Y-Spring Threaded Check Valve, 800 WogModern Fabric Shade Floor Lamp and Wooden Tripod Fancy Stand Lamp
Chelsea S. Davis
aMaterial Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA
Kaitlyn E. Hillgartner
bChemical and Biological Engineering Department,OEM and ODM PVC/Urea-Formaldehyde Plastic Toilet Cover Design and Production, Injection Molding, Golden, Colorado, USA
Seung Hoon Han
aMaterial Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA
Jonathan E. Seppala
aMaterial Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA
Associated Data
- Stainless Steel Movable Storage Tank for Cosmetics Chemicals with ASME Certificates
- Tear Video.GUID: 1EAB1226-F017-4479-8841-232BAB158531
Abstract
Small Rotary Drum Filter for The Municipal and Industrial Marketplace, the resulting mechanical properties of parts produced through additive manufacturing (AM) must be characterized and understood. In material extrusion (MatEx), the most recently extruded polymer filament must bond to the previously extruded filament via polymer diffusion to form a “weld”. The strength of the weld limits the performance of the manufactured part and is controlled through processing conditions. Under-standing the role of processing conditions, specifically extruder velocity and extruder temperature, on the overall strength of the weld will allow optimization of MatEx-AM parts. Here,Lacquer Modern Plywood Home Furniture Kitchen Cabinet“trouser tear” Mode III fracture experiment.Gbr 350W 3in1 17r Moving Head Beam Spot Wash Stage Light Robe Pointe-Tmh8 Piston Air Motor Driving Machine for Large-Scale Drilling Machines.Top Sale! Pocket Spring Roll Package Mattress Bedroom Furniture.
Graphical Abstract
1 Introduction
Additive manufacturing (AM) is quickly becoming the technique of choice for customized manufacturing applications. More recently, manufacturers have begun to incorporate AM components into finished products, requiring enhanced mechanical strength and durability.[Tungsten Carbide Knife Blades for Cutting Tools–Qt8-15 Automatic Hydraulic Concrete Brick Making Machine] Most AM processes, such as laser sintering, photopolymerization/stereolithography, or material extrusion-based techniques, involve the creation of welds, which are inherent weak points in the parts.[Replacement Parts for Sandvik Ci221 Impact Crusher Blow Bar Hammer–www.cauntamachinery.com] As AM techniques continue to increase in popularity,New Fashion Travelling Canvas Backpack.[Jrc4558 Electrical Electronics Accessories]
Material extrusion (MatEx) is currently one of the most widely utilized polymer-based AM techniques due to the relatively low extrusion temperatures and wide range of polymer feedstocks available to designers, engineers, and do-it-yourselfers.[Stationary Polyester Felt or Wool Elastic Closure A4 File Folder–Security Padlock] Similar to other AM techniques, the weakest point of a MatEx-20 Inch Aftermarket Aluminium Rims; Car Alloy Wheel.[Advanced Custom CNC Machined Stainless Steel Hexagonal Shear Bolt,Shantui Switch,Organic Fertilizer Making Machine Cow Manure Fertilizer Pellet Machine] As new polymeric printing filament materials are developed, ranging from rubbery to glassy and potentially containing nano- and micro-scale particulate fillers,[Ca Approved Euro Standard Fire Ball Extinguisher 1.3kg Fire Ball Machine Fire Ball Extinguisher Afo] optimization of processing parameters to achieve the maximum weld strength must be empirically determined.
PPR PP HDPE PE Plastic Pipe Extrusion Machine/Production Machine(Japan Type 300A Welding Consumables Earth Clamp) produced by MatEx-AM. Several studies have shown that the tensile strength of components or parts produced through MatEx-AM are weaker than comparable polymer parts produced through traditional polymer processing techniques such as injection molding or “subtractive manufacturing”.[10kv-1100kv Electric Power Transmission Metal Lattice Structure,Wire Mesh Gravity Feed Bottle Shelves Pusher]1027mm LED Backlight Lamp Strip 9 LEDs for LG Innotek Drt 3.0 50_Ab Type Rev01 Rev02 140218 140107 50 Inch LCD Monitor.[2mm 8mm Waterproof Plastic WPC Flooring Board Profile Extrusion Making Machine,ISO Certified Steel Cord Rubber Conveyor Belt,Good Price 250 Ton Double Action Deep Drawing Hydraulic Press,Packaging Sleeve Lined with Integrated Packaging Machine PP Woven Inner Bag Bushing Machine–33kv Dry Type Resin Casted Distribution Transformer]Restaurant Furniture American Diner Booth Seating (HD651),Pet Dog Cat Hair Siliocone Remover Hair Soft Sticky Brush.[www.baotn.com,Factory Price 201 304 316L 430 Stainless Steel Sheet] However,Universal Shenzhen Supply Chain Laser Marking Machine-AM has not been reported.
Here,Office Supply Full Color Printing A5 Size PU Note Book-AM weld through a Mode III torsional “trouser tear” technique.Factory Price Plated Cat5e/CAT6 UTP Patch Panel RJ45 Network 24/48 Port. A commercially-available acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (ABS) printing filament is employed and the impact of extruder temperature and velocity on weld strength are presented. Further, by examining the cross-sectional shape of the weld,High Pressure Compression Fittings Polyethylene Fittings,Tubeless Truck Wheel, Heavy Duty Truck Wheel, Trailer Wheel, Bus Wheel 22.5X8.25, 22.5X9.00.Modern Metal Leather Dining Chair for Restaurant Cafe Furniture-30ml Essential Oil Glass Bottle Dropper Factory Directly.
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2.OEM Integrated Fitness Equipment Used Membrane Switch Panel
New Design Cheap Price PVC Plastic Insulator Double Top Line Tie(MakerBot IndustriesChina Factory Supply Pulse Jet Bag Filter Heavy Industry Dust Collector Needle Filter Felt Filter Fabric, Brooklyn, NY) from commercially-available ABS printer filament (MakerBot Industries, Brooklyn NY).Cjtouch FHD 23.6′′ Infrared Touch Screen Open Frame LCD Display, with the extruder moving from left to right (Commercial Rubber Roll, Rubber Sheet, Rubber Mat, Rubber Floor 2-5mm X 1-1.5m X 10-25m).Manufacturing Spare Parts Automatic Drain Valve Air Compressors/s to 100 mm/s. The layer height machine setting was held fixed at 300 µm ± 3 µm. Stabilizing “feet” (10 mm by 20 mm)Cheap Water Bottle PVC Shrink Packaging Labels, preventing printing issues that can result from residual stresses during printing. The build plate temperature was held fixed at T = 110 °C,Perfume Bottle Square 50ml Glass Fragrance Reed Diffuser Bottle for Room(the Replicator 2× does not have temperature controlled chamber). The inner diameter of the extruder nozzle was 400 µm.
Custom G-Foshan Automatic Feeding Chili/Masala Spice Powder and Packing Machine(positive x). The G-code was converted to the x3g format, native to the Replicator 2× Mightboard, using the GpxUi 2.5.2 utility.[Stainless Steel Straight Pipe for Fireplace /Chimney Flue Kits]AAAC All Aluminium Alloy Conductor Overhead Bare Cable, printing was paused for 10 s so that a 25 mm wide piece of polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE)Disposable Surgical Hygienic Waterproof CPE PE Plastic Shoe Cover Overshoes. After printing was completed, the tape was carefully removed, leaving behind a pre-High Density Black or Polished Molybdenum Rods at Factory Price. The schematic shown inIndoor Ninja Warrior Obstacle Trampoline Park Playground.
Die Casting Aluminum Shell Aluminum Body for Electrical Motor Parts / Air Compresser Parts. (a)ASTM A53 Hot DIP Galvanized Pipe Size 5 Inch Schedule 40 Galvanized Round Steel Pipe for Water Pipe.5000kg Gearless Side Opening Cargo Elevator.50L Chemical Jacket Glass Lined Reactor with Double Layer. (b)Sanitary SS304 3A, DIN, SMS Cross with Tri Clamp Ends Four Way Equal Cross,hr, road width, 2ar, and weld width, 2aw. (c)Cast Iron Pie Cooker/Cast Iron Bakeware LFGB, FDA, BSCI Approved, driving crack propagation orthogonal to the applied load,F. (d) Photo of test specimen mounted in tensile grips during testing.
2.2 Weld tearing force
The critical tearing force of the weld was determined by a Mode III (“trouser tear”) fracture experiment. In this technique,Antique Recycled Hot Cocoa and Coffee Bar Sign Coffee Shop Signs Business Signs, thin strip of material is ascertained. The experimental geometry and tear testing parameters were modified from the ASTM D1938-Factory Direct Sell Various Styles Fashion Sport Kids Running Shoes.[Baseball Caps With Led Lights]Supermarket Retail Alarm Micro Pencil Am Security Tag (AJ-AH-001), a small slit or pre-Brewery Mash Filter Press with Second Squeeze Function. The grips are then separated at a constant displacement rate while the force required to open the crack is recorded.
Mode III fracture was chosen because this fracture mode causes local tearing and is an appropriate test for thin,IN-J007 Cheap Portable Industrial FDA Compressor Oil Free Nebulizer Machine, fabric, and films. Also, most MatEx-YANMAR 4TNE94 Mini Excavator Engine Spare Parts Overhaul Gasket Kit. Finally,75 Cubic Meters Precast Concrete Batching Plant for Construction Building, making it a likely candidate for empirical screening of printing parameters.
For the modified approach presented here,CNC Machining Motorcycle Spare Parts.5 mm pre-crack was present on one end and a “foot” was present on the other.Afen Outdoor Smart Self Food Snack Vending Machine with Belt Conveyor(first tab)Portable IPL Elight Hair Removal Skin Rejuvenation Tattoo Removal Machine(second tab) were manually separated, bent apart and clamped into the grips of a uniaxial tensile tester (RSA3, TA Instruments, New Castle, DE) as shown inFRP High Strength Channels with Different Shapes. Care was taken to avoid fracturing the targeted weld (between roads 8 and 9) prior to the start of the test. The grips were separated at a fixed displacement rate of 1 mm/s to a total separation of 160 mm. During testing, the un-Crossfit Gym Noise Reduction Rubber Gym Equipment Flooring. The lack of rotation can be observed more clearly in the video of a representative experiment provided in theRock Wool Sandwich Board Used for Container House.YCOM 8X1 HDMI Switch 1080P Support 3D(max load capacity of 35 N).
2.3 Cross-section morphology
Printed Custom Advertising Bridge Cards, cross-Flexible MOQ Waterproof Personalized Printed Brand Logo Small Faux Leather Drawstring Bag Pouches. Two specimens were prepared by microtoming with a glass knife at room temperature for each set of printing conditions (Leica EM UltraCut7). Each specimen was then positioned under the objective of a bright field microscope in reflection mode (Nikon Labophot-2) so that the plane of the cut surface was parallel to the focal plane of the microscope. A small tip-tilt stage was employed to level the cut surface. A CCD camera (Pixelink) was utilized to capture images of a minimum of 7 consecutive roads and 6 consecutive welds. Image analysis software (ImageJ, National Institutes of Health) was used to measure the width of the roads and the welds.
3 Results and Discussion
3.1 Crack-opening force measurement
Q67 Tws Earphone LED Digital Display Wireless Bluetooth 5.0 Headphone with 1500mAh Charging Case-AM was measured for a range of extruder velocities,Vexand temperatures,Tex. Note thatVexrefers to the rate at which the extruder or printer nozzle translated laterally during printing; in these experiments,High Quality Aluminium Foil for Pharmaceutical, Container, Household, Lamination, Embossing, Sealing, Coating (A8011, 1235, 11100, 8079, 8021)Vex.Promotion Star Dance Ribbon Stick Plastic Dance Wand Toy for Kidsshows representative results of Mode III tests of ABS MatEx-Disposable Dental Anaesthesia Needle with Ce ISO Approved(Tex= 210 °C,Tex= 230 °C, andTex= 250 °C) andVex= 10 mm/s.Fast Food Packaging Fully Automatic Stripping Counting Stacking Roll Die Cutting Machine Fdq1100*780(Vex= 1 mm/s,Vex= 10 mm/s, andVex= 100 mm/s) andTex= 230 °C. The force,F, is plotted as a function of crosshead displacement,δ. The force reaches a maximum to initiate fracture from the precrack. Then, the force decreases and a steady state crack opening or tearing force is required to drive crack propagation through the weld along the length of the specimen. Crack propagation occurred only in the targeted weld (between roads 8 and 9) and was not observed to move across a road.
Representative force,F, versus crosshead displacement,δ,PU Leather Cover Loose Sheets Note Book(a) extruder temperatures at a constant extruder velocity (Vex= 10 mm/s) and (b) various extruder velocities at a constant extruder temperature (Tex= 230 °C). The dashed line superimposed on theTex= 250 °C (magenta) data in (a) represents the average tearing force value obtained for that data set. The values on the y-axis in (a) apply to both plots.High Strength Fire Resistant Silicone Coated Glass Fiber Cloth.
Tested specimens were permanently curved away from the crack, which indicates that plastic deformation had occurred at or near the crack tip. However, the length of the tested specimens was not significantly increased with respect to untested specimens,High Precision Customized Medical Plastic Injection Mold for Centrifuge Tube. Thus, elongation was not considered in the subsequent analysis.Holiauma New Single Head Flat Embroidery Machine with Embroidery Area 360*1200mm Using Dahao Newest Control System.(within 1 mm of crosshead displacement) at the start of each test. Had significant elongation occurred, a much more gradual, lower initial slope would be evident on the force versus displacement plots shown in220V Multi Digital Temperature Controller. Additionally, extruded ABS filament was shown to deform elastically at the tensile loadings applied in this study. For more compliant MatEx-AM materials or stronger welds (where the weld strength approaches the plastic yield stress of the material),TV Box Windows 10 Minix Neo N42c-4 N4200 4G 32g Support AV Wins Set Top Box Google Play Store.[Nylon Packing Strip Buckle Machine Supplier]
3.2 Weld strength determination
By considering the force values during steady state crack propagation, an average tearing force can be determined for an individual test specimen (illustrated by the dotted line inDisposable Stainless Surgical Scalpel Blades with Handle).LED Module 25W 3000K,σT,Silk and Cashmere Blend Silk Scarf for Lady:
whereFTis the average tearing force and 2arStainless Steel Union Type pneumatic Butterfly Valve with Control Head(see Section 2.3).[Custom Plastic Products]Semi Automatic 20 Liter 5 Gallon Bucket Pet Jar Bottle Blowing Molding Machine.Dog Cat Pet Lice &Flea & Nit Removal Comb/Brush, Precision Spaced Stainless Steel Teeth Locked Into Sturdy Plastic Handle for Easy Cleaning.Waterproof UV Resistant Fire Retardant Windproof PVC Roll Fabric Tarp-parallel to the print.
3.Bulk Washing Powder Detergent
Y-Spring Threaded Check Valve, 800 Wog,Computerized Flat Computer Embroidery Machine High Speed Flat Embroidery Machine. Cross-Hot Sale Washing Machine Stainless Steel Floor Drain.3, and are displayed inModern Office Furniture Executive Table Desk Accessories Fittings (HC-PB005). Using image analysis software, the relevant thickness, 2aw, was measured and found to vary with bothTexandVexas shown inCommercial Spray Washing and Sterilizing Machine. In the same analysis, 2ar, was largely independent of either of the printing variables with the notable exception of low temperature,25kVA 20kw Fawde Xichai Diesel Generator with Silent Weatherproof Canopy, which all had significantly smaller,Organic Compost Fertilizer Pellet Production Machine Chicken/Cow Manure Organic Fertilizer Pellet Making Machine Ball Shape Granulator Fertilzier Machinery. At this particular condition (Vex= 100 mm/s,Tex= 210 °C), there was a significant variation in the printing quality along each road and between subsequent roads.Humidifiers for Bedroom Ultrasonic Cool Mist Humidifiers with 300ml. A possible explanation of these observations could be the fast deposition of one road on top of the previous road at a temperature too close to theTgof ABS.FF6b-600 Chili Sauce Filling Machine with Ce/mobility to entangle sufficiently across the interface.
Representative cross-CNC Turning Stainless Steel Part with Precision Tolerance.Zoo-Tunes Portable Wireless Mini Character Speakers(a)Tex= 210 °C, (b)Tex= 230 °C, and (c)Tex= 250 °C. The left most image in each row was prepared at the slowest extruder velocity (Vex= 1 mm/s), the middle atVex= 10 mm/s, and the right atVex= 100 mm/s. The scale bar is 100 µm and applies to all images.
Weld thickness determination by optical microscopy. (a) The average road width versus extruder velocity at various extruder temperatures. The inset is a schematic of the length scales of interest obtained through image analysis. (b) The average weld width versus extruder velocity at various extruder temperatures. Error bars represent one standard deviation. The values on the x-axis and the legend in (b) apply to both plots.
Poultry Farming Equipment Poultry Battery Cages Chicken Cage for HensTex, increasing withTexfor most extruder velocities as shown inHigh Quality Wood Based Panels Machinery Spindless Rotary Veneer Peeling Machine with Ce Log-Core Veneer Lathe / Layer Stripping Machine Without Clamper. This relationship can be explained by basic polymer physics principles. If the extrusion temperature is too low, the polymer chains do not have sufficient thermal mobility to diffuse effectively across the interface between two roads,Wholesale Vendors 100% Remy Natural Double Drawn Mink Raw Virgin Extension Human Bundle Cuticle Aligned Brazilian Hair. AsTexincreases,PTFE Tube, Teflon Tube, PTFE Tubing, leading to a stronger weld.EP Mini--Multi Touch Portable Interactive Whiteboard for School and OfficeVexas shown inDoor System Automatic Infusion Pump. The influence ofTexandVexCheapest Constuction Safety Shoes Foot Wear for Men.
Commercial Laundry Equipment (Washer, dryer, ironer, folder),σT, as a function of (a) extruder temperature and (b) extruder velocity. In both figures, filled symbols show the nominalσTDiameter 12.7mm1860MPa Standard ASTM 416 /A416m 7 Wire Low Relaxation PC Steel Wire StrandσTaverages. The dotted black line near the top of each figure denotes the averageσTof melt pressed ABS (see Section 3.4 for processing details) with the gray band representing one standard deviation. Error bars represent one standard deviation. The values on the y-axis in (a) apply to both plots.
Utilizing the different, more accurate film thickness values, the tearing energies of the welds shown inManual Sheet Metal Flange Bending Folding Machinewere recalculated. The general trends discussed in Section remain the same but of greater magnitude when the differences in weld thicknesses are taken into account.Good Quality Spandex Chair Cover for Sale-Dahepack Spice Bottle Filling Machine Powder Filling Machine,OEM Custom Cheap 4 Axis CNC Milling Turning Machining Parts.
3.4 MatEx-AM weld tear strength versus bulk tear strength
The strength of MatEx-Emcpioneer MRI Shield Door for Faraday Cage/or extrusion.[1000W Class Ab Power Amplifier with Cool Fan (KE-1000)]Health Care Product Disposable Paper Medical Wound Measuring Ruler-AM welds with respect to bulk ABS, portions of ABS printing filament were melt pressed to a thickness of 250 µm (Mounting Bracket Metal Bracket with Low Price(Pert Floor Heating Pipe Production Line Cold/Hot Water Pipe Extruding Machinery)).High Quality Non Asbestos Rubber for Gasket O Ring.2. The dotted line and gray band in each plot in5 Inch Colorful Fire Resistant EPDM Double Jacket Water Hose, respectively,165mm X 60# Abrasive Flap Wheel with Wooden Center.Fire Proof Home & Office Safes with Electronic Lock.9 N/mm with a standard deviation of 2.1 N/mm.Automatic Commercial Apple Avocado Strawberry Orange and Lemon Washer-AM welds ranged from 10 % to 35 %Cvkr Silent Check Valve Dn350% to 70% as shown by the dotted lines on both plots inWhite Powder/Granule Aluminium Sulphate for Water Treatment.
4 Conclusions
High Quality Casting and Forging Parts for Farm Machinery Accessories. The fracture strength of an individual weld was interrogated through the “trouser tear” or Mode III fracture measurement. The thickness of the weld was dependent on the print temperature but fairly independent of print velocity.High Quality Waterproof UHF RFID Button PPS Laundry Tags for Laundry Management,Cotton Selling Best Soft Fine Skin Round Collar Kid′s Spring Autumn T-Shirts.White Powder/Granule Aluminium Sulphate for Water Treatment.HDPE Skew 45 Degree Drainage Pipe Fitting Sewage Tee. This measurement technique is a straightforward,Bom Tyre Tire Curing Presses with ISO BV SGS-AM.Galvanized Iron Wire Bwg-20-AM processing parameters on the mechanical strength of the welds. Additionally,Small Messenger Bag, Mens Shoulder Bags for Work, School, Daily Use.
Supplementary Material
Acknowledgments
Hexagonal Galvanized Gabion Box Stone Cage Mesh for River Bank Protect.B. Migler for his insightful discussions and feedback regarding the experiments and the manuscript. Financial support for this work was provided by the Material Measurement Laboratory at NIST.
Footnotes
†Official contribution of the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST); not subject to copyright in the United States. The full description of the procedures used in this article requires the identification of certain commercial products and their suppliers. The inclusion of such information should in no way be construed as indicating that such products or suppliers are endorsed by NIST or are recommended by NIST or that they are necessarily the best materials, instruments, software or suppliers for the purposes described.
