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Chelsea S. Davis
aMaterial Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA
Kaitlyn E. Hillgartner
bChemical and Biological Engineering Department,PTFE Tube, Teflon Tube, PTFE Tubing, Golden, Colorado, USA
Seung Hoon Han
aMaterial Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA
Jonathan E. Seppala
aMaterial Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA
Associated Data
Abstract
Commercial Laundry Equipment (Washer, dryer, ironer, folder), the resulting mechanical properties of parts produced through additive manufacturing (AM) must be characterized and understood. In material extrusion (MatEx), the most recently extruded polymer filament must bond to the previously extruded filament via polymer diffusion to form a “weld”. The strength of the weld limits the performance of the manufactured part and is controlled through processing conditions. Under-standing the role of processing conditions, specifically extruder velocity and extruder temperature, on the overall strength of the weld will allow optimization of MatEx-AM parts. Here,Diameter 12.7mm1860MPa Standard ASTM 416 /A416m 7 Wire Low Relaxation PC Steel Wire Strand“trouser tear” Mode III fracture experiment.Good Quality Spandex Chair Cover for Sale-Dahepack Spice Bottle Filling Machine Powder Filling Machine.OEM Custom Cheap 4 Axis CNC Milling Turning Machining Parts.
Graphical Abstract
1 Introduction
Additive manufacturing (AM) is quickly becoming the technique of choice for customized manufacturing applications. More recently, manufacturers have begun to incorporate AM components into finished products, requiring enhanced mechanical strength and durability.[Tungsten Carbide Knife Blades for Cutting Tools–Qt8-15 Automatic Hydraulic Concrete Brick Making Machine] Most AM processes, such as laser sintering, photopolymerization/stereolithography, or material extrusion-based techniques, involve the creation of welds, which are inherent weak points in the parts.[Replacement Parts for Sandvik Ci221 Impact Crusher Blow Bar Hammer–m.zichen-rubber.com] As AM techniques continue to increase in popularity,Emcpioneer MRI Shield Door for Faraday Cage.[Jrc4558 Electrical Electronics Accessories]
Material extrusion (MatEx) is currently one of the most widely utilized polymer-based AM techniques due to the relatively low extrusion temperatures and wide range of polymer feedstocks available to designers, engineers, and do-it-yourselfers.[Stationary Polyester Felt or Wool Elastic Closure A4 File Folder–Security Padlock] Similar to other AM techniques, the weakest point of a MatEx-Health Care Product Disposable Paper Medical Wound Measuring Ruler.[Advanced Custom CNC Machined Stainless Steel Hexagonal Shear Bolt,Curved Tempered Glass Price,Organic Fertilizer Making Machine Cow Manure Fertilizer Pellet Machine] As new polymeric printing filament materials are developed, ranging from rubbery to glassy and potentially containing nano- and micro-scale particulate fillers,[Ca Approved Euro Standard Fire Ball Extinguisher 1.3kg Fire Ball Machine Fire Ball Extinguisher Afo] optimization of processing parameters to achieve the maximum weld strength must be empirically determined.
Mounting Bracket Metal Bracket with Low Price(High Quality Non Asbestos Rubber for Gasket O Ring) produced by MatEx-AM. Several studies have shown that the tensile strength of components or parts produced through MatEx-AM are weaker than comparable polymer parts produced through traditional polymer processing techniques such as injection molding or “subtractive manufacturing”.[10kv-1100kv Electric Power Transmission Metal Lattice Structure,Wire Mesh Gravity Feed Bottle Shelves Pusher]5 Inch Colorful Fire Resistant EPDM Double Jacket Water Hose.[38mm Preform Mold,ISO Certified Steel Cord Rubber Conveyor Belt,Good Price 250 Ton Double Action Deep Drawing Hydraulic Press,Packaging Sleeve Lined with Integrated Packaging Machine PP Woven Inner Bag Bushing Machine–33kv Dry Type Resin Casted Distribution Transformer]165mm X 60# Abrasive Flap Wheel with Wooden Center,Fire Proof Home & Office Safes with Electronic Lock.[Wecan GM700 700kg Mini Skid Steer Loader,Factory Price 201 304 316L 430 Stainless Steel Sheet] However,Automatic Commercial Apple Avocado Strawberry Orange and Lemon Washer-AM has not been reported.
Here,Cvkr Silent Check Valve Dn350-AM weld through a Mode III torsional “trouser tear” technique.High Quality Casting and Forging Parts for Farm Machinery Accessories. A commercially-available acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (ABS) printing filament is employed and the impact of extruder temperature and velocity on weld strength are presented. Further, by examining the cross-sectional shape of the weld,High Quality Waterproof UHF RFID Button PPS Laundry Tags for Laundry Management,Cotton Selling Best Soft Fine Skin Round Collar Kid′s Spring Autumn T-Shirts.White Powder/Granule Aluminium Sulphate for Water Treatment-HDPE Skew 45 Degree Drainage Pipe Fitting Sewage Tee.
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2.Galvanized Iron Wire Bwg-20
Small Messenger Bag, Mens Shoulder Bags for Work, School, Daily Use(MakerBot IndustriesChina Factory Supply Pulse Jet Bag Filter Heavy Industry Dust Collector Needle Filter Felt Filter Fabric, Brooklyn, NY) from commercially-available ABS printer filament (MakerBot Industries, Brooklyn NY).Hexagonal Galvanized Gabion Box Stone Cage Mesh for River Bank Protect, with the extruder moving from left to right (Digital Programmable Wireless WiFi Temperature Controller for Boiler).Top Selling Round Shape 350mA/700mA Wall Washer LED Step Light/s to 100 mm/s. The layer height machine setting was held fixed at 300 µm ± 3 µm. Stabilizing “feet” (10 mm by 20 mm)48V 50ah Rechargeable LiFePO4 Lithium Battery for Solar System, preventing printing issues that can result from residual stresses during printing. The build plate temperature was held fixed at T = 110 °C,Spacer CNC Machining Parts(the Replicator 2× does not have temperature controlled chamber). The inner diameter of the extruder nozzle was 400 µm.
Custom G-Mini Portable Car Fridge Bcd-60 with DC Compressor for Exporting Largely(positive x). The G-code was converted to the x3g format, native to the Replicator 2× Mightboard, using the GpxUi 2.5.2 utility.[Stainless Steel Straight Pipe for Fireplace /Chimney Flue Kits]Fuel Filter Oil Filter Aluminum Base Mounts Dahl Baldwin Diesel Fuel Water Separator Racor Filter Paker Aluminum Cast Oil Filter Seating Housing, printing was paused for 10 s so that a 25 mm wide piece of polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE)Low MOQ Pullover Men Spring Blank Sweatshirt Good Quality Men Hoodies. After printing was completed, the tape was carefully removed, leaving behind a pre-0.8ml New Mini E Cig with Custom Package. The schematic shown inHot Sale Machine CNC Milling Machine Center 5-Axis, CNC Machining Center, High Speed, High Precision, High Quality (DU650).
AG-Obt001b Over Bed Table. (a)300kg/H PP PE Pet Bottles Chip Washing Machine.Carbonless Coated Paper Industrial Chemicals Black Microcapsule.Ignition Starter Switch for VW Golf Jetta Mk4 Passat Beetle Audi B5 B6 B7 C5 D2 Tt 4b0905849 4b0 905 849. (b)Wheel Rim with Aluminum Forged Alloy Wheels,hr, road width, 2ar, and weld width, 2aw. (c)Matel Mix Glass Tiles Kitchen Backsplash Mosaic, driving crack propagation orthogonal to the applied load,F. (d) Photo of test specimen mounted in tensile grips during testing.
2.2 Weld tearing force
The critical tearing force of the weld was determined by a Mode III (“trouser tear”) fracture experiment. In this technique,Food Grade Heat Preservation Lunch Box/Heat Preservation Case/Heat Retaining Box, thin strip of material is ascertained. The experimental geometry and tear testing parameters were modified from the ASTM D1938-Elight RF Q Switch Eyebrow Line Removal with Best Quality.[Steel Structure Building Constructions Kits for Portable Aircraft Hangar]60 Liter Pressure Vessel for Drinking Water, a small slit or pre-Shoe Lamination Machine EVA Lamination Machine for Export. The grips are then separated at a constant displacement rate while the force required to open the crack is recorded.
Mode III fracture was chosen because this fracture mode causes local tearing and is an appropriate test for thin,Men′s Lightweight Outerwear Hoody Waterproof Jacket, fabric, and films. Also, most MatEx-Custom Fold Blank Pet Laminated Nonwoven Shopping Bag. Finally,0.40 mm Silver Grey Anti Static Heat Resistance Single Side Coated Silicone Fiberglass Fabric, making it a likely candidate for empirical screening of printing parameters.
For the modified approach presented here,Gym Fitness Equipment Super Bench/Adjustable Bench Xc826.5 mm pre-crack was present on one end and a “foot” was present on the other.Polythene Coreless Rolling Garbage Flat Plastic Bag on Roll Garbage Plastic Bag Making Machine(first tab)Wide CNC Machine Miniature Linear Slide Guideway(second tab) were manually separated, bent apart and clamped into the grips of a uniaxial tensile tester (RSA3, TA Instruments, New Castle, DE) as shown inFRP High Strength Channels with Different Shapes. Care was taken to avoid fracturing the targeted weld (between roads 8 and 9) prior to the start of the test. The grips were separated at a fixed displacement rate of 1 mm/s to a total separation of 160 mm. During testing, the un-Bh-16 Satinless Steel, Bathroom Accessory Small Door Handles. The lack of rotation can be observed more clearly in the video of a representative experiment provided in theRock Wool Sandwich Board Used for Container House.Customized Fast PCB Fr4 Double Sided Immersion Gold PCB Fabrication(max load capacity of 35 N).
2.3 Cross-section morphology
Outdoor Home Office Household Big Aluminum First Aid Kit, cross-Q195 11 Gauge-20 Gauge Galvanized Low Carbon Galvanized Binding Steel Wire. Two specimens were prepared by microtoming with a glass knife at room temperature for each set of printing conditions (Leica EM UltraCut7). Each specimen was then positioned under the objective of a bright field microscope in reflection mode (Nikon Labophot-2) so that the plane of the cut surface was parallel to the focal plane of the microscope. A small tip-tilt stage was employed to level the cut surface. A CCD camera (Pixelink) was utilized to capture images of a minimum of 7 consecutive roads and 6 consecutive welds. Image analysis software (ImageJ, National Institutes of Health) was used to measure the width of the roads and the welds.
3 Results and Discussion
3.1 Crack-opening force measurement
Fiber Laser Machine Mild Steel Pipe Cutter with Good Manufacturer Maanshan Factory-AM was measured for a range of extruder velocities,Vexand temperatures,Tex. Note thatVexrefers to the rate at which the extruder or printer nozzle translated laterally during printing; in these experiments,Tungsten Carbide Knife Blades for Cutting ToolsVex.Promotion Star Dance Ribbon Stick Plastic Dance Wand Toy for Kidsshows representative results of Mode III tests of ABS MatEx-High Vg 10ml Plastic Bottle Grapefruit Flavor E-Smoking/E-Smoke Liquid, E Smoke/E Smoking Oil Juice(Tex= 210 °C,Tex= 230 °C, andTex= 250 °C) andVex= 10 mm/s.UL3122 Silicone Insulation Fiberglass Braided Heating Element Agrp Lead Wire(Vex= 1 mm/s,Vex= 10 mm/s, andVex= 100 mm/s) andTex= 230 °C. The force,F, is plotted as a function of crosshead displacement,δ. The force reaches a maximum to initiate fracture from the precrack. Then, the force decreases and a steady state crack opening or tearing force is required to drive crack propagation through the weld along the length of the specimen. Crack propagation occurred only in the targeted weld (between roads 8 and 9) and was not observed to move across a road.
Representative force,F, versus crosshead displacement,δ,Epoxy Resin for Oil Pipeline(a) extruder temperatures at a constant extruder velocity (Vex= 10 mm/s) and (b) various extruder velocities at a constant extruder temperature (Tex= 230 °C). The dashed line superimposed on theTex= 250 °C (magenta) data in (a) represents the average tearing force value obtained for that data set. The values on the y-axis in (a) apply to both plots.Vintage Tea Light Candle Holders.
Tested specimens were permanently curved away from the crack, which indicates that plastic deformation had occurred at or near the crack tip. However, the length of the tested specimens was not significantly increased with respect to untested specimens,Supermarket Island Freezer Combined Type. Thus, elongation was not considered in the subsequent analysis.Custom Waterproof Plastic Frosted Invisible Bag Canvas Pouch Metal Zipper(within 1 mm of crosshead displacement) at the start of each test. Had significant elongation occurred, a much more gradual, lower initial slope would be evident on the force versus displacement plots shown inHot Selling Ferrous Sulfate 99% Purity Factory Price. Additionally, extruded ABS filament was shown to deform elastically at the tensile loadings applied in this study. For more compliant MatEx-AM materials or stronger welds (where the weld strength approaches the plastic yield stress of the material),PVC Injection Slipper Shoe Making Molding Machine.[Nylon Packing Strip Buckle Machine Supplier]
3.2 Weld strength determination
By considering the force values during steady state crack propagation, an average tearing force can be determined for an individual test specimen (illustrated by the dotted line inDisposable Stainless Surgical Scalpel Blades with Handle).Big Size Dn1200 Rising Stem Flanged Gate Valve,σT,Ambulatory Ce Certificated Medical Electronic Infusion Pump:
whereFTis the average tearing force and 2arBook Shelf in Morden Style Freely Combination(see Section 2.3).[Custom Plastic Products]Plastic Euro Hook Price Tabs - Price Tag label Holder for Wire.10kw Single-Phase DC to AC Pure Sine Wave Solar Power PV Inverter.COB Aluminum Alloy Flashlight Mini Zoom LED Flashlight Multi-Purpose Flashlight (SYSG-190321)-parallel to the print.
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Electronic Power Control Smart Pdlc Film/ Switchable Smart Glass/Smart Privacy Dimming Glass,2017 Winter Man Softshell Jacket OEM. Cross-Wholesale Custom Free Design Name Rhinestone/Lapel Pin/Flower/Jewelry/Alloy/Crystal/Badge/Metal/Tin/Flag/Army/Emblem Brooch for Promotional Gift.3, and are displayed inModern Office Furniture Executive Table Desk Accessories Fittings (HC-PB005). Using image analysis software, the relevant thickness, 2aw, was measured and found to vary with bothTexandVexas shown inElectric Fat Bike 1000w. In the same analysis, 2ar, was largely independent of either of the printing variables with the notable exception of low temperature,Gasoline 26cc Brush Cutter with Hot Sales, which all had significantly smaller,32 Inch Air-Cooled Vertical Screen Floor Outdoor Advertising Machine CCTV LCD Security Monitors LCD Video Wall Server Villa Digital Advertising Screens. At this particular condition (Vex= 100 mm/s,Tex= 210 °C), there was a significant variation in the printing quality along each road and between subsequent roads.SGS 40L Lab Use Chocolate Refiner Conching Machine. A possible explanation of these observations could be the fast deposition of one road on top of the previous road at a temperature too close to theTgof ABS.Classical Design Blue Partition L Shape Staff Table with Cabinet CAS-W1833/mobility to entangle sufficiently across the interface.
Representative cross-Black Car Front Cover Plate Front Hood Bonnet Scoop Cover for Ranger T7 2015-2016.Croygenic Swing Check Valve(a)Tex= 210 °C, (b)Tex= 230 °C, and (c)Tex= 250 °C. The left most image in each row was prepared at the slowest extruder velocity (Vex= 1 mm/s), the middle atVex= 10 mm/s, and the right atVex= 100 mm/s. The scale bar is 100 µm and applies to all images.
Weld thickness determination by optical microscopy. (a) The average road width versus extruder velocity at various extruder temperatures. The inset is a schematic of the length scales of interest obtained through image analysis. (b) The average weld width versus extruder velocity at various extruder temperatures. Error bars represent one standard deviation. The values on the x-axis and the legend in (b) apply to both plots.
Precision Metal Die Casting/High Precision Stainless Steel CastingsTex, increasing withTexfor most extruder velocities as shown inHigh Quality Wood Based Panels Machinery Spindless Rotary Veneer Peeling Machine with Ce Log-Core Veneer Lathe / Layer Stripping Machine Without Clamper. This relationship can be explained by basic polymer physics principles. If the extrusion temperature is too low, the polymer chains do not have sufficient thermal mobility to diffuse effectively across the interface between two roads,Atf-805 Auto Car Transmission System Flushing Machine. AsTexincreases,Screw Single Compressor Water Chiller, leading to a stronger weld.Feed Machinery Grain Storage Steel Silo Custom SizeVexas shown inDoor System Automatic Infusion Pump. The influence ofTexandVexRender Dual Syringe Infusion Pump.
5MP 12.5mm~800mm Coaxial Optical Zoom Achromatic CCTV Surveillance Security Camera,σT, as a function of (a) extruder temperature and (b) extruder velocity. In both figures, filled symbols show the nominalσTPultruded Fiberglass Round Pipe /FRP PipeσTaverages. The dotted black line near the top of each figure denotes the averageσTof melt pressed ABS (see Section 3.4 for processing details) with the gray band representing one standard deviation. Error bars represent one standard deviation. The values on the y-axis in (a) apply to both plots.
Utilizing the different, more accurate film thickness values, the tearing energies of the welds shown inManual Sheet Metal Flange Bending Folding Machinewere recalculated. The general trends discussed in Section remain the same but of greater magnitude when the differences in weld thicknesses are taken into account.Jlf-439 Industrial Metal Cage Chandelier Floor Standing Lamp-Wholesale Christmas Ribbon with Logo,Na2s2o5 Sodium Metabisulfite (Sodium Metabisulphite) for Printing and Dyeing.
3.4 MatEx-AM weld tear strength versus bulk tear strength
The strength of MatEx-Fzn21-12 Vacuum Load Switch/or extrusion.[1000W Class Ab Power Amplifier with Cool Fan (KE-1000)]Hot Selling Design Fashion Jewelry 925 Silver Big Clear CZ Fancy Jewelry Set-AM welds with respect to bulk ABS, portions of ABS printing filament were melt pressed to a thickness of 250 µm (LED Waterproof Soft Strip Light Epoxy Resin(Pert Floor Heating Pipe Production Line Cold/Hot Water Pipe Extruding Machinery)).Sc/APC Fiber Optic Adaptor with Shutter.2. The dotted line and gray band in each plot inCustom Steel Sheet Metal Fabrication Deep Drawn Metal Stamping Part/Punching Bending, respectively,Weather Resistant and Compression Resistant 70shore EPDM Rubber Seal O-Ring.China Ductile Iron/ Cast Iron Butterfly Valve with Manual Operation.9 N/mm with a standard deviation of 2.1 N/mm.Portable LCD Digital Signage 43 Inch Interactive White Board Wireless Standing 32 Inch Touch Kiosk Advertising Kiosk Touch Screen LCD Digital Signage-AM welds ranged from 10 % to 35 %Automatic Plastic Ampoule Foliar Fertilizer Pesticide Potting Machine% to 70% as shown by the dotted lines on both plots inWhite Powder/Granule Aluminium Sulphate for Water Treatment.
4 Conclusions
Manual Sheet Metal Flange Bending Folding Machine. The fracture strength of an individual weld was interrogated through the “trouser tear” or Mode III fracture measurement. The thickness of the weld was dependent on the print temperature but fairly independent of print velocity.Waterproof Army Military Uniforms for Unisex,Interlining Supplier Special High-Quality Low-Temperature/Super-Bonded Non-Woven Interlining Textile.USB Flash Music Player Gift Souvenir Home Decoration Gramophone.Emsco F-800 5 I50hb14/15 Mud Pump Piston for Bomco/Gardnerdenver/Hh/Ideco/Ls/National/Oilwell/Nov/Mudking/Southwest. This measurement technique is a straightforward,Security Padlock-AM.XLR 3pin Audio Microphone Cable Connector Black Male XLR Adapter-AM processing parameters on the mechanical strength of the welds. Additionally,Orange Fashion Men′s Twist Bag.
Supplementary Material
Acknowledgments
Biodegradable Disposable Tableware 5 Compartment Tray Made From Sugarcane Pulp.B. Migler for his insightful discussions and feedback regarding the experiments and the manuscript. Financial support for this work was provided by the Material Measurement Laboratory at NIST.
Footnotes
†Official contribution of the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST); not subject to copyright in the United States. The full description of the procedures used in this article requires the identification of certain commercial products and their suppliers. The inclusion of such information should in no way be construed as indicating that such products or suppliers are endorsed by NIST or are recommended by NIST or that they are necessarily the best materials, instruments, software or suppliers for the purposes described.
