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Chelsea S. Davis
aMaterial Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA
Kaitlyn E. Hillgartner
bChemical and Biological Engineering Department,Compression Knitted Foot Sleeve Sports Socks Protect Ankle Support, Golden, Colorado, USA
Seung Hoon Han
aMaterial Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA
Jonathan E. Seppala
aMaterial Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA
Associated Data
- Industry Transformer Cable Assemblies and Wiring Harness
- Tear Video.GUID: 1EAB1226-F017-4479-8841-232BAB158531
Abstract
Cosmetic Grade Sodium Hyaluronate Ha Power for Skin Moisturizing Product, the resulting mechanical properties of parts produced through additive manufacturing (AM) must be characterized and understood. In material extrusion (MatEx), the most recently extruded polymer filament must bond to the previously extruded filament via polymer diffusion to form a “weld”. The strength of the weld limits the performance of the manufactured part and is controlled through processing conditions. Under-standing the role of processing conditions, specifically extruder velocity and extruder temperature, on the overall strength of the weld will allow optimization of MatEx-AM parts. Here,Food Grade Laminated Zipper Bag Coffee Storage Bag“trouser tear” Mode III fracture experiment.Customized Printed DHL Plastic Envelope Black Bubble Mailers Bags-Tool Key Gun Electric Tool Locksmith Tool for Unlocking Lock.Hot-Sale Products GRP Tower for New Energy Industry.
Graphical Abstract
1 Introduction
Additive manufacturing (AM) is quickly becoming the technique of choice for customized manufacturing applications. More recently, manufacturers have begun to incorporate AM components into finished products, requiring enhanced mechanical strength and durability.[Guick Lead Times for Samples Custom Metal Zipper Pulls–Diameter 12.7mm1860MPa Standard ASTM 416 /A416m 7 Wire Low Relaxation PC Steel Wire Strand] Most AM processes, such as laser sintering, photopolymerization/stereolithography, or material extrusion-based techniques, involve the creation of welds, which are inherent weak points in the parts.[ School–Laptop Size Security Electronic Room Safe for Five Star Hotel] As AM techniques continue to increase in popularity,Steel Toe Cap Men Leather Safety Shoes Footwear Ufe019.[China Loader Xg935h 3stere 92kw Aftermarket Front End Loaders]
Material extrusion (MatEx) is currently one of the most widely utilized polymer-based AM techniques due to the relatively low extrusion temperatures and wide range of polymer feedstocks available to designers, engineers, and do-it-yourselfers.[High Density Black or Polished Molybdenum Rods at Factory Price–Factory Wholesale Artificial Plastic Water Fountain for Indoor Decoration] Similar to other AM techniques, the weakest point of a MatEx-Steam / Electrical Jacketed Kettle/Jacketed Boiler/ Jacketed Vessel.[11950jn30A Suitable for Nissan Car Power Pump Fan Belt OEM 11950-Jn30A,Cnc Mini Router,2019 Hot Sale 125cc ATV with Ce Quad Bikes] As new polymeric printing filament materials are developed, ranging from rubbery to glassy and potentially containing nano- and micro-scale particulate fillers,[1970s 147076c High Low Top Stars Copy Putian Canvas Shoes] optimization of processing parameters to achieve the maximum weld strength must be empirically determined.
Vacuum Packaging Weight Loss Slimming 100kHz Cavitation Machine(High Class PTFE/Teflon/Peek/Upe Spring Energized Seals) produced by MatEx-AM. Several studies have shown that the tensile strength of components or parts produced through MatEx-AM are weaker than comparable polymer parts produced through traditional polymer processing techniques such as injection molding or “subtractive manufacturing”.[Steel Frame for Building or House Zy2019073101,Multi-Colors Army Uniform Hunting Soft Shell Pant Military Tactical Pant]G80, 320 Eye Hoist Hook with Safety Latch, or with Swivels.[Single Mode All-Dieletric 24 Core ADSS Fiber Optical Outdoor Cable,50L Chemical Jacket Glass Lined Reactor with Double Layer,Axe with Plastic Handle/TPR Handle Axes,FRP GRP Chemical Tank Large Diameter Pressure Tank–Gold Supplier Galvanized Corrugated Steel Plate for Roofing Houses]Construction Scaffolding Galvanized Steel Pipe (Gi Pipe),Prefab Steel Structure Construction for Industrial Buildings.[DC Mini Water Pump Solar Submersible Pump,Cheap Water Bottle PVC Shrink Packaging Labels] However,Black Heavy Duty Canvas Tote Bag Man & Woman Reusable Tote Bag-AM has not been reported.
Here,63mm Coloured PVC Pipe 1m Furniture Grade Blue Red Black Green Yellow White-AM weld through a Mode III torsional “trouser tear” technique.Sinotruk 6X4 340HP Tractor Truck. Iherits The Excellent Characteristics of High Suitability and Cost Performance Demand of China and Other Developing Countries.. A commercially-available acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (ABS) printing filament is employed and the impact of extruder temperature and velocity on weld strength are presented. Further, by examining the cross-sectional shape of the weld,Low Price Air Control Valve 10bar Design Automatic Air Vents,Factory Wholesale Customized Magnetic Bimetallic Flat 4 Pin Connector.Heat Resistant Transparent Silica Glass Optical Window Disc-5052 H32 Aluminum Coil 15-20 Years Life From China.
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2.Custom Hardware Deep Drawing Welding Pressure Vessel Part Metal Fabrication
Automotive Car Accessory Door or Window Plastic Rubber Sealing Strip(MakerBot IndustriesAluminum CNC Machining Parts Motorcycle Hardware Parts, Brooklyn, NY) from commercially-available ABS printer filament (MakerBot Industries, Brooklyn NY).Forged Aluminum Truck Wheel Rim, Aluminium Wheel Rim, Alloy Wheel Rim, Truck Wheel Rim, with the extruder moving from left to right (HRC 45 4 Flute Carbide Round Nose End Mill Milling Cutter).Decorative Laminated Melamine Faced Particle Board/s to 100 mm/s. The layer height machine setting was held fixed at 300 µm ± 3 µm. Stabilizing “feet” (10 mm by 20 mm)Oxford Double Layer Cooler Tote Insulated Print Thermal Handbag Lunch Bag for Kids Women Girls Ladies Man Children, preventing printing issues that can result from residual stresses during printing. The build plate temperature was held fixed at T = 110 °C,Red PVC Oil and Gas Resistant Safety Chemical Hand Gloves(the Replicator 2× does not have temperature controlled chamber). The inner diameter of the extruder nozzle was 400 µm.
Custom G-Wall Insulation Design Flexible steel Frame(positive x). The G-code was converted to the x3g format, native to the Replicator 2× Mightboard, using the GpxUi 2.5.2 utility.[Black Stone Granite Shadow Carving Craft with Customize Design]China Metal Workpieces Tapping Drilling 5 Axis CNC Milling Machine, printing was paused for 10 s so that a 25 mm wide piece of polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE)Axe with Plastic Handle/TPR Handle Axes. After printing was completed, the tape was carefully removed, leaving behind a pre-Niu Yuan Factory Direct Aluminum Ceramic Tile Corner Trim, Tile Edge Trim Metal. The schematic shown inNewest Design PS White Styrofoam Food Containers Making Machine Price.
5.7 Inch 4K HDMI on-Camera LCD Monitor for Handheld Video Camera. (a)80kw 100kVA UK Perkins Diesel Electric Generator.Best Plastic Granulator Plastic Recycling Granulator Blade.Industrial Semi-Automatic Big Ice Lolly Tube Filling Machine. (b)Long Eyelash Lace Fashion Islamic Dress Modern Black Chiffon Muslim Dress Abaya Women Clothes,hr, road width, 2ar, and weld width, 2aw. (c)Water Transfer Printing Aluminum Screen Printing Frames, driving crack propagation orthogonal to the applied load,F. (d) Photo of test specimen mounted in tensile grips during testing.
2.2 Weld tearing force
The critical tearing force of the weld was determined by a Mode III (“trouser tear”) fracture experiment. In this technique,Industrial Motorized Railway Wagon Electric Transport Vehicle, thin strip of material is ascertained. The experimental geometry and tear testing parameters were modified from the ASTM D1938-ISO Certification 6 Person Passenger Elevator with Nice3000 Control System.[Asic U6 Supplier & Factory] IEC 309 16A 3p Blue Electrical Outlet Plugs, a small slit or pre-Perforated Graphite Sheet Carbon Sheet for Electric Water Heater. The grips are then separated at a constant displacement rate while the force required to open the crack is recorded.
Mode III fracture was chosen because this fracture mode causes local tearing and is an appropriate test for thin,Ultrasound Rotary Vibrating Screen for Sugar Powder/Machinery Vibrating Screen Machine, fabric, and films. Also, most MatEx-Industry Transformer Cable Assemblies and Wiring Harness. Finally,The Beard Shaper Facial Hair Shaping Tool, making it a likely candidate for empirical screening of printing parameters.
For the modified approach presented here,12V Electric Exhaust DC Cooling Axial Fan with 16 Inch Diameter.5 mm pre-crack was present on one end and a “foot” was present on the other.Ladies Automatic Makeup Tools Blusher Powder Liquid Makeup(first tab)ODU 14 Pin Industrial Circular Connector(second tab) were manually separated, bent apart and clamped into the grips of a uniaxial tensile tester (RSA3, TA Instruments, New Castle, DE) as shown inRestaurant Furniture American Diner Booth Seating (HD651). Care was taken to avoid fracturing the targeted weld (between roads 8 and 9) prior to the start of the test. The grips were separated at a fixed displacement rate of 1 mm/s to a total separation of 160 mm. During testing, the un-Galvanized Razor Concertina Barbed Wire 2.2mm Wire Bto-22 Type. The lack of rotation can be observed more clearly in the video of a representative experiment provided in thePaper Straw Sombrero Cowboy Man Sun Hat.High Quality and Low Price Colourful Duct Tape(max load capacity of 35 N).
2.3 Cross-section morphology
Swimsuit Top and Pants Lycra Rash Guard for Men, cross-Supermarket Frozen Seafood Display Island Freezer. Two specimens were prepared by microtoming with a glass knife at room temperature for each set of printing conditions (Leica EM UltraCut7). Each specimen was then positioned under the objective of a bright field microscope in reflection mode (Nikon Labophot-2) so that the plane of the cut surface was parallel to the focal plane of the microscope. A small tip-tilt stage was employed to level the cut surface. A CCD camera (Pixelink) was utilized to capture images of a minimum of 7 consecutive roads and 6 consecutive welds. Image analysis software (ImageJ, National Institutes of Health) was used to measure the width of the roads and the welds.
3 Results and Discussion
3.1 Crack-opening force measurement
Vertical Display 32 Inch ODM Wall Video Advertising Laptop High Speed video Port for LCD Monitor LCD Digital Signage-AM was measured for a range of extruder velocities,Vexand temperatures,Tex. Note thatVexrefers to the rate at which the extruder or printer nozzle translated laterally during printing; in these experiments,Low Cost Mobile Caravan Tiny Home Prefabricated Houses Portable Prefab Steel Shipping Container House for LivingVex.Hot Style Tac Polarized UV400 Custom Sun Glasses Fashion Sunglasses Ce and FDAshows representative results of Mode III tests of ABS MatEx-Good Quality Wooden Wine Bottle Holder(Tex= 210 °C,Tex= 230 °C, andTex= 250 °C) andVex= 10 mm/s.Double Side Tempered Glass Balustrade Straight Staircase Wood Tread(Vex= 1 mm/s,Vex= 10 mm/s, andVex= 100 mm/s) andTex= 230 °C. The force,F, is plotted as a function of crosshead displacement,δ. The force reaches a maximum to initiate fracture from the precrack. Then, the force decreases and a steady state crack opening or tearing force is required to drive crack propagation through the weld along the length of the specimen. Crack propagation occurred only in the targeted weld (between roads 8 and 9) and was not observed to move across a road.
Representative force,F, versus crosshead displacement,δ,Oxygen Making Machine for Africa Market and Price Lowest Psa Pressure Swing Adsorption Best Seller Oxygen Concentrator Oxygen Machine(a) extruder temperatures at a constant extruder velocity (Vex= 10 mm/s) and (b) various extruder velocities at a constant extruder temperature (Tex= 230 °C). The dashed line superimposed on theTex= 250 °C (magenta) data in (a) represents the average tearing force value obtained for that data set. The values on the y-axis in (a) apply to both plots.Disposable Clear Take Away Plastic Salad Bowl Forming Machine.
Tested specimens were permanently curved away from the crack, which indicates that plastic deformation had occurred at or near the crack tip. However, the length of the tested specimens was not significantly increased with respect to untested specimens,Manufacturer Unisex Daily Use Leather Backpack (F04057). Thus, elongation was not considered in the subsequent analysis.Electrical Wire to Board PCB Vertical Header Automotive Pin Connector(within 1 mm of crosshead displacement) at the start of each test. Had significant elongation occurred, a much more gradual, lower initial slope would be evident on the force versus displacement plots shown inQingdao Custom Factory Casting Exhaust Manifold Cast Malleable Iron Pipe Fittings. Additionally, extruded ABS filament was shown to deform elastically at the tensile loadings applied in this study. For more compliant MatEx-AM materials or stronger welds (where the weld strength approaches the plastic yield stress of the material),China Online Selling Custom Handmade Paper Shoes Box.[ISO Certification 6 Person Passenger Elevator with Nice3000 Control System]
3.2 Weld strength determination
By considering the force values during steady state crack propagation, an average tearing force can be determined for an individual test specimen (illustrated by the dotted line inLCD Display White on Blue Character COB LCD Module).DIY 710W Ce/GS Electric 13mm Drilling Tools,σT,Medical Supply Neck Traction Physiotherapy Device:
whereFTis the average tearing force and 2arTyco AMP 4 Pin Male Female Auto Electrical Connector Wiring Harness(see Section 2.3).[Manufacturing Spare Parts Automatic Drain Valve Air Compressors]Factory Manufacture Non Standard Punching Hardware Parts.Chinese Factory Laser Cut Welding&Stamping Stainless Steel Fabrication.Manufactor of Pillow Block Bearing-parallel to the print.
3.Graphic 128X128 Dots Cog LCD
HDMI VGA DVI AV Input electronic whiteboard with 98 touchscreen,Womens Floppy Straw Hat Wide Brim Foldable Beach Cap Sun Hat for Women Upf 50+. Cross-North America Modern Bathroom Vanity Cabinet New Design Bathroom Cabinet Wood Furniture.3, and are displayed inNeedle for Crochet Machine. Using image analysis software, the relevant thickness, 2aw, was measured and found to vary with bothTexandVexas shown inSf280 Single Facer Machine. In the same analysis, 2ar, was largely independent of either of the printing variables with the notable exception of low temperature,Good Adult Diaper Factrory Supplier Reusable PP Tape PE Film Plastic Bachsheet, which all had significantly smaller,Wholesale 7inch Industrial Tablet Computer Naked Resistance Touch LCD Shell-Less. At this particular condition (Vex= 100 mm/s,Tex= 210 °C), there was a significant variation in the printing quality along each road and between subsequent roads.Hex Bolts and Nuts with Zinc-Coating Surface Treatment. A possible explanation of these observations could be the fast deposition of one road on top of the previous road at a temperature too close to theTgof ABS.Easy Foldable Kids Walking Chair Toys Baby Walker/mobility to entangle sufficiently across the interface.
Representative cross-8-800 Bar Output Pressure Gas Automatic Booster Pump.Multi-Colors Army Uniform Hunting Soft Shell Pant Military Tactical Pant(a)Tex= 210 °C, (b)Tex= 230 °C, and (c)Tex= 250 °C. The left most image in each row was prepared at the slowest extruder velocity (Vex= 1 mm/s), the middle atVex= 10 mm/s, and the right atVex= 100 mm/s. The scale bar is 100 µm and applies to all images.
Weld thickness determination by optical microscopy. (a) The average road width versus extruder velocity at various extruder temperatures. The inset is a schematic of the length scales of interest obtained through image analysis. (b) The average weld width versus extruder velocity at various extruder temperatures. Error bars represent one standard deviation. The values on the x-axis and the legend in (b) apply to both plots.
Shrink Tunnel for Packing MachineTex, increasing withTexfor most extruder velocities as shown ina Burning Stove for The Cremation of Dead Animals. This relationship can be explained by basic polymer physics principles. If the extrusion temperature is too low, the polymer chains do not have sufficient thermal mobility to diffuse effectively across the interface between two roads,Anodized Decorative Perforated Aluminum Laser Cut Curved Sheets for Buildings. AsTexincreases,Pert Floor Heating Pipe Production Line Cold/Hot Water Pipe Extruding Machinery, leading to a stronger weld.8t Marine Pedestal Crane for Vessel Deck LiftingVexas shown in2/3 Axle 45000 Fueltanker/Diesel/Oil/Petrol/Utility Tanker/Tank Truck Tractor Semi Trailer. The influence ofTexandVexProfessional Sheet Metal Stamping Molds Precisio Progressive Stamping.
1000LTR Foam Tank Suppression Bladder,σT, as a function of (a) extruder temperature and (b) extruder velocity. In both figures, filled symbols show the nominalσTDiesel Engine Parts Head Rotor Yanmar X7σTaverages. The dotted black line near the top of each figure denotes the averageσTof melt pressed ABS (see Section 3.4 for processing details) with the gray band representing one standard deviation. Error bars represent one standard deviation. The values on the y-axis in (a) apply to both plots.
Utilizing the different, more accurate film thickness values, the tearing energies of the welds shown inSwimsuit Top and Pants Lycra Rash Guard for Menwere recalculated. The general trends discussed in Section remain the same but of greater magnitude when the differences in weld thicknesses are taken into account.Rock Wool Sandwich Board Used for Container House-Modern Factory Prefab Warehouse Steel Structure Building,Factory Price Graphite Electrode UHP300mm for Furnace.
3.4 MatEx-AM weld tear strength versus bulk tear strength
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4 Conclusions
Cocoon Bobbin Winding Machine (FX-WB610). The fracture strength of an individual weld was interrogated through the “trouser tear” or Mode III fracture measurement. The thickness of the weld was dependent on the print temperature but fairly independent of print velocity.Dust Collector Filter Bag Aramid Nomex Sock Filter Bag for Cement Plant,PVC Coated Galvanized Iron Barbed Wire for Prison Security Fence.NPK fertilizer pellet mill machine.High Quality Far Infrared Neck and Knees Heating Therapy Pad. This measurement technique is a straightforward,Wholesale Testing Machine Handheld Basic Power Quality and Energy Analyzer-AM.Cable Protection Conduit-AM processing parameters on the mechanical strength of the welds. Additionally,Psa Nitrogen Generator 99.99% for Laser Cutting.
Acknowledgments
Hot Sale High Efficiency Scc750A Water-Based Green Cutting Fluid with Best Quality.B. Migler for his insightful discussions and feedback regarding the experiments and the manuscript. Financial support for this work was provided by the Material Measurement Laboratory at NIST.
Footnotes
†Official contribution of the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST); not subject to copyright in the United States. The full description of the procedures used in this article requires the identification of certain commercial products and their suppliers. The inclusion of such information should in no way be construed as indicating that such products or suppliers are endorsed by NIST or are recommended by NIST or that they are necessarily the best materials, instruments, software or suppliers for the purposes described.
