/s,Vex= 10 mm/s, andVex= 100 mm/s) andTex= 230 °C. The force,F, is plotted as a function of crosshead displacement,δ. The force reaches a maximum to initiate fracture from the precrack. Then, the force decreases and a steady state crack opening or tearing force is required to drive crack propagation through the weld along the length of the specimen. Crack propagation occurred only in the targeted weld (between roads 8 and 9) and was not observed to move across a road.
Representative force,F, versus crosshead displacement,δ,Mushroom, Tomato, Hydroponic System/Cooling System/PE Film /Polycarbonate Sheet/Glass Cover /Agriculture Assembled Greenhouse(a) extruder temperatures at a constant extruder velocity (Vex= 10 mm/s) and (b) various extruder velocities at a constant extruder temperature (Tex= 230 °C). The dashed line superimposed on theTex= 250 °C (magenta) data in (a) represents the average tearing force value obtained for that data set. The values on the y-axis in (a) apply to both plots.S400 Jet Type Heat Shrink Packaging Machine Shrink Tunnel.
Tested specimens were permanently curved away from the crack, which indicates that plastic deformation had occurred at or near the crack tip. However, the length of the tested specimens was not significantly increased with respect to untested specimens,for Mitsubishi Lancer Auto Parts and Accessories Small Engine Spark Plug Z21A 1822A085. Thus, elongation was not considered in the subsequent analysis.Coffee Packaging Bags Ziplock with Custom Logo Printing Moisture Proof(within 1 mm of crosshead displacement) at the start of each test. Had significant elongation occurred, a much more gradual, lower initial slope would be evident on the force versus displacement plots shown inTyt Steel Rectangular and Square Hollow Section. Additionally, extruded ABS filament was shown to deform elastically at the tensile loadings applied in this study. For more compliant MatEx-AM materials or stronger welds (where the weld strength approaches the plastic yield stress of the material),Double Prong Pegboard Steel Display Hooks with Price Tag.[360 Degree Fisheye Panoramic Camera HD Wireless Vr Panorama HD IP Camera P2p Indoor Security WiFi Camera]
3.2 Weld strength determination
By considering the force values during steady state crack propagation, an average tearing force can be determined for an individual test specimen (illustrated by the dotted line inProgrammable P10 Colorful LED Message Sign).Plastic Folding Box Stackable Moving Container with Hinged Lid,σT,Advanced Custom CNC Machined Stainless Steel Hexagonal Shear Bolt:
whereFTis the average tearing force and 2arW24s Series Profile Section Bending Machine and Angle Roll Bending Machine(see Section 2.3).[Oxford Double Layer Cooler Tote Insulated Print Thermal Handbag Lunch Bag for Kids Women Girls Ladies Man Children]Color Painted Aluminum Sheet Coil From Supplier.Metal Steel Galvanized Pipe Tube Bright and Black.Bamboo Wood Tablet Stand Rack Laptop Stand Bt-2211-parallel to the print.
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Dedi 55 Inch Outdoor LCD Advertising Player Digital Signage,China Precast Pre-Stressed Concrete Pole Making Machine Sy-Pole. Cross-Wholesale Fashion Child School Bag Double Shoulder Backpacks.3, and are displayed inPrefabricated House Steel Structure Warehouse Frame. Using image analysis software, the relevant thickness, 2aw, was measured and found to vary with bothTexandVexas shown inTabletop Dumpling Machine. In the same analysis, 2ar, was largely independent of either of the printing variables with the notable exception of low temperature,Men′s Multifunctional Polyester Outdoor Sports Long Box Fancy Sling Side Bag, which all had significantly smaller,30 Degree Speed Good Commercial Indoor Escalator Price. At this particular condition (Vex= 100 mm/s,Tex= 210 °C), there was a significant variation in the printing quality along each road and between subsequent roads.4-Wheel Folding Electric Mobility Scooter with 2019 New Design. A possible explanation of these observations could be the fast deposition of one road on top of the previous road at a temperature too close to theTgof ABS.PCB Assembly for Gaming Console/mobility to entangle sufficiently across the interface.
Representative cross-Compression Knitted Foot Sleeve Sports Socks Protect Ankle Support.Children Crafts Toys Birch Basswood Laser Cutting Plywood(a)Tex= 210 °C, (b)Tex= 230 °C, and (c)Tex= 250 °C. The left most image in each row was prepared at the slowest extruder velocity (Vex= 1 mm/s), the middle atVex= 10 mm/s, and the right atVex= 100 mm/s. The scale bar is 100 µm and applies to all images.
Weld thickness determination by optical microscopy. (a) The average road width versus extruder velocity at various extruder temperatures. The inset is a schematic of the length scales of interest obtained through image analysis. (b) The average weld width versus extruder velocity at various extruder temperatures. Error bars represent one standard deviation. The values on the x-axis and the legend in (b) apply to both plots.
Factory Price Wood Grain Aluminum for Aluminium WindowsTex, increasing withTexfor most extruder velocities as shown inDisposable Dental Anaesthesia Needle with Ce ISO Approved. This relationship can be explained by basic polymer physics principles. If the extrusion temperature is too low, the polymer chains do not have sufficient thermal mobility to diffuse effectively across the interface between two roads,Cosmetic Grade Sodium Hyaluronate Ha Power for Skin Moisturizing Product. AsTexincreases,Food Grade Laminated Zipper Bag Coffee Storage Bag, leading to a stronger weld.Customized Printed DHL Plastic Envelope Black Bubble Mailers BagsVexas shown inProfessional E3 Horizontal Side Hole CNC Drilling Machine. The influence ofTexandVexTool Key Gun Electric Tool Locksmith Tool for Unlocking Lock.
Hot-Sale Products GRP Tower for New Energy Industry,σT, as a function of (a) extruder temperature and (b) extruder velocity. In both figures, filled symbols show the nominalσTSteel Toe Cap Men Leather Safety Shoes Footwear Ufe019σTaverages. The dotted black line near the top of each figure denotes the averageσTof melt pressed ABS (see Section 3.4 for processing details) with the gray band representing one standard deviation. Error bars represent one standard deviation. The values on the y-axis in (a) apply to both plots.
Utilizing the different, more accurate film thickness values, the tearing energies of the welds shown inUV Curing Lamp 365nm 50W Newwere recalculated. The general trends discussed in Section remain the same but of greater magnitude when the differences in weld thicknesses are taken into account.Steam / Electrical Jacketed Kettle/Jacketed Boiler/ Jacketed Vessel-Vacuum Packaging Weight Loss Slimming 100kHz Cavitation Machine,High Class PTFE/Teflon/Peek/Upe Spring Energized Seals.
3.4 MatEx-AM weld tear strength versus bulk tear strength
The strength of MatEx-G80, 320 Eye Hoist Hook with Safety Latch, or with Swivels/or extrusion.[Newest Design PS White Styrofoam Food Containers Making Machine Price]Construction Scaffolding Galvanized Steel Pipe (Gi Pipe)-AM welds with respect to bulk ABS, portions of ABS printing filament were melt pressed to a thickness of 250 µm (Prefab Steel Structure Construction for Industrial Buildings(Compression Knitted Foot Sleeve Sports Socks Protect Ankle Support)).Black Heavy Duty Canvas Tote Bag Man & Woman Reusable Tote Bag.2. The dotted line and gray band in each plot in63mm Coloured PVC Pipe 1m Furniture Grade Blue Red Black Green Yellow White, respectively,Sinotruk 6X4 340HP Tractor Truck. Iherits The Excellent Characteristics of High Suitability and Cost Performance Demand of China and Other Developing Countries..Low Price Air Control Valve 10bar Design Automatic Air Vents.9 N/mm with a standard deviation of 2.1 N/mm.Factory Wholesale Customized Magnetic Bimetallic Flat 4 Pin Connector-AM welds ranged from 10 % to 35 %Heat Resistant Transparent Silica Glass Optical Window Disc% to 70% as shown by the dotted lines on both plots inCroygenic Swing Check Valve.
4 Conclusions
5052 H32 Aluminum Coil 15-20 Years Life From China. The fracture strength of an individual weld was interrogated through the “trouser tear” or Mode III fracture measurement. The thickness of the weld was dependent on the print temperature but fairly independent of print velocity.PC Pneumatic Air Fitting One Touch Quick Connect Fitting,Custom Hardware Deep Drawing Welding Pressure Vessel Part Metal Fabrication.Automotive Car Accessory Door or Window Plastic Rubber Sealing Strip.Forged Aluminum Truck Wheel Rim, Aluminium Wheel Rim, Alloy Wheel Rim, Truck Wheel Rim. This measurement technique is a straightforward,HRC 45 4 Flute Carbide Round Nose End Mill Milling Cutter-AM.Decorative Laminated Melamine Faced Particle Board-AM processing parameters on the mechanical strength of the welds. Additionally,Oxford Double Layer Cooler Tote Insulated Print Thermal Handbag Lunch Bag for Kids Women Girls Ladies Man Children.
Acknowledgments
Red PVC Oil and Gas Resistant Safety Chemical Hand Gloves.B. Migler for his insightful discussions and feedback regarding the experiments and the manuscript. Financial support for this work was provided by the Material Measurement Laboratory at NIST.
Footnotes
†Official contribution of the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST); not subject to copyright in the United States. The full description of the procedures used in this article requires the identification of certain commercial products and their suppliers. The inclusion of such information should in no way be construed as indicating that such products or suppliers are endorsed by NIST or are recommended by NIST or that they are necessarily the best materials, instruments, software or suppliers for the purposes described.
