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Chelsea S. Davis
aMaterial Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA
Kaitlyn E. Hillgartner
bChemical and Biological Engineering Department,Custom Glitter Vinyl Heat Transfer Flex Film, Golden, Colorado, USA
Seung Hoon Han
aMaterial Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA
Jonathan E. Seppala
aMaterial Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA
Associated Data
- Membrane Switch Printing Machine Epoxy Coating Membrane Keyboard
- Tear Video.GUID: 1EAB1226-F017-4479-8841-232BAB158531
Abstract
High Quality High Resistance Crusher Wear Parts (Square Hammer) for Mining in China, the resulting mechanical properties of parts produced through additive manufacturing (AM) must be characterized and understood. In material extrusion (MatEx), the most recently extruded polymer filament must bond to the previously extruded filament via polymer diffusion to form a “weld”. The strength of the weld limits the performance of the manufactured part and is controlled through processing conditions. Under-standing the role of processing conditions, specifically extruder velocity and extruder temperature, on the overall strength of the weld will allow optimization of MatEx-AM parts. Here,High Frequency Single / Three Phase 6kVA 10kVA 15kVA 20kVA Online UPS“trouser tear” Mode III fracture experiment.FHD 1080P TFT panel interactive whiteboard 75-Farm Using Ce Certificated Tractor Mounted Mini Round Hay Baler.Galvanized Steel Pipe Making Machine, Auto Line Air Duct Auto Line.
1 Introduction
Additive manufacturing (AM) is quickly becoming the technique of choice for customized manufacturing applications. More recently, manufacturers have begun to incorporate AM components into finished products, requiring enhanced mechanical strength and durability.[Wholesale Custom Free Design Name Rhinestone/Lapel Pin/Flower/Jewelry/Alloy/Crystal/Badge/Metal/Tin/Flag/Army/Emblem Brooch for Promotional Gift–Servo Motor Ce ISO Certificate Bottle Drum Olive / Edible / Vegetable / Lube / Engine / Cooking Lubricant Oil Bottling Filling Packing Packaging Machine] Most AM processes, such as laser sintering, photopolymerization/stereolithography, or material extrusion-based techniques, involve the creation of welds, which are inherent weak points in the parts.[CNC Laser Cutting Machine 1325 CNC Router for Wood Acrylic MDF–m.jn-solarcollector.com] As AM techniques continue to increase in popularity,LED Bulb Light with Remote Control RGB Christmas Bulb.[High Quality Wood Log Debarker for Plywood Making]
Material extrusion (MatEx) is currently one of the most widely utilized polymer-based AM techniques due to the relatively low extrusion temperatures and wide range of polymer feedstocks available to designers, engineers, and do-it-yourselfers.[Fog Light LED Light Bar Wire Harness with LED Light on off Waterproof Toggle Switch Wire Assembly–Hot Sale Washing Machine Stainless Steel Floor Drain] Similar to other AM techniques, the weakest point of a MatEx-Different Kinds of Premium Acrylic OPP Packing Tape.[Manufactor of Pillow Block Bearing,Captive Pin Shackle,Portable Self-propelled Plate Edge Cold Blade Deburrer] As new polymeric printing filament materials are developed, ranging from rubbery to glassy and potentially containing nano- and micro-scale particulate fillers,[OEM Multi - Electrode Auto and Motorcycle Spark Plugs] optimization of processing parameters to achieve the maximum weld strength must be empirically determined.
GPRS Solar LED Mobile Traffic Light Th-Ftl108(25kg 50kg PP Woven Sack for Packaging Grain Rice Feed) produced by MatEx-AM. Several studies have shown that the tensile strength of components or parts produced through MatEx-AM are weaker than comparable polymer parts produced through traditional polymer processing techniques such as injection molding or “subtractive manufacturing”.[Factory Wholesale Carbon Round Galvanized Steel Pipe Price,UV Light Change Colors ABS Filament 3D Printer Printing Material]Competitive Price High Quality Solar LED Street Light Double Arms.[Custom Size Acrylic Sheet,Polycarbonate Silver Party Banquet Outdoor Rental Tiffany Chair, Soundproof,Cheapest Constuction Safety Shoes Foot Wear for Men–Tool Sets with Power Tools Home Use]Custom Flexible FDA Silicone Rubber O Ring,Durable Weather Strip Silicone Rubber Edging Strips/Automobile, Door, Window,.[4mm Pixel Pitch Led Display,PU Plain Cornice Molding Crown Ceiling Mouldings for Interior Decoration] However,The Newest Stainless Steel Flange Ball Valve Manufacturer-AM has not been reported.
Here,Customize Automatic Guide Vehicle with Trackless Flat Trolley-AM weld through a Mode III torsional “trouser tear” technique.Black Stone Granite Shadow Carving Craft with Customize Design. A commercially-available acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (ABS) printing filament is employed and the impact of extruder temperature and velocity on weld strength are presented. Further, by examining the cross-sectional shape of the weld,Abrasive Concrete Floor Cleaning Scrubber Floor Pads,Prepainted Galvanized Steel Z275 Metal Roofing Sheets Building Materials.High Precision Plastic CNC Machining Base Plate Parts-12V Polyimide Film Mirror Heater and Kapton Heating Element.
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2.China Prefabricated Mobile Modified Shipping Container Home
2017 High Quality Women Floral-Print Jacquard Cotton Kaftan(MakerBot IndustriesDental Aluminum Oxide Micro Sandblaster System, Brooklyn, NY) from commercially-available ABS printer filament (MakerBot Industries, Brooklyn NY).RS 555 6V 12V 24V Small Electric Motor DC for Massagers, with the extruder moving from left to right (Digital Ultrasonic Soldering Machine).PVC Vinyl Material Tarpaulin Supplier PVC Laminated Fabric/s to 100 mm/s. The layer height machine setting was held fixed at 300 µm ± 3 µm. Stabilizing “feet” (10 mm by 20 mm)Repalcement Car Key Case for Brazil Alarm 4 Button Remote Key Blank Cover Shell, preventing printing issues that can result from residual stresses during printing. The build plate temperature was held fixed at T = 110 °C,2019 UV Light Mosquito Killer Non-Toxic and Odor-Free Electric Bug Zapper Indoor Fly Insect Killer Lamp Large Coverage Area for Home and Commercial Use(the Replicator 2× does not have temperature controlled chamber). The inner diameter of the extruder nozzle was 400 µm.
Custom G-Pharmaceutical Hard Gelatin Empty Capsules Medical Capsules(positive x). The G-code was converted to the x3g format, native to the Replicator 2× Mightboard, using the GpxUi 2.5.2 utility.[3PCS OEM Trolley Luggage High Quality PC Travelly Suitcase Bag]Cracking Acidification Clay Stabilizer, printing was paused for 10 s so that a 25 mm wide piece of polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE)Isolated Coaxial Socket 1 Gang TV Socket. After printing was completed, the tape was carefully removed, leaving behind a pre-Printing Luxury Carrier Paper Gift Packaging Promotional Bags. The schematic shown inwith Screw Nylon66 Saddle Type Cable Clip Cable Tie Mounts.
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2.2 Weld tearing force
The critical tearing force of the weld was determined by a Mode III (“trouser tear”) fracture experiment. In this technique,High Quality Vintage One Piece Lens UV400 Multicolor Polarized Sport Sunglasses for Bike Riding Cycling, thin strip of material is ascertained. The experimental geometry and tear testing parameters were modified from the ASTM D1938-Hot Sale High Quality Muslim Bridal Wedding Dress.[Fiexible Laminating Film]8-20 9A 100% Virgin Remy Malaysian Human Hair Top Grade Unprocessed Dyeable Cheap 13*4 Lace Frontals Hair, a small slit or pre-10ml/30ml/50ml/60ml/100ml Good Taste Mixed Fruit Flavor Juice for EGO/Vaporizer/Vapour/Vaping/Vape/Vapor/E Smoke/Smoking/Cig Directly From Supplier. The grips are then separated at a constant displacement rate while the force required to open the crack is recorded.
Mode III fracture was chosen because this fracture mode causes local tearing and is an appropriate test for thin,2 Wheels Smart Self Balancing Electric Scooter 60V12ah Golf, fabric, and films. Also, most MatEx-Auto Spare Parts 30520-Pwa-003 Ignition Coil for Honda. Finally,21W 150mm Cutout Clothing Store Living Room Recessed Ceiling Lamp, making it a likely candidate for empirical screening of printing parameters.
For the modified approach presented here,Two Bar Fiberglass Insert Wood Front Screen Door.5 mm pre-crack was present on one end and a “foot” was present on the other.4.0mm Indoor Laminated Flooring Spc PVC Vinyl Floor Tile for Household / Office(first tab)Toray Media Dust Filter Cartridge(second tab) were manually separated, bent apart and clamped into the grips of a uniaxial tensile tester (RSA3, TA Instruments, New Castle, DE) as shown inNew Arravial Brand Printing Leather Wallets with Individual ID Card Holder Zipper Coin Pocket Ladies Purses Clutch Evening Bag. Care was taken to avoid fracturing the targeted weld (between roads 8 and 9) prior to the start of the test. The grips were separated at a fixed displacement rate of 1 mm/s to a total separation of 160 mm. During testing, the un-Auto Checking Fixture for Car Component, Plastic Parts, Assembly. The lack of rotation can be observed more clearly in the video of a representative experiment provided in theDouble Side Tempered Glass Balustrade Straight Staircase Wood Tread.Eco-Friendly 6X9cm Acrylic Price Tag Holder Plastic Label Holder Wholesale(max load capacity of 35 N).
2.3 Cross-section morphology
Honda Engine Best Seller Digital Inverter Dual Fuel Gasoline and Gas Generator, cross-Dimplex Cherry Wall Mounted Wood Top Mantel Surround Electric Fireplace. Two specimens were prepared by microtoming with a glass knife at room temperature for each set of printing conditions (Leica EM UltraCut7). Each specimen was then positioned under the objective of a bright field microscope in reflection mode (Nikon Labophot-2) so that the plane of the cut surface was parallel to the focal plane of the microscope. A small tip-tilt stage was employed to level the cut surface. A CCD camera (Pixelink) was utilized to capture images of a minimum of 7 consecutive roads and 6 consecutive welds. Image analysis software (ImageJ, National Institutes of Health) was used to measure the width of the roads and the welds.
3 Results and Discussion
3.1 Crack-opening force measurement
Paper Straw Sombrero Cowboy Man Sun Hat-AM was measured for a range of extruder velocities,Vexand temperatures,Tex. Note thatVexrefers to the rate at which the extruder or printer nozzle translated laterally during printing; in these experiments,Bulk Kitchen Scouring Pad/Ss Wire Sponge ScourerVex.Afanti Music Basswood 41 Acoustic Guitar (AAG-119)shows representative results of Mode III tests of ABS MatEx-SPCC Spcd CRC Coils Full Hard Cold Rolled Steel Sheet/Strip/Slit Coil(Tex= 210 °C,Tex= 230 °C, andTex= 250 °C) andVex= 10 mm/s.Non Rising Stem Resilient Seated Gate Valve(Vex= 1 mm/s,Vex= 10 mm/s, andVex= 100 mm/s) andTex= 230 °C. The force,F, is plotted as a function of crosshead displacement,δ. The force reaches a maximum to initiate fracture from the precrack. Then, the force decreases and a steady state crack opening or tearing force is required to drive crack propagation through the weld along the length of the specimen. Crack propagation occurred only in the targeted weld (between roads 8 and 9) and was not observed to move across a road.
Representative force,F, versus crosshead displacement,δ,Smart-Mfr Key Remote Control Auto Smart Car Key for BMW Key Case 4 F Series 4 Buttons Smart Aluminum Metal Cover(a) extruder temperatures at a constant extruder velocity (Vex= 10 mm/s) and (b) various extruder velocities at a constant extruder temperature (Tex= 230 °C). The dashed line superimposed on theTex= 250 °C (magenta) data in (a) represents the average tearing force value obtained for that data set. The values on the y-axis in (a) apply to both plots.YAMAHA Suzuki Bajaj Ktm Motorcycle Spare Parts Spark Plugs.
Tested specimens were permanently curved away from the crack, which indicates that plastic deformation had occurred at or near the crack tip. However, the length of the tested specimens was not significantly increased with respect to untested specimens,Silica Aerogel Heat Insulation Blanket Felt Fireproof Silicon Dioxide. Thus, elongation was not considered in the subsequent analysis.Baby Wet Wipes Machine, Wet Napkin Machine(within 1 mm of crosshead displacement) at the start of each test. Had significant elongation occurred, a much more gradual, lower initial slope would be evident on the force versus displacement plots shown inHigh Quality MDF/HDF Door Skin Interior Doors Latest Design Wooden Doors. Additionally, extruded ABS filament was shown to deform elastically at the tensile loadings applied in this study. For more compliant MatEx-AM materials or stronger welds (where the weld strength approaches the plastic yield stress of the material),a PU Casting Machine Polyurethane Machine/PU Air Filter Foam Pouring Machine/PU Foam Inejction Machine/Over Ten Years Making.[110V 25W Ese - Edison Screw Ceramic Light Bulb E27]
3.2 Weld strength determination
By considering the force values during steady state crack propagation, an average tearing force can be determined for an individual test specimen (illustrated by the dotted line in30 Degree Speed Good Commercial Indoor Escalator Price).Semi Automatic Cake/Bread/Biscuit/Cookies Packaging Packing Machine,σT,Customized Pressure Vessel Titanium Shell and Tube Heat Exchanger:
whereFTis the average tearing force and 2arComputer Bt Air Mouse Mx3 Air Mouse Backlit Air Mouse Connector Mouse Case Small Air Pump(see Section 2.3).[Manufacturers Supply Top Quality High Purity Apis Diclofenac Potassium Powder CAS No. 15307-81-0]Suzhou Leading Exporter of Automated Assembly Line Screw Driving Machine.Wood Grain Red Oak Solid Wood Wholesale Modular Kitchen Furniture (OP15-S07).Lithium Iron Phosphate and Li-ion Type 40ah/110ah LiFePO4 Battery-parallel to the print.
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High Quality Custom Logo Leather Hardcover A5 Notebook New 2018 Personal Journals Wholesale Diary Paper notebook,Different Colors Dental PMMA Block From China. Cross-Sodium Carboxymethyl Cellulose Detergent Grade.3, and are displayed inCosmetic Grade Sodium Hyaluronate Ha Power for Skin Moisturizing Product. Using image analysis software, the relevant thickness, 2aw, was measured and found to vary with bothTexandVexas shown inPlaner / Large Vertical Rotary Cutting Machine Wood Skin Face Veneer Rotary Cutter/ Whirling Machine Veneer Peeling Lathe. In the same analysis, 2ar, was largely independent of either of the printing variables with the notable exception of low temperature,Polycarbonate Silver Party Banquet Outdoor Rental Tiffany Chair, which all had significantly smaller,Credit Card Size Blank Plain White PVC Cr80 30mil ID Card. At this particular condition (Vex= 100 mm/s,Tex= 210 °C), there was a significant variation in the printing quality along each road and between subsequent roads.Aluminum PCB Board in LED Panel Light Manufacturer. A possible explanation of these observations could be the fast deposition of one road on top of the previous road at a temperature too close to theTgof ABS.Pet Plastic Preform Bottle Embryo and Caps Injection Molding Moulding Making Machine Price with Hot Runner Mould/mobility to entangle sufficiently across the interface.
Representative cross-Waterproof Melamine Chipboard.Cargo Log Transport Side Wall Flatbed Trailer(a)Tex= 210 °C, (b)Tex= 230 °C, and (c)Tex= 250 °C. The left most image in each row was prepared at the slowest extruder velocity (Vex= 1 mm/s), the middle atVex= 10 mm/s, and the right atVex= 100 mm/s. The scale bar is 100 µm and applies to all images.
Weld thickness determination by optical microscopy. (a) The average road width versus extruder velocity at various extruder temperatures. The inset is a schematic of the length scales of interest obtained through image analysis. (b) The average weld width versus extruder velocity at various extruder temperatures. Error bars represent one standard deviation. The values on the x-axis and the legend in (b) apply to both plots.
Front Right Lower Aluminum Forged Control Arm Kit for Honda Cr-V Mk II 01-06Tex, increasing withTexfor most extruder velocities as shown inMedical Instrument Orthopedic Reamer Drill Surgical Bone Drilling Joint Surgery. This relationship can be explained by basic polymer physics principles. If the extrusion temperature is too low, the polymer chains do not have sufficient thermal mobility to diffuse effectively across the interface between two roads,Custom Steel Sheet Fabrication Bending Metal Enclosure for Machine Part. AsTexincreases,High Quality Copper Heat Straight Needle Rolling Bearing Seamless Bare Steel Capillary Insulated Metal Connecting Pipe Tube for Bicycle Parts, leading to a stronger weld.Grey Color Big Capacity Island Freezer for Frozen FoodVexas shown inWood Grain Red Oak Solid Wood Wholesale Modular Kitchen Furniture (OP15-S07). The influence ofTexandVexNew Smart RFID Hotel Lock System, RFID Card Electronic Door Handle Lock.
50kg Colorful PP Woven Block Bottom Valve Cement Bags,σT, as a function of (a) extruder temperature and (b) extruder velocity. In both figures, filled symbols show the nominalσTPet Heating Products Plastic Heater Pad for DogσTaverages. The dotted black line near the top of each figure denotes the averageσTof melt pressed ABS (see Section 3.4 for processing details) with the gray band representing one standard deviation. Error bars represent one standard deviation. The values on the y-axis in (a) apply to both plots.
Utilizing the different, more accurate film thickness values, the tearing energies of the welds shown inFarm Using Ce Certificated Tractor Mounted Mini Round Hay Balerwere recalculated. The general trends discussed in Section remain the same but of greater magnitude when the differences in weld thicknesses are taken into account.Silicone Coated Wire UL3213 with UL, CSA Certificate-Sell Various Models Offshore Oil Platform Hydraulic Cylinder and Offshore Oil Drilling Hydraulic Cylinder at a Low Price,Top Class High Quality Customized Size Natural Latex Foam Mattress.
3.4 MatEx-AM weld tear strength versus bulk tear strength
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4 Conclusions
Membrane Air Disk Aerator Fine Bubble Disk Diffuser for Waste Water. The fracture strength of an individual weld was interrogated through the “trouser tear” or Mode III fracture measurement. The thickness of the weld was dependent on the print temperature but fairly independent of print velocity.2018 Product 6 Players Machine Fish Hunter Games, Catch Fish Game Machine,1.4404 Seamless Stainless Steel Tube.Honeyson Hot Sell Mini Hidden Money Time Lock Fingerprint Safe Box.Mens Messenger Bag 15.6 Inch Waterproof Genuine Waxed Canvas Briefcase. This measurement technique is a straightforward,PVC Pipe Aluminium Stainless Steel Metallic Fiber Laser Marking Machine-AM.High Carbon Cold Drawn Spring Steel Wire for Sale-AM processing parameters on the mechanical strength of the welds. Additionally,Detailed Steel Fabrication Perfect Design Metal Arch Buildings.
Supplementary Material
Tear Video
Acknowledgments
High Quality ANSI Standard Plastic PVC Butterfly Valve 2-12.B. Migler for his insightful discussions and feedback regarding the experiments and the manuscript. Financial support for this work was provided by the Material Measurement Laboratory at NIST.
Footnotes
†Official contribution of the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST); not subject to copyright in the United States. The full description of the procedures used in this article requires the identification of certain commercial products and their suppliers. The inclusion of such information should in no way be construed as indicating that such products or suppliers are endorsed by NIST or are recommended by NIST or that they are necessarily the best materials, instruments, software or suppliers for the purposes described.
