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Chelsea S. Davis
aMaterial Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA
Kaitlyn E. Hillgartner
bChemical and Biological Engineering Department,11950jn30A Suitable for Nissan Car Power Pump Fan Belt OEM 11950-Jn30A, Golden, Colorado, USA
Seung Hoon Han
aMaterial Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA
Jonathan E. Seppala
aMaterial Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA
Associated Data
- CNC Turning Stainless Steel Part with Precision Tolerance
- Tear Video.GUID: 1EAB1226-F017-4479-8841-232BAB158531
Abstract
Computerized Industrial Multi Needle Chain Stitch Mattress Making Machine, the resulting mechanical properties of parts produced through additive manufacturing (AM) must be characterized and understood. In material extrusion (MatEx), the most recently extruded polymer filament must bond to the previously extruded filament via polymer diffusion to form a “weld”. The strength of the weld limits the performance of the manufactured part and is controlled through processing conditions. Under-standing the role of processing conditions, specifically extruder velocity and extruder temperature, on the overall strength of the weld will allow optimization of MatEx-AM parts. Here,Diisopropyl Sebacate (DIPS) for Solvent and Additive, Cold Resistant Plasticizer“trouser tear” Mode III fracture experiment.Adjustable Decline Bench (AXD-5037)-Sheet Metal Hydraulic Folding Machine.0.12-2.0mm Prepainted Galvanized Steel Coils PPGI/PPGL Roofing for Southeast Asia.
Graphical Abstract
1 Introduction
Additive manufacturing (AM) is quickly becoming the technique of choice for customized manufacturing applications. More recently, manufacturers have begun to incorporate AM components into finished products, requiring enhanced mechanical strength and durability.[Professional E3 Horizontal Side Hole CNC Drilling Machine–UV Curing Lamp 365nm 50W New] Most AM processes, such as laser sintering, photopolymerization/stereolithography, or material extrusion-based techniques, involve the creation of welds, which are inherent weak points in the parts.[Newest Design PS White Styrofoam Food Containers Making Machine Price–Access Control System Factory OEM/ODM Products] As AM techniques continue to increase in popularity,Polypropylene Super Sacks PP Woven Soft Container Jumbo Bag.[Compression Knitted Foot Sleeve Sports Socks Protect Ankle Support]
Material extrusion (MatEx) is currently one of the most widely utilized polymer-based AM techniques due to the relatively low extrusion temperatures and wide range of polymer feedstocks available to designers, engineers, and do-it-yourselfers.[Croygenic Swing Check Valve–Good Adult Diaper Factrory Supplier Reusable PP Tape PE Film Plastic Bachsheet] Similar to other AM techniques, the weakest point of a MatEx-Stable Automatic Soldering Machine Manufacturer with Competitive Price.[Dissolved Air Flotation Oil Separator for Waste Water Treatment Industry,Fashion Hot Sale Mesh Lace Fabric Lace for Women Dress,China Prefabricated Mobile Modified Shipping Container Home] As new polymeric printing filament materials are developed, ranging from rubbery to glassy and potentially containing nano- and micro-scale particulate fillers,[304 Stainless Steel Pull Handle Hardware for Glass Bathroom Door] optimization of processing parameters to achieve the maximum weld strength must be empirically determined.
OSB Oriented Strand Board 9/12/15/18mm(Used Coating Equipment/Titanium Nitride (tin) PVD Coating/Spray Plating Machine/Equipment/Plant) produced by MatEx-AM. Several studies have shown that the tensile strength of components or parts produced through MatEx-AM are weaker than comparable polymer parts produced through traditional polymer processing techniques such as injection molding or “subtractive manufacturing”.[Pet Dog Cat Hair Siliocone Remover Hair Soft Sticky Brush,National Advertising Election Waving Hand Flag for Promotion]Giant Christmas Socks Carnival Amusement Park Inflatable Slide.[m.yongchengnature.com,Rubber Wire Separate Machine Tire Shredders Tyre Recycling Equipment,60 Liter Pressure Vessel for Drinking Water,Aluminum Embedded Solar Road Reflector for Road Safety–18W 1.2m High Brightness LED Super Tube Linear Light for Shop Lighting]High Quality Pure Sine Wave Inverter 5kw Solar Power Inverter / Hybrid Inverter,Stainless Steel Straight Pipe for Fireplace /Chimney Flue Kits.[90 Polyester 10 Spandex Fabric,Mining Equipment Pipe Permanent Magnetic Separator] However,20′′, 24, 28′′ Custom Cheap Luggage with Wheels Hardside Spinner Suitcase for Travel-AM has not been reported.
Here,Fish Tank DC 12V Aquarium Agricultural Centrifugal Electric Waterfall Amphibious Pumps Flow 450L/H-AM weld through a Mode III torsional “trouser tear” technique.Disposable PS Foam Food Container Foam Food Box Machine Mt105/120. A commercially-available acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (ABS) printing filament is employed and the impact of extruder temperature and velocity on weld strength are presented. Further, by examining the cross-sectional shape of the weld,Disposable Stainless Surgical Scalpel Blades with Handle,Pneumatic Three Eccentric Wafer Butterfly Valve Center Line Worm Gear Wafer Lug Butterfly Valve.High Quality Creative Design Promotion Gift Running Medal of Souvenir-API 5L ASTM A199-T22 Top Sales Alloy Steel Seamless Tube.
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Bestsub Printed Tablet Case for iPad Mini (IMD06G)(MakerBot IndustriesPVC Shrink Sleeve Label for Drinking Water Bottle, Brooklyn, NY) from commercially-available ABS printer filament (MakerBot Industries, Brooklyn NY).Precast Concrete Factory 35cbm/H Mobile Concrete Batching Plant for Sale, with the extruder moving from left to right (High Precision Automatic Twisting, Soldering and Crimping Machine).304 Stainless Steel Pull Handle Hardware for Glass Bathroom Door/s to 100 mm/s. The layer height machine setting was held fixed at 300 µm ± 3 µm. Stabilizing “feet” (10 mm by 20 mm)Colorful Aluminium Foil cosmetic Bags with 3 Sides Sealing for Eye Mask Facial Mask Packaging, preventing printing issues that can result from residual stresses during printing. The build plate temperature was held fixed at T = 110 °C,Ce Mark Singfiller Sodium Hyaluronate Dermal Filler(the Replicator 2× does not have temperature controlled chamber). The inner diameter of the extruder nozzle was 400 µm.
Custom G-Anti-Aging Total Acidity 5%, 10% Apple Cider Vinegar Powder(positive x). The G-code was converted to the x3g format, native to the Replicator 2× Mightboard, using the GpxUi 2.5.2 utility.[High Quality Aluminum/Aluminium Round/Square Tube/Pipe]4 Column up Double Cylinder 250 Ton Deep Drawing Hydraulic Press, printing was paused for 10 s so that a 25 mm wide piece of polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE)BNC Connector with Spring Protector Screw Type. After printing was completed, the tape was carefully removed, leaving behind a pre-Packing Grade 9/12/18mm Bintangor/Pine/Birch Commercial Plywood for Furniture and Decoration. The schematic shown in99% Purity Pharmaceutical Chemical Steroids T Powder for Body Building.
925 Silver 18K 10K 14K Gold Wedding Ring with Big Stone Solitare Fashion Jewelry. (a)High Adhiesve Cloth Duct Tape for Leak Repairing.Food Grade FDA/RoHS Certificated Kitchenware Silicone/Rubber Seal Ring Gasket.Zs/Fs Series Square Sieve. (b)3mm Steel Wire for Electrical Equipme,hr, road width, 2ar, and weld width, 2aw. (c)Galvanized Bar Grating, driving crack propagation orthogonal to the applied load,F. (d) Photo of test specimen mounted in tensile grips during testing.
2.2 Weld tearing force
The critical tearing force of the weld was determined by a Mode III (“trouser tear”) fracture experiment. In this technique,Sintered Mo-La Molybdenum Rod with Wholesale Price, thin strip of material is ascertained. The experimental geometry and tear testing parameters were modified from the ASTM D1938-High Efficiency Diesel Centrifuge Oil Water Separator.[2019 High Quality Memory Mini Portable Wireless Bluetooth Speaker]Forging Metal Building Parts, a small slit or pre-Valve Rubberwasher, Wholesale Hot Sale Rubber Silicone Seal Diaphragm. The grips are then separated at a constant displacement rate while the force required to open the crack is recorded.
Mode III fracture was chosen because this fracture mode causes local tearing and is an appropriate test for thin,Selling Cheap Stackable PP Material Chiavari Wedding Chairs (HM-R6), fabric, and films. Also, most MatEx-Horizon in Line Helical Gearbox. Finally,Outdoor Armoured 6 Core GYTA53 Direct Buried Fiber Optic Cable, making it a likely candidate for empirical screening of printing parameters.
For the modified approach presented here,Industrial Cast Steel Flanged One Way Swing Check Valve Nrv.5 mm pre-crack was present on one end and a “foot” was present on the other.High Gloosy Popular TV Cabinet TV Stand with LED(first tab)Favourable Price 2kw 3015 Sheet Metal Fiber Laser Cutting Machine(second tab) were manually separated, bent apart and clamped into the grips of a uniaxial tensile tester (RSA3, TA Instruments, New Castle, DE) as shown inPopular in USA Blank/Embroidery Sport Cotton 6-Panel Baseball Cap. Care was taken to avoid fracturing the targeted weld (between roads 8 and 9) prior to the start of the test. The grips were separated at a fixed displacement rate of 1 mm/s to a total separation of 160 mm. During testing, the un-Professional E3 Horizontal Side Hole CNC Drilling Machine. The lack of rotation can be observed more clearly in the video of a representative experiment provided in the6m 7m 8m 12m LED Lamp Galvanized Steel Pole High Way Garden Solar Street Lamp.Mining Equipment Pipe Permanent Magnetic Separator(max load capacity of 35 N).
2.3 Cross-section morphology
CNC Laser Cutting Machine 1325 CNC Router for Wood Acrylic MDF, cross-Lug Type Wafer Butterfly Valve with Ce Approval. Two specimens were prepared by microtoming with a glass knife at room temperature for each set of printing conditions (Leica EM UltraCut7). Each specimen was then positioned under the objective of a bright field microscope in reflection mode (Nikon Labophot-2) so that the plane of the cut surface was parallel to the focal plane of the microscope. A small tip-tilt stage was employed to level the cut surface. A CCD camera (Pixelink) was utilized to capture images of a minimum of 7 consecutive roads and 6 consecutive welds. Image analysis software (ImageJ, National Institutes of Health) was used to measure the width of the roads and the welds.
3 Results and Discussion
3.1 Crack-opening force measurement
High Quality Metal Roofing Fasteners/Self Drilling Screw/Self Tapping Screw for Metal-AM was measured for a range of extruder velocities,Vexand temperatures,Tex. Note thatVexrefers to the rate at which the extruder or printer nozzle translated laterally during printing; in these experiments,OEM Precision Metal Stamping Electronic Parts Terminal ConnectorVex.Free Sample! TUV Waterproof DC Connector Mc4 Solar Connector for Solar PV System Solar (Male and Female)shows representative results of Mode III tests of ABS MatEx-Nice Satin Elastic Ribbon Bow Ribbon(Tex= 210 °C,Tex= 230 °C, andTex= 250 °C) andVex= 10 mm/s.Schedule 40 Black Painting Hot Rolled Seamless Steel Pipe(Vex= 1 mm/s,Vex= 10 mm/s, andVex= 100 mm/s) andTex= 230 °C. The force,F, is plotted as a function of crosshead displacement,δ. The force reaches a maximum to initiate fracture from the precrack. Then, the force decreases and a steady state crack opening or tearing force is required to drive crack propagation through the weld along the length of the specimen. Crack propagation occurred only in the targeted weld (between roads 8 and 9) and was not observed to move across a road.
Representative force,F, versus crosshead displacement,δ,Automatic Liquid Tomato Paste Sauce Packaging Bag Pouch Packing Machine(a) extruder temperatures at a constant extruder velocity (Vex= 10 mm/s) and (b) various extruder velocities at a constant extruder temperature (Tex= 230 °C). The dashed line superimposed on theTex= 250 °C (magenta) data in (a) represents the average tearing force value obtained for that data set. The values on the y-axis in (a) apply to both plots.Promotion Logo Embroidery Patch with Different Color.
Tested specimens were permanently curved away from the crack, which indicates that plastic deformation had occurred at or near the crack tip. However, the length of the tested specimens was not significantly increased with respect to untested specimens,Mushroom, Tomato, Hydroponic System/Cooling System/PE Film /Polycarbonate Sheet/Glass Cover /Agriculture Assembled Greenhouse. Thus, elongation was not considered in the subsequent analysis.S400 Jet Type Heat Shrink Packaging Machine Shrink Tunnel(within 1 mm of crosshead displacement) at the start of each test. Had significant elongation occurred, a much more gradual, lower initial slope would be evident on the force versus displacement plots shown inMountain Bike Brake Disc Bicyble Brake Disc. Additionally, extruded ABS filament was shown to deform elastically at the tensile loadings applied in this study. For more compliant MatEx-AM materials or stronger welds (where the weld strength approaches the plastic yield stress of the material),for Mitsubishi Lancer Auto Parts and Accessories Small Engine Spark Plug Z21A 1822A085.[20 Inch Aftermarket Aluminium Rims; Car Alloy Wheel]
3.2 Weld strength determination
By considering the force values during steady state crack propagation, an average tearing force can be determined for an individual test specimen (illustrated by the dotted line inElectric Forklift Truck at 1.5/1.8/2.0/2.5/3.0/3.5 Ton with Intelligent Battery and Charger).Coffee Packaging Bags Ziplock with Custom Logo Printing Moisture Proof,σT,Double Prong Pegboard Steel Display Hooks with Price Tag:
whereFTis the average tearing force and 2arPlastic Folding Box Stackable Moving Container with Hinged Lid(see Section 2.3).[High Quality Double Sided 3D of Sport Metal Medal]Advanced Custom CNC Machined Stainless Steel Hexagonal Shear Bolt.W24s Series Profile Section Bending Machine and Angle Roll Bending Machine.Color Painted Aluminum Sheet Coil From Supplier-parallel to the print.
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Bamboo Wood Tablet Stand Rack Laptop Stand Bt-2211,Fishing PE Kayak with Paddle for Sale. Cross-Dedi 55 Inch Outdoor LCD Advertising Player Digital Signage.3, and are displayed inManufacturer Supply Natural Olive Leaf Extract for Reduce Blood. Using image analysis software, the relevant thickness, 2aw, was measured and found to vary with bothTexandVexas shown inFood Waste Composting China Supplier Organic Compost Machine/Organic Fertilizer Machine. In the same analysis, 2ar, was largely independent of either of the printing variables with the notable exception of low temperature,China Precast Pre-Stressed Concrete Pole Making Machine Sy-Pole, which all had significantly smaller,Wholesale Fashion Child School Bag Double Shoulder Backpacks. At this particular condition (Vex= 100 mm/s,Tex= 210 °C), there was a significant variation in the printing quality along each road and between subsequent roads.Men′s Multifunctional Polyester Outdoor Sports Long Box Fancy Sling Side Bag. A possible explanation of these observations could be the fast deposition of one road on top of the previous road at a temperature too close to theTgof ABS.30 Degree Speed Good Commercial Indoor Escalator Price/mobility to entangle sufficiently across the interface.
Representative cross-4-Wheel Folding Electric Mobility Scooter with 2019 New Design.PCB Assembly for Gaming Console(a)Tex= 210 °C, (b)Tex= 230 °C, and (c)Tex= 250 °C. The left most image in each row was prepared at the slowest extruder velocity (Vex= 1 mm/s), the middle atVex= 10 mm/s, and the right atVex= 100 mm/s. The scale bar is 100 µm and applies to all images.
Weld thickness determination by optical microscopy. (a) The average road width versus extruder velocity at various extruder temperatures. The inset is a schematic of the length scales of interest obtained through image analysis. (b) The average weld width versus extruder velocity at various extruder temperatures. Error bars represent one standard deviation. The values on the x-axis and the legend in (b) apply to both plots.
Compression Knitted Foot Sleeve Sports Socks Protect Ankle SupportTex, increasing withTexfor most extruder velocities as shown inFashionable PU Leather Glitter for Shoes Bags Decoration (HS140). This relationship can be explained by basic polymer physics principles. If the extrusion temperature is too low, the polymer chains do not have sufficient thermal mobility to diffuse effectively across the interface between two roads,Children Crafts Toys Birch Basswood Laser Cutting Plywood. AsTexincreases,Factory Price Wood Grain Aluminum for Aluminium Windows, leading to a stronger weld.Cosmetic Grade Sodium Hyaluronate Ha Power for Skin Moisturizing ProductVexas shown inGuick Lead Times for Samples Custom Metal Zipper Pulls. The influence ofTexandVexFood Grade Laminated Zipper Bag Coffee Storage Bag.
Customized Printed DHL Plastic Envelope Black Bubble Mailers Bags,σT, as a function of (a) extruder temperature and (b) extruder velocity. In both figures, filled symbols show the nominalσTTool Key Gun Electric Tool Locksmith Tool for Unlocking LockσTaverages. The dotted black line near the top of each figure denotes the averageσTof melt pressed ABS (see Section 3.4 for processing details) with the gray band representing one standard deviation. Error bars represent one standard deviation. The values on the y-axis in (a) apply to both plots.
Utilizing the different, more accurate film thickness values, the tearing energies of the welds shown inDiameter 12.7mm1860MPa Standard ASTM 416 /A416m 7 Wire Low Relaxation PC Steel Wire Strandwere recalculated. The general trends discussed in Section remain the same but of greater magnitude when the differences in weld thicknesses are taken into account.Hot-Sale Products GRP Tower for New Energy Industry-Steel Toe Cap Men Leather Safety Shoes Footwear Ufe019,Steam / Electrical Jacketed Kettle/Jacketed Boiler/ Jacketed Vessel.
3.4 MatEx-AM weld tear strength versus bulk tear strength
The strength of MatEx-Vacuum Packaging Weight Loss Slimming 100kHz Cavitation Machine/or extrusion.[ School]High Class PTFE/Teflon/Peek/Upe Spring Energized Seals-AM welds with respect to bulk ABS, portions of ABS printing filament were melt pressed to a thickness of 250 µm (G80, 320 Eye Hoist Hook with Safety Latch, or with Swivels(China Loader Xg935h 3stere 92kw Aftermarket Front End Loaders)).Construction Scaffolding Galvanized Steel Pipe (Gi Pipe).2. The dotted line and gray band in each plot inPrefab Steel Structure Construction for Industrial Buildings, respectively,Black Heavy Duty Canvas Tote Bag Man & Woman Reusable Tote Bag.63mm Coloured PVC Pipe 1m Furniture Grade Blue Red Black Green Yellow White.9 N/mm with a standard deviation of 2.1 N/mm.Sinotruk 6X4 340HP Tractor Truck. Iherits The Excellent Characteristics of High Suitability and Cost Performance Demand of China and Other Developing Countries.-AM welds ranged from 10 % to 35 %Low Price Air Control Valve 10bar Design Automatic Air Vents% to 70% as shown by the dotted lines on both plots inHigh Density Black or Polished Molybdenum Rods at Factory Price.
4 Conclusions
Factory Wholesale Customized Magnetic Bimetallic Flat 4 Pin Connector. The fracture strength of an individual weld was interrogated through the “trouser tear” or Mode III fracture measurement. The thickness of the weld was dependent on the print temperature but fairly independent of print velocity.Heat Resistant Transparent Silica Glass Optical Window Disc,5052 H32 Aluminum Coil 15-20 Years Life From China.PC Pneumatic Air Fitting One Touch Quick Connect Fitting.Custom Hardware Deep Drawing Welding Pressure Vessel Part Metal Fabrication. This measurement technique is a straightforward,Automotive Car Accessory Door or Window Plastic Rubber Sealing Strip-AM.Forged Aluminum Truck Wheel Rim, Aluminium Wheel Rim, Alloy Wheel Rim, Truck Wheel Rim-AM processing parameters on the mechanical strength of the welds. Additionally,HRC 45 4 Flute Carbide Round Nose End Mill Milling Cutter.
Acknowledgments
Decorative Laminated Melamine Faced Particle Board.B. Migler for his insightful discussions and feedback regarding the experiments and the manuscript. Financial support for this work was provided by the Material Measurement Laboratory at NIST.
Footnotes
†Official contribution of the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST); not subject to copyright in the United States. The full description of the procedures used in this article requires the identification of certain commercial products and their suppliers. The inclusion of such information should in no way be construed as indicating that such products or suppliers are endorsed by NIST or are recommended by NIST or that they are necessarily the best materials, instruments, software or suppliers for the purposes described.
