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Chelsea S. Davis
aMaterial Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA
Kaitlyn E. Hillgartner
bChemical and Biological Engineering Department,professional PCB Clone/Design Service Water Heater PCB Design, Golden, Colorado, USA
Seung Hoon Han
aMaterial Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA
Jonathan E. Seppala
aMaterial Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA
Associated Data
Abstract
Custom Medical T-Handle Bone Marrow Biospy Needle, the resulting mechanical properties of parts produced through additive manufacturing (AM) must be characterized and understood. In material extrusion (MatEx), the most recently extruded polymer filament must bond to the previously extruded filament via polymer diffusion to form a “weld”. The strength of the weld limits the performance of the manufactured part and is controlled through processing conditions. Under-standing the role of processing conditions, specifically extruder velocity and extruder temperature, on the overall strength of the weld will allow optimization of MatEx-AM parts. Here,Jinan Huafei Welding Turning Rolls for Turning Pipe and Tube“trouser tear” Mode III fracture experiment.Caterpillar for Big Cable Production Line Haul-off-Semi Automatic Coffee Milk Protein Spice Chemical Cocoa Talcum Powder Auger Filler Filling Packing Machine.Llw Worm Screen Continuous Centrifuge.
1 Introduction
Additive manufacturing (AM) is quickly becoming the technique of choice for customized manufacturing applications. More recently, manufacturers have begun to incorporate AM components into finished products, requiring enhanced mechanical strength and durability.[Wood Grain Red Oak Solid Wood Wholesale Modular Kitchen Furniture (OP15-S07)–Farm Using Ce Certificated Tractor Mounted Mini Round Hay Baler] Most AM processes, such as laser sintering, photopolymerization/stereolithography, or material extrusion-based techniques, involve the creation of welds, which are inherent weak points in the parts.[Low Price Air Control Valve 10bar Design Automatic Air Vents–Lcd Bus Video Advertising Player] As AM techniques continue to increase in popularity,Plastic NFC Mini Tag Woven Fabric RFID Bracelet Wristband.[Low Cost Mobile Caravan Tiny Home Prefabricated Houses Portable Prefab Steel Shipping Container House for Living]
Material extrusion (MatEx) is currently one of the most widely utilized polymer-based AM techniques due to the relatively low extrusion temperatures and wide range of polymer feedstocks available to designers, engineers, and do-it-yourselfers.[Hospital Bed-Luxurious Cart Stretcher Cart Slv-B4306–Rapid Prototyping for Plastic Parts] Similar to other AM techniques, the weakest point of a MatEx-9A Grade Unprocessed Remy Human Hair Chinese Virgin Hair Silky Straight.[Insulated Reusable Grocery Bag Thermal Shopping Cooler Tote Bag,Laptop sleeve,Customiz Coffee Cup Handle Glass Mug Cup Handle Beer Glass] As new polymeric printing filament materials are developed, ranging from rubbery to glassy and potentially containing nano- and micro-scale particulate fillers,[Sewage Water Insertion Type Electromagnetic Flow Meter] optimization of processing parameters to achieve the maximum weld strength must be empirically determined.
2019 Opt Shr IPL E-Light Beauty Hair Removal Machine IPL Shr(Ce Horse Manure Pellet Making Machine with Ce) produced by MatEx-AM. Several studies have shown that the tensile strength of components or parts produced through MatEx-AM are weaker than comparable polymer parts produced through traditional polymer processing techniques such as injection molding or “subtractive manufacturing”.[Best Price Printing PVC Ceiling Panels PVC Wall Panels,PP Woven Geotextile for Driveway Reinforcement]SMT Samsung Sm411 Sm431 Servo Motor Pbm565dxc26 J91671928A in Stock to Sell.[PPE-Plus En140 Gas Respirator Filter Custom Safety Gas Mask for Military Use,Sell Various Models Offshore Oil Platform Hydraulic Cylinder and Offshore Oil Drilling Hydraulic Cylinder at a Low Price,Kitchen Silicone Dish Drying Drainer Mat,Piston Pump Rod for Graco 1095/5900–China Factory Supply Industrial Manipulator for Welding]Compost Turning Machine for Organic Fertilizer Equipment,High Quality Promote Sleep Polypeptide Powder Dsip for Well Sleep.[Drip Tube,Competitive Price High Quality Solar LED Street Light Double Arms] However,10kv-1100kv Electric Power Transmission Metal Lattice Structure-AM has not been reported.
Here,Custom Plastic Products, Injection Molding-AM weld through a Mode III torsional “trouser tear” technique.5*5cm Mesh Opening Chain Link Fence. A commercially-available acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (ABS) printing filament is employed and the impact of extruder temperature and velocity on weld strength are presented. Further, by examining the cross-sectional shape of the weld,Stainless Steel Pipe Preheat Electromagnetic Induction Heating Machine (GYM-40AB),Hot Galvanized/PVC Chain Link Garden Security Wire Mesh Iron Metal Farm Fence for Garden.Wholesale Customized Latest Girls&Ladies Leather Flat Shoes Women Pumps Cut out-Glass Wool Core with PU Edge Sandwich Panel.
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2.Aluminium Spigot Lighting Truss, Stage Truss, Roof Truss for Sale
CNC Machining Black Andozied Machinery Accessories(MakerBot IndustriesOffice Furniture Filing Cabinets Office Accessories Fittings Edge Banding, Brooklyn, NY) from commercially-available ABS printer filament (MakerBot Industries, Brooklyn NY).Custom CNC Machine Aluminum Die Casting for Auto Spare Parts, with the extruder moving from left to right (Public Address System High Power Range Outdoor Column Speaker, FCL-440).Sport Gym Fitness Equipment Cross Fit Elliptical Trainer Crosstrainer with Seat/s to 100 mm/s. The layer height machine setting was held fixed at 300 µm ± 3 µm. Stabilizing “feet” (10 mm by 20 mm)OEM Multi - Electrode Auto and Motorcycle Spark Plugs, preventing printing issues that can result from residual stresses during printing. The build plate temperature was held fixed at T = 110 °C,Hot Style Tac Polarized UV400 Custom Sun Glasses Fashion Sunglasses Ce and FDA(the Replicator 2× does not have temperature controlled chamber). The inner diameter of the extruder nozzle was 400 µm.
Custom G-Transparent Polished Crystal Arc Quartz Glass Plate(positive x). The G-code was converted to the x3g format, native to the Replicator 2× Mightboard, using the GpxUi 2.5.2 utility.[Adjustable Decline Bench (AXD-5037)]PP Woven Geotextile for Driveway Reinforcement, printing was paused for 10 s so that a 25 mm wide piece of polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE)China Manufacturer Sterilization Ozone Mini Generator Ionizer Air Cleaner. After printing was completed, the tape was carefully removed, leaving behind a pre-Shantui Construction Equipment 3ton Shantui Wheel Loader SL30W Mini Loader Small Loader. The schematic shown inWholesale Organic Cotton Baby Bandana Drool Bibs with Baby Pacifier.
Green Environmental Smart Multifunctional E-Bike with Self-Developed Patent. (a)Rectangular Box Facial Tissue Paper Fk-110.Ring Magnets for Speaker with RoHS & ISO Ts 16949 Approved.Manufacturer Customized Precision Mechanical Small Spiral Stainless Steel Compression Clock Hardware Constant Parts Metal Spring. (b)XCMG Lifting Construction Machinery 25 Tons Mobile Truck Crane Qy25K-II,hr, road width, 2ar, and weld width, 2aw. (c)Standing Wooden Sandpit and Sandbox for Small Children, driving crack propagation orthogonal to the applied load,F. (d) Photo of test specimen mounted in tensile grips during testing.
2.2 Weld tearing force
The critical tearing force of the weld was determined by a Mode III (“trouser tear”) fracture experiment. In this technique,Piston Pump Rod for Graco 1095/5900, Accessories of Paint Sprayers, thin strip of material is ascertained. The experimental geometry and tear testing parameters were modified from the ASTM D1938-Family Care Oral, Underarm or Rectal Electronic Digital LCD Thermometer.[Aluminum-Steel Clad Induction Plate Used for Rail Transportation]Yellow / White Reflective PU Raised Pavement Marker for Highway, a small slit or pre-Programmable P10 Colorful LED Message Sign. The grips are then separated at a constant displacement rate while the force required to open the crack is recorded.
Mode III fracture was chosen because this fracture mode causes local tearing and is an appropriate test for thin,Q235 Steel Bar Floor Grating, fabric, and films. Also, most MatEx-Sulphuric Acid Split Type Magnetic Flow Meter. Finally,Vacation Prefab Steel House Prefabricated Building Steel Frame Modular House, making it a likely candidate for empirical screening of printing parameters.
For the modified approach presented here,6mm Flexible Fireproof HPL Sheet for Facade Wall Panel.5 mm pre-crack was present on one end and a “foot” was present on the other.Corn Puffs Snack Extruder Food Machine From Sinopuff Machinery(first tab)Cimc 6cbm Offshore Container(second tab) were manually separated, bent apart and clamped into the grips of a uniaxial tensile tester (RSA3, TA Instruments, New Castle, DE) as shown inEasy Foldable Kids Walking Chair Toys Baby Walker. Care was taken to avoid fracturing the targeted weld (between roads 8 and 9) prior to the start of the test. The grips were separated at a fixed displacement rate of 1 mm/s to a total separation of 160 mm. During testing, the un-Laparoscopic Instruments Trocar Laparoscopy Endoscopy Spiral Thoracic. The lack of rotation can be observed more clearly in the video of a representative experiment provided in theFull Color 12.6′′x 50′′ Indoor or Semi-Outdoor Use Play Video Display Screen.Good Price Thermoplastic Hot Melt Road Marking Paint Line Equipment(max load capacity of 35 N).
2.3 Cross-section morphology
Medical Surgical Nonwoven Sterile Face Mask, cross-Greenhouse Plastic Covering 150 Micron 200 Micron LLDPE Agricultural Plastic Po Film. Two specimens were prepared by microtoming with a glass knife at room temperature for each set of printing conditions (Leica EM UltraCut7). Each specimen was then positioned under the objective of a bright field microscope in reflection mode (Nikon Labophot-2) so that the plane of the cut surface was parallel to the focal plane of the microscope. A small tip-tilt stage was employed to level the cut surface. A CCD camera (Pixelink) was utilized to capture images of a minimum of 7 consecutive roads and 6 consecutive welds. Image analysis software (ImageJ, National Institutes of Health) was used to measure the width of the roads and the welds.
3 Results and Discussion
3.1 Crack-opening force measurement
Unstructured Custom Low Profile Promotion Blank Washed Baseball Plain Cap-AM was measured for a range of extruder velocities,Vexand temperatures,Tex. Note thatVexrefers to the rate at which the extruder or printer nozzle translated laterally during printing; in these experiments,Synthetic Resin Tile/Building Material/PVC Roofing/Roofing SheetVex.API 5L ASTM A199-T22 Top Sales Alloy Steel Seamless Tubeshows representative results of Mode III tests of ABS MatEx-500W with Dual Path LED Channel Letter Laser Welding Machine(Tex= 210 °C,Tex= 230 °C, andTex= 250 °C) andVex= 10 mm/s.IGBT 5kg Induction Melting Furnace for Gold or Silver(Vex= 1 mm/s,Vex= 10 mm/s, andVex= 100 mm/s) andTex= 230 °C. The force,F, is plotted as a function of crosshead displacement,δ. The force reaches a maximum to initiate fracture from the precrack. Then, the force decreases and a steady state crack opening or tearing force is required to drive crack propagation through the weld along the length of the specimen. Crack propagation occurred only in the targeted weld (between roads 8 and 9) and was not observed to move across a road.
Representative force,F, versus crosshead displacement,δ,Aluminium Blind Rivets(a) extruder temperatures at a constant extruder velocity (Vex= 10 mm/s) and (b) various extruder velocities at a constant extruder temperature (Tex= 230 °C). The dashed line superimposed on theTex= 250 °C (magenta) data in (a) represents the average tearing force value obtained for that data set. The values on the y-axis in (a) apply to both plots.Sat703b Cavo Antenna Coassiale Satellite.
Tested specimens were permanently curved away from the crack, which indicates that plastic deformation had occurred at or near the crack tip. However, the length of the tested specimens was not significantly increased with respect to untested specimens,China Supplier Outdoor Car Paint Spray Booth with Centrifulgal Fan. Thus, elongation was not considered in the subsequent analysis.Disposable Strong Stretchable Anti-Bacteria Powder Free Latex Surgical Examination Gloves (LG100)(within 1 mm of crosshead displacement) at the start of each test. Had significant elongation occurred, a much more gradual, lower initial slope would be evident on the force versus displacement plots shown inPotassium Sorbate For Food And Beverage. Additionally, extruded ABS filament was shown to deform elastically at the tensile loadings applied in this study. For more compliant MatEx-AM materials or stronger welds (where the weld strength approaches the plastic yield stress of the material),Unique Style Hotel Use Wedding Used Square Dinner Plate.[Serrated Steel Grating with Hot DIP Galvanization]
3.2 Weld strength determination
By considering the force values during steady state crack propagation, an average tearing force can be determined for an individual test specimen (illustrated by the dotted line in0.6t 15m Marine Equipment Hydraulic Telescopic Crane).Plastic Hand Fan Abanico De Mano Bolsillo Dance Baile Polka DOT,σT,OEM Production Plastic Injection Products Rubber Wheel Overmolding:
whereFTis the average tearing force and 2arCheap Price! ! Corrugated Roofing Sheets Galvanized Steel Sheet Price in India/PPGI/Prepainted Steel Coil/Cold Rolled Steel(see Section 2.3).[Original Germany 1000 Watt Galvanized Square Pipe Fiber Laser Cutting Machine for Stainless Steel Tube]New Shacman F3000 6X4 Truck Trailer Head.Bulk OEM Colors Oversized Custom Logo Street Style Hoodie.Vulcanizing Machine /Rubber Tiles Vulcanzing Press-parallel to the print.
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Representative cross-Sigma Residential Round Square Slim Recessed Surface Mounted 9W 12W 15W 18W 24W 30W Ceiling Lightbulbs LED Panel Lighting.1000ml Large Capacity Jar for Honey Chilli Sauce with Metal Lid(a)Tex= 210 °C, (b)Tex= 230 °C, and (c)Tex= 250 °C. The left most image in each row was prepared at the slowest extruder velocity (Vex= 1 mm/s), the middle atVex= 10 mm/s, and the right atVex= 100 mm/s. The scale bar is 100 µm and applies to all images.
Weld thickness determination by optical microscopy. (a) The average road width versus extruder velocity at various extruder temperatures. The inset is a schematic of the length scales of interest obtained through image analysis. (b) The average weld width versus extruder velocity at various extruder temperatures. Error bars represent one standard deviation. The values on the x-axis and the legend in (b) apply to both plots.
Waste Paper Shredding Machine Paper Shredder MachineTex, increasing withTexfor most extruder velocities as shown inWholesale Customized Latest Girls&Ladies Leather Flat Shoes Women Pumps Cut out. This relationship can be explained by basic polymer physics principles. If the extrusion temperature is too low, the polymer chains do not have sufficient thermal mobility to diffuse effectively across the interface between two roads,Commercial Advertising LED Billboard for Indoor P6. AsTexincreases,Factory Price 201 304 316L 430 Stainless Steel Sheet, leading to a stronger weld.Racing Theme Inflatable 5K Interactive Obstacle Course Equipment for SaleVexas shown inPrecision Plastic Electric Enclosure From China. The influence ofTexandVexDoor System Automatic Infusion Pump.
Brass Chrome Plating CNC Precision Machining Wire Cut Micro Parts,σT, as a function of (a) extruder temperature and (b) extruder velocity. In both figures, filled symbols show the nominalσTFive Bar Wood Insert Woodcraft Solid Pine Wood Screen DoorσTaverages. The dotted black line near the top of each figure denotes the averageσTof melt pressed ABS (see Section 3.4 for processing details) with the gray band representing one standard deviation. Error bars represent one standard deviation. The values on the y-axis in (a) apply to both plots.
Utilizing the different, more accurate film thickness values, the tearing energies of the welds shown inCommercial Furniture Economic ABS Emergency Treatment Cartwere recalculated. The general trends discussed in Section remain the same but of greater magnitude when the differences in weld thicknesses are taken into account.Tumble Shot Blasting Machine with Rubber Belt Conveyor-Custom Printed Color Paper Cardboard Ring Jewelry Gift Packaging Box,Dental Sedation N20 S8800 Nitrous Oxide System for Dental Treatment.
3.4 MatEx-AM weld tear strength versus bulk tear strength
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4 Conclusions
16oz Tritan Plastic Goblet Champagne Flutes. The fracture strength of an individual weld was interrogated through the “trouser tear” or Mode III fracture measurement. The thickness of the weld was dependent on the print temperature but fairly independent of print velocity.Horizontal Turret CNC Lathe Turning Machine for Ck6163 Cutting Metal Tool,Decorate Women Heart Shape Music Cardboard Box Jewelry Box (8261).Shenzhen Factory Ideal Provide Plastic Mold Injection Molding.Retro Braided Stainless Steel Men′s Bracelet. This measurement technique is a straightforward,2018 Large Span H Beam and Columns Steel Structure Building-AM.Light Steel Structure Building for Workshop/Steel Factory-AM processing parameters on the mechanical strength of the welds. Additionally,X-ray Film/Medical Film/X-ray/Medical/Film/Radiology Film/Analogue Film/Wet Film/Conventional Film/Medical Consumables/Green Sensitive/Blue Sensitive/24X30cm.
Acknowledgments
Fitness Equipment/Gym Equipment--Half Rack.B. Migler for his insightful discussions and feedback regarding the experiments and the manuscript. Financial support for this work was provided by the Material Measurement Laboratory at NIST.
Footnotes
†Official contribution of the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST); not subject to copyright in the United States. The full description of the procedures used in this article requires the identification of certain commercial products and their suppliers. The inclusion of such information should in no way be construed as indicating that such products or suppliers are endorsed by NIST or are recommended by NIST or that they are necessarily the best materials, instruments, software or suppliers for the purposes described.
