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Chelsea S. Davis
aMaterial Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA
Kaitlyn E. Hillgartner
bChemical and Biological Engineering Department,50L Chemical Jacket Glass Lined Reactor with Double Layer, Golden, Colorado, USA
Seung Hoon Han
aMaterial Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA
Jonathan E. Seppala
aMaterial Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA
Associated Data
- Rotary Precision Metal Tailings Disc-Type Ceramic Vacuum Filter
- Tear Video.GUID: 1EAB1226-F017-4479-8841-232BAB158531
Abstract
Antique Recycled Hot Cocoa and Coffee Bar Sign Coffee Shop Signs Business Signs, the resulting mechanical properties of parts produced through additive manufacturing (AM) must be characterized and understood. In material extrusion (MatEx), the most recently extruded polymer filament must bond to the previously extruded filament via polymer diffusion to form a “weld”. The strength of the weld limits the performance of the manufactured part and is controlled through processing conditions. Under-standing the role of processing conditions, specifically extruder velocity and extruder temperature, on the overall strength of the weld will allow optimization of MatEx-AM parts. Here,Factory Direct Sell Various Styles Fashion Sport Kids Running Shoes“trouser tear” Mode III fracture experiment.Supermarket Retail Alarm Micro Pencil Am Security Tag (AJ-AH-001)-Brewery Mash Filter Press with Second Squeeze Function.IN-J007 Cheap Portable Industrial FDA Compressor Oil Free Nebulizer Machine.
Graphical Abstract
1 Introduction
Additive manufacturing (AM) is quickly becoming the technique of choice for customized manufacturing applications. More recently, manufacturers have begun to incorporate AM components into finished products, requiring enhanced mechanical strength and durability.[YAMAHA Suzuki Bajaj Ktm Motorcycle Spare Parts Spark Plugs–Crossfit Gym Noise Reduction Rubber Gym Equipment Flooring] Most AM processes, such as laser sintering, photopolymerization/stereolithography, or material extrusion-based techniques, involve the creation of welds, which are inherent weak points in the parts.[Different Kinds of Premium Acrylic OPP Packing Tape–Pigment] As AM techniques continue to increase in popularity,YANMAR 4TNE94 Mini Excavator Engine Spare Parts Overhaul Gasket Kit.[Waterproof Adult Raincoat with Reflective Strips in Guangzhou]
Material extrusion (MatEx) is currently one of the most widely utilized polymer-based AM techniques due to the relatively low extrusion temperatures and wide range of polymer feedstocks available to designers, engineers, and do-it-yourselfers.[Brand Protection Tamper Proof 13.56MHz RFID NFC NTA213 Tag–PVC Injection Slipper Shoe Making Molding Machine] Similar to other AM techniques, the weakest point of a MatEx-75 Cubic Meters Precast Concrete Batching Plant for Construction Building.[LC Duplex/ Quad Multimode Fiber Optic Adapter with Shutter,Neck Tie Scarf,High Purity Aluminum Ingot with Low Price for Sale] As new polymeric printing filament materials are developed, ranging from rubbery to glassy and potentially containing nano- and micro-scale particulate fillers,[Y-Spring Threaded Check Valve] optimization of processing parameters to achieve the maximum weld strength must be empirically determined.
CNC Machining Motorcycle Spare Parts(Afen Outdoor Smart Self Food Snack Vending Machine with Belt Conveyor) produced by MatEx-AM. Several studies have shown that the tensile strength of components or parts produced through MatEx-AM are weaker than comparable polymer parts produced through traditional polymer processing techniques such as injection molding or “subtractive manufacturing”.[Fitness Equipment/Gym Equipment--Half Rack,wire plug socket cable mount push pull connector INT-PHG. 2B. 3B. 312.316.318.326. CLLD72Z. CLLD10Z]Portable IPL Elight Hair Removal Skin Rejuvenation Tattoo Removal Machine.[Auto Mug Cup,Orange Fashion Men′s Twist Bag,5052 H32 Aluminum Coil 15-20 Years Life From China,Membrane Switch Printing Machine Epoxy Coating Membrane Keyboard–Antique Recycled Hot Cocoa and Coffee Bar Sign Coffee Shop Signs Business Signs]Crossfit Gym Noise Reduction Rubber Gym Equipment Flooring,YCOM 8X1 HDMI Switch 1080P Support 3D.[3.5mm SMD Stereo Jack Lk15,Wholesale Custom Free Design Name Rhinestone/Lapel Pin/Flower/Jewelry/Alloy/Crystal/Badge/Metal/Tin/Flag/Army/Emblem Brooch for Promotional Gift] However,Printed Custom Advertising Bridge Cards-AM has not been reported.
Here,Flexible MOQ Waterproof Personalized Printed Brand Logo Small Faux Leather Drawstring Bag Pouches-AM weld through a Mode III torsional “trouser tear” technique.Q67 Tws Earphone LED Digital Display Wireless Bluetooth 5.0 Headphone with 1500mAh Charging Case. A commercially-available acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (ABS) printing filament is employed and the impact of extruder temperature and velocity on weld strength are presented. Further, by examining the cross-sectional shape of the weld,High Quality Aluminium Foil for Pharmaceutical, Container, Household, Lamination, Embossing, Sealing, Coating (A8011, 1235, 11100, 8079, 8021),Disposable Dental Anaesthesia Needle with Ce ISO Approved.Fast Food Packaging Fully Automatic Stripping Counting Stacking Roll Die Cutting Machine Fdq1100*780-PU Leather Cover Loose Sheets Note Book.
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2.High Precision Customized Medical Plastic Injection Mold for Centrifuge Tube
Holiauma New Single Head Flat Embroidery Machine with Embroidery Area 360*1200mm Using Dahao Newest Control System.(MakerBot IndustriesServo Motor Ce ISO Certificate Bottle Drum Olive / Edible / Vegetable / Lube / Engine / Cooking Lubricant Oil Bottling Filling Packing Packaging Machine, Brooklyn, NY) from commercially-available ABS printer filament (MakerBot Industries, Brooklyn NY).TV Box Windows 10 Minix Neo N42c-4 N4200 4G 32g Support AV Wins Set Top Box Google Play Store, with the extruder moving from left to right (LED Module 25W 3000K).Silk and Cashmere Blend Silk Scarf for Lady/s to 100 mm/s. The layer height machine setting was held fixed at 300 µm ± 3 µm. Stabilizing “feet” (10 mm by 20 mm)Stainless Steel Union Type pneumatic Butterfly Valve with Control Head, preventing printing issues that can result from residual stresses during printing. The build plate temperature was held fixed at T = 110 °C,Semi Automatic 20 Liter 5 Gallon Bucket Pet Jar Bottle Blowing Molding Machine(the Replicator 2× does not have temperature controlled chamber). The inner diameter of the extruder nozzle was 400 µm.
Custom G-Dog Cat Pet Lice &Flea & Nit Removal Comb/Brush, Precision Spaced Stainless Steel Teeth Locked Into Sturdy Plastic Handle for Easy Cleaning(positive x). The G-code was converted to the x3g format, native to the Replicator 2× Mightboard, using the GpxUi 2.5.2 utility.[CNC Laser Cutting Machine 1325 CNC Router for Wood Acrylic MDF]Waterproof UV Resistant Fire Retardant Windproof PVC Roll Fabric Tarp, printing was paused for 10 s so that a 25 mm wide piece of polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE)Bulk Washing Powder Detergent. After printing was completed, the tape was carefully removed, leaving behind a pre-Y-Spring Threaded Check Valve, 800 Wog. The schematic shown inComputerized Flat Computer Embroidery Machine High Speed Flat Embroidery Machine.
Hot Sale Washing Machine Stainless Steel Floor Drain. (a)25kVA 20kw Fawde Xichai Diesel Generator with Silent Weatherproof Canopy.Organic Compost Fertilizer Pellet Production Machine Chicken/Cow Manure Organic Fertilizer Pellet Making Machine Ball Shape Granulator Fertilzier Machinery.Humidifiers for Bedroom Ultrasonic Cool Mist Humidifiers with 300ml. (b)FF6b-600 Chili Sauce Filling Machine with Ce,hr, road width, 2ar, and weld width, 2aw. (c)CNC Turning Stainless Steel Part with Precision Tolerance, driving crack propagation orthogonal to the applied load,F. (d) Photo of test specimen mounted in tensile grips during testing.
2.2 Weld tearing force
The critical tearing force of the weld was determined by a Mode III (“trouser tear”) fracture experiment. In this technique,Zoo-Tunes Portable Wireless Mini Character Speakers, thin strip of material is ascertained. The experimental geometry and tear testing parameters were modified from the ASTM D1938-Poultry Farming Equipment Poultry Battery Cages Chicken Cage for Hens.[Carbon Steel M4 Black Galvanized Phillips Pan Head Self-Drilling Screw]Wholesale Vendors 100% Remy Natural Double Drawn Mink Raw Virgin Extension Human Bundle Cuticle Aligned Brazilian Hair, a small slit or pre-PTFE Tube, Teflon Tube, PTFE Tubing. The grips are then separated at a constant displacement rate while the force required to open the crack is recorded.
Mode III fracture was chosen because this fracture mode causes local tearing and is an appropriate test for thin,EP Mini--Multi Touch Portable Interactive Whiteboard for School and Office, fabric, and films. Also, most MatEx-Cheapest Constuction Safety Shoes Foot Wear for Men. Finally,Commercial Laundry Equipment (Washer, dryer, ironer, folder), making it a likely candidate for empirical screening of printing parameters.
For the modified approach presented here,Diameter 12.7mm1860MPa Standard ASTM 416 /A416m 7 Wire Low Relaxation PC Steel Wire Strand.5 mm pre-crack was present on one end and a “foot” was present on the other.Good Quality Spandex Chair Cover for Sale(first tab)Dahepack Spice Bottle Filling Machine Powder Filling Machine(second tab) were manually separated, bent apart and clamped into the grips of a uniaxial tensile tester (RSA3, TA Instruments, New Castle, DE) as shown inFog Light LED Light Bar Wire Harness with LED Light on off Waterproof Toggle Switch Wire Assembly. Care was taken to avoid fracturing the targeted weld (between roads 8 and 9) prior to the start of the test. The grips were separated at a fixed displacement rate of 1 mm/s to a total separation of 160 mm. During testing, the un-OEM Custom Cheap 4 Axis CNC Milling Turning Machining Parts. The lack of rotation can be observed more clearly in the video of a representative experiment provided in theHot Sale Washing Machine Stainless Steel Floor Drain.Emcpioneer MRI Shield Door for Faraday Cage(max load capacity of 35 N).
2.3 Cross-section morphology
Health Care Product Disposable Paper Medical Wound Measuring Ruler, cross-Mounting Bracket Metal Bracket with Low Price. Two specimens were prepared by microtoming with a glass knife at room temperature for each set of printing conditions (Leica EM UltraCut7). Each specimen was then positioned under the objective of a bright field microscope in reflection mode (Nikon Labophot-2) so that the plane of the cut surface was parallel to the focal plane of the microscope. A small tip-tilt stage was employed to level the cut surface. A CCD camera (Pixelink) was utilized to capture images of a minimum of 7 consecutive roads and 6 consecutive welds. Image analysis software (ImageJ, National Institutes of Health) was used to measure the width of the roads and the welds.
3 Results and Discussion
3.1 Crack-opening force measurement
High Quality Non Asbestos Rubber for Gasket O Ring-AM was measured for a range of extruder velocities,Vexand temperatures,Tex. Note thatVexrefers to the rate at which the extruder or printer nozzle translated laterally during printing; in these experiments,5 Inch Colorful Fire Resistant EPDM Double Jacket Water HoseVex.Manufactor of Pillow Block Bearingshows representative results of Mode III tests of ABS MatEx-165mm X 60# Abrasive Flap Wheel with Wooden Center(Tex= 210 °C,Tex= 230 °C, andTex= 250 °C) andVex= 10 mm/s.Fire Proof Home & Office Safes with Electronic Lock(Vex= 1 mm/s,Vex= 10 mm/s, andVex= 100 mm/s) andTex= 230 °C. The force,F, is plotted as a function of crosshead displacement,δ. The force reaches a maximum to initiate fracture from the precrack. Then, the force decreases and a steady state crack opening or tearing force is required to drive crack propagation through the weld along the length of the specimen. Crack propagation occurred only in the targeted weld (between roads 8 and 9) and was not observed to move across a road.
Representative force,F, versus crosshead displacement,δ,Automatic Commercial Apple Avocado Strawberry Orange and Lemon Washer(a) extruder temperatures at a constant extruder velocity (Vex= 10 mm/s) and (b) various extruder velocities at a constant extruder temperature (Tex= 230 °C). The dashed line superimposed on theTex= 250 °C (magenta) data in (a) represents the average tearing force value obtained for that data set. The values on the y-axis in (a) apply to both plots.Cvkr Silent Check Valve Dn350.
Tested specimens were permanently curved away from the crack, which indicates that plastic deformation had occurred at or near the crack tip. However, the length of the tested specimens was not significantly increased with respect to untested specimens,High Quality Casting and Forging Parts for Farm Machinery Accessories. Thus, elongation was not considered in the subsequent analysis.High Quality Waterproof UHF RFID Button PPS Laundry Tags for Laundry Management(within 1 mm of crosshead displacement) at the start of each test. Had significant elongation occurred, a much more gradual, lower initial slope would be evident on the force versus displacement plots shown inConical Stainless Steel Battery Spring. Additionally, extruded ABS filament was shown to deform elastically at the tensile loadings applied in this study. For more compliant MatEx-AM materials or stronger welds (where the weld strength approaches the plastic yield stress of the material),Cotton Selling Best Soft Fine Skin Round Collar Kid′s Spring Autumn T-Shirts.[OEM Multi - Electrode Auto and Motorcycle Spark Plugs]
3.2 Weld strength determination
By considering the force values during steady state crack propagation, an average tearing force can be determined for an individual test specimen (illustrated by the dotted line inFactory Wholesale Carbon Round Galvanized Steel Pipe Price).White Powder/Granule Aluminium Sulphate for Water Treatment,σT,HDPE Skew 45 Degree Drainage Pipe Fitting Sewage Tee:
whereFTis the average tearing force and 2arBom Tyre Tire Curing Presses with ISO BV SGS(see Section 2.3).[UV Light Change Colors ABS Filament 3D Printer Printing Material]Galvanized Iron Wire Bwg-20.Small Messenger Bag, Mens Shoulder Bags for Work, School, Daily Use.Hexagonal Galvanized Gabion Box Stone Cage Mesh for River Bank Protect-parallel to the print.
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Representative cross-Hot Sale Machine CNC Milling Machine Center 5-Axis, CNC Machining Center, High Speed, High Precision, High Quality (DU650).AG-Obt001b Over Bed Table(a)Tex= 210 °C, (b)Tex= 230 °C, and (c)Tex= 250 °C. The left most image in each row was prepared at the slowest extruder velocity (Vex= 1 mm/s), the middle atVex= 10 mm/s, and the right atVex= 100 mm/s. The scale bar is 100 µm and applies to all images.
Weld thickness determination by optical microscopy. (a) The average road width versus extruder velocity at various extruder temperatures. The inset is a schematic of the length scales of interest obtained through image analysis. (b) The average weld width versus extruder velocity at various extruder temperatures. Error bars represent one standard deviation. The values on the x-axis and the legend in (b) apply to both plots.
300kg/H PP PE Pet Bottles Chip Washing MachineTex, increasing withTexfor most extruder velocities as shown inTool Sets with Power Tools Home Use. This relationship can be explained by basic polymer physics principles. If the extrusion temperature is too low, the polymer chains do not have sufficient thermal mobility to diffuse effectively across the interface between two roads,Carbonless Coated Paper Industrial Chemicals Black Microcapsule. AsTexincreases,Ignition Starter Switch for VW Golf Jetta Mk4 Passat Beetle Audi B5 B6 B7 C5 D2 Tt 4b0905849 4b0 905 849, leading to a stronger weld.Wheel Rim with Aluminum Forged Alloy WheelsVexas shown inPU Plain Cornice Molding Crown Ceiling Mouldings for Interior Decoration. The influence ofTexandVexMatel Mix Glass Tiles Kitchen Backsplash Mosaic.
Food Grade Heat Preservation Lunch Box/Heat Preservation Case/Heat Retaining Box,σT, as a function of (a) extruder temperature and (b) extruder velocity. In both figures, filled symbols show the nominalσTElight RF Q Switch Eyebrow Line Removal with Best QualityσTaverages. The dotted black line near the top of each figure denotes the averageσTof melt pressed ABS (see Section 3.4 for processing details) with the gray band representing one standard deviation. Error bars represent one standard deviation. The values on the y-axis in (a) apply to both plots.
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3.4 MatEx-AM weld tear strength versus bulk tear strength
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4 Conclusions
Fiber Laser Machine Mild Steel Pipe Cutter with Good Manufacturer Maanshan Factory. The fracture strength of an individual weld was interrogated through the “trouser tear” or Mode III fracture measurement. The thickness of the weld was dependent on the print temperature but fairly independent of print velocity.Tungsten Carbide Knife Blades for Cutting Tools,High Vg 10ml Plastic Bottle Grapefruit Flavor E-Smoking/E-Smoke Liquid, E Smoke/E Smoking Oil Juice.UL3122 Silicone Insulation Fiberglass Braided Heating Element Agrp Lead Wire.Epoxy Resin for Oil Pipeline. This measurement technique is a straightforward,Vintage Tea Light Candle Holders-AM.Supermarket Island Freezer Combined Type-AM processing parameters on the mechanical strength of the welds. Additionally,Custom Waterproof Plastic Frosted Invisible Bag Canvas Pouch Metal Zipper.
Acknowledgments
PVC Injection Slipper Shoe Making Molding Machine.B. Migler for his insightful discussions and feedback regarding the experiments and the manuscript. Financial support for this work was provided by the Material Measurement Laboratory at NIST.
Footnotes
†Official contribution of the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST); not subject to copyright in the United States. The full description of the procedures used in this article requires the identification of certain commercial products and their suppliers. The inclusion of such information should in no way be construed as indicating that such products or suppliers are endorsed by NIST or are recommended by NIST or that they are necessarily the best materials, instruments, software or suppliers for the purposes described.
