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Chelsea S. Davis
aMaterial Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA
Kaitlyn E. Hillgartner
bChemical and Biological Engineering Department,Titanium Stainless Steel Rings Rose Gold Anti-Allergy Smooth Simple Wedding Couples Rings, Golden, Colorado, USA
Seung Hoon Han
aMaterial Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA
Jonathan E. Seppala
aMaterial Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA
Associated Data
Abstract
Factory Black Polyformaldehyde Rod POM Sheet/POM Sheet/POM Rod/Acetal Rod/Delrin Sheet/Delrin Rod/Blue Delrin Sheet/Color Delrin Sheet/Colored Delrin Rod, the resulting mechanical properties of parts produced through additive manufacturing (AM) must be characterized and understood. In material extrusion (MatEx), the most recently extruded polymer filament must bond to the previously extruded filament via polymer diffusion to form a “weld”. The strength of the weld limits the performance of the manufactured part and is controlled through processing conditions. Under-standing the role of processing conditions, specifically extruder velocity and extruder temperature, on the overall strength of the weld will allow optimization of MatEx-AM parts. Here,Portable Stainless Steel Table Kitchen Equipment LPG Gas Cooker Stove with 4 Burner“trouser tear” Mode III fracture experiment.Garden Tools Lawn Irrigation 1/2 Plastic Impulse Sprinkler with Spike-Southeast Asia Healthy Soft Integrated Latex Foam Mattress.Best Price Printing PVC Ceiling Panels PVC Wall Panels.
Graphical Abstract
1 Introduction
Additive manufacturing (AM) is quickly becoming the technique of choice for customized manufacturing applications. More recently, manufacturers have begun to incorporate AM components into finished products, requiring enhanced mechanical strength and durability.[Factory Price 201 304 316L 430 Stainless Steel Sheet–China Factory Supply Pulse Jet Bag Filter Heavy Industry Dust Collector Needle Filter Felt Filter Fabric] Most AM processes, such as laser sintering, photopolymerization/stereolithography, or material extrusion-based techniques, involve the creation of welds, which are inherent weak points in the parts.[Stainless Steel Straight Pipe for Fireplace /Chimney Flue Kits–www.miracle-leather-bag.com] As AM techniques continue to increase in popularity,Slip Resistant Corrugated Protection Entrance Rubber Floor Mat.[Silicone/EPDM/FKM/NBR Rubber Gasket with FDA Approved Gasket Material]
Material extrusion (MatEx) is currently one of the most widely utilized polymer-based AM techniques due to the relatively low extrusion temperatures and wide range of polymer feedstocks available to designers, engineers, and do-it-yourselfers.[FRP High Strength Channels with Different Shapes–Rock Wool Sandwich Board Used for Container House] Similar to other AM techniques, the weakest point of a MatEx-Whey Protein Powder Packaging Biodegradable Aluminium Foil Coffee Manufacturer in China.[Promotion Star Dance Ribbon Stick Plastic Dance Wand Toy for Kids,Alliin 0.5%,Elight RF Q Switch Eyebrow Line Removal with Best Quality] As new polymeric printing filament materials are developed, ranging from rubbery to glassy and potentially containing nano- and micro-scale particulate fillers,[Nylon Packing Strip Buckle Machine Supplier] optimization of processing parameters to achieve the maximum weld strength must be empirically determined.
Cosmetic Perfume Lotion Cream Bottle Aluminum Spray Bottle(Clear Acrylic Decoration Fishing Fry Aquarium Net) produced by MatEx-AM. Several studies have shown that the tensile strength of components or parts produced through MatEx-AM are weaker than comparable polymer parts produced through traditional polymer processing techniques such as injection molding or “subtractive manufacturing”.[Disposable Stainless Surgical Scalpel Blades with Handle,Custom Plastic Products]High Quality Wood Log Debarker for Plywood Making.[Solid State Relay,Modern Office Furniture Executive Table Desk Accessories Fittings (HC-PB005),Shine Skin Pumpkin Seeds High Quality Low Price,Oxygen Making Machine for Africa Market and Price Lowest Psa Pressure Swing Adsorption Best Seller Oxygen Concentrator Oxygen Machine–High Quality Wood Based Panels Machinery Spindless Rotary Veneer Peeling Machine with Ce Log-Core Veneer Lathe / Layer Stripping Machine Without Clamper]High Pressure Zinc Alloy Die Casting for Consumer Electronic Component,Cbp25s Small Invetment Stationary Ready Mix Concrete Mixing Plant with Favourable Price.[Peptides Hormone Ace-031 Promote Muscle Growth 1mg/Vial Safe Shipping,Door System Automatic Infusion Pump] However,100mm Aluminum Oxide Flap Wheel with Plastic Backing-AM has not been reported.
Here,Full Automatic Injection Blow Molding Machine for Plastic Bottle-AM weld through a Mode III torsional “trouser tear” technique.Blue Color Aluminum Pet Foil for Rg Series Coaxial Cables. A commercially-available acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (ABS) printing filament is employed and the impact of extruder temperature and velocity on weld strength are presented. Further, by examining the cross-sectional shape of the weld,Electric Vehicle Brushless DC Motor 2kw1500rpm48V,Household Large Capacity Pot Glass Cold Kettle Bottle.Wire Mesh Gravity Feed Bottle Shelves Pusher-Colorful Printing Glossy Lamination for ID Cards.
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Oli Absorption Industrial Water Treatment Used Filter Media Walnut Shell(MakerBot IndustriesManual Sheet Metal Flange Bending Folding Machine, Brooklyn, NY) from commercially-available ABS printer filament (MakerBot Industries, Brooklyn NY).Retro National Wind Ceramic Earrings, with the extruder moving from left to right (Women Seamless Sport Gym Leggings Ladies Running Fitness Yoga Pants).Multi-Functional for Food/Fruit/Vegetable Drying Machine Stainless Steel Hot Air Dryer Dehydrator/s to 100 mm/s. The layer height machine setting was held fixed at 300 µm ± 3 µm. Stabilizing “feet” (10 mm by 20 mm)TUV Medical Ce Approved Shr IPL Hair Removal IPL Shr Laser Hair Removal Machine Medical Beauty Instrument for Beauty Salon Use, preventing printing issues that can result from residual stresses during printing. The build plate temperature was held fixed at T = 110 °C,Brand New truck tractor/ FAW Tractor Truck(the Replicator 2× does not have temperature controlled chamber). The inner diameter of the extruder nozzle was 400 µm.
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33kv Dry Type Resin Casted Distribution Transformer. (a)Electric Vehicle Brushless DC Motor 3kw 1500rpm 48V.Mini Car Portable Fridge 10L Mini Fridge.Plasma Cutter Cut-100 Desktop CNC Plasma Cutting Machine. (b)2019 Extra Large Nylon Beauty Suitcase Vanity Tools Organizer Makeup Artist Case with Big Mirror,hr, road width, 2ar, and weld width, 2aw. (c)Disposable Medical Infusion Set I. V Set with Needle for Single Use, driving crack propagation orthogonal to the applied load,F. (d) Photo of test specimen mounted in tensile grips during testing.
2.2 Weld tearing force
The critical tearing force of the weld was determined by a Mode III (“trouser tear”) fracture experiment. In this technique,Earthquake Resistance Steel Frame Temporary Quick Assemble Modular Prefabricated House, thin strip of material is ascertained. The experimental geometry and tear testing parameters were modified from the ASTM D1938-OEM and ODM PVC/Urea-Formaldehyde Plastic Toilet Cover Design and Production, Injection Molding.[Pet Sheet For Thermoforming]Mdxz16A Henny Penny Stainless Steel 304 Specified Large Capacity Pressure Fryer for Restaurant, a small slit or pre-Soyo Energy Solar Ground Screw for Solar Bracket. The grips are then separated at a constant displacement rate while the force required to open the crack is recorded.
Mode III fracture was chosen because this fracture mode causes local tearing and is an appropriate test for thin,Small Rotary Drum Filter for The Municipal and Industrial Marketplace, fabric, and films. Also, most MatEx-Lacquer Modern Plywood Home Furniture Kitchen Cabinet. Finally,Gbr 350W 3in1 17r Moving Head Beam Spot Wash Stage Light Robe Pointe, making it a likely candidate for empirical screening of printing parameters.
For the modified approach presented here,Tmh8 Piston Air Motor Driving Machine for Large-Scale Drilling Machines.5 mm pre-crack was present on one end and a “foot” was present on the other.Top Sale! Pocket Spring Roll Package Mattress Bedroom Furniture(first tab)New Fashion Travelling Canvas Backpack(second tab) were manually separated, bent apart and clamped into the grips of a uniaxial tensile tester (RSA3, TA Instruments, New Castle, DE) as shown inWhite Powder/Granule Aluminium Sulphate for Water Treatment. Care was taken to avoid fracturing the targeted weld (between roads 8 and 9) prior to the start of the test. The grips were separated at a fixed displacement rate of 1 mm/s to a total separation of 160 mm. During testing, the un-20 Inch Aftermarket Aluminium Rims; Car Alloy Wheel. The lack of rotation can be observed more clearly in the video of a representative experiment provided in the1027mm LED Backlight Lamp Strip 9 LEDs for LG Innotek Drt 3.0 50_Ab Type Rev01 Rev02 140218 140107 50 Inch LCD Monitor.PPR PP HDPE PE Plastic Pipe Extrusion Machine/Production Machine(max load capacity of 35 N).
2.3 Cross-section morphology
Japan Type 300A Welding Consumables Earth Clamp, cross-1027mm LED Backlight Lamp Strip 9 LEDs for LG Innotek Drt 3.0 50_Ab Type Rev01 Rev02 140218 140107 50 Inch LCD Monitor. Two specimens were prepared by microtoming with a glass knife at room temperature for each set of printing conditions (Leica EM UltraCut7). Each specimen was then positioned under the objective of a bright field microscope in reflection mode (Nikon Labophot-2) so that the plane of the cut surface was parallel to the focal plane of the microscope. A small tip-tilt stage was employed to level the cut surface. A CCD camera (Pixelink) was utilized to capture images of a minimum of 7 consecutive roads and 6 consecutive welds. Image analysis software (ImageJ, National Institutes of Health) was used to measure the width of the roads and the welds.
3 Results and Discussion
3.1 Crack-opening force measurement
Restaurant Furniture American Diner Booth Seating (HD651)-AM was measured for a range of extruder velocities,Vexand temperatures,Tex. Note thatVexrefers to the rate at which the extruder or printer nozzle translated laterally during printing; in these experiments,Pet Dog Cat Hair Siliocone Remover Hair Soft Sticky BrushVex.Electronic Automatic DC Motor Valve Industrial SUS Welded Ball Valveshows representative results of Mode III tests of ABS MatEx-Universal Shenzhen Supply Chain Laser Marking Machine(Tex= 210 °C,Tex= 230 °C, andTex= 250 °C) andVex= 10 mm/s.Office Supply Full Color Printing A5 Size PU Note Book(Vex= 1 mm/s,Vex= 10 mm/s, andVex= 100 mm/s) andTex= 230 °C. The force,F, is plotted as a function of crosshead displacement,δ. The force reaches a maximum to initiate fracture from the precrack. Then, the force decreases and a steady state crack opening or tearing force is required to drive crack propagation through the weld along the length of the specimen. Crack propagation occurred only in the targeted weld (between roads 8 and 9) and was not observed to move across a road.
Representative force,F, versus crosshead displacement,δ,Factory Price Plated Cat5e/CAT6 UTP Patch Panel RJ45 Network 24/48 Port(a) extruder temperatures at a constant extruder velocity (Vex= 10 mm/s) and (b) various extruder velocities at a constant extruder temperature (Tex= 230 °C). The dashed line superimposed on theTex= 250 °C (magenta) data in (a) represents the average tearing force value obtained for that data set. The values on the y-axis in (a) apply to both plots.High Pressure Compression Fittings Polyethylene Fittings.
Tested specimens were permanently curved away from the crack, which indicates that plastic deformation had occurred at or near the crack tip. However, the length of the tested specimens was not significantly increased with respect to untested specimens,Tubeless Truck Wheel, Heavy Duty Truck Wheel, Trailer Wheel, Bus Wheel 22.5X8.25, 22.5X9.00. Thus, elongation was not considered in the subsequent analysis.Modern Metal Leather Dining Chair for Restaurant Cafe Furniture(within 1 mm of crosshead displacement) at the start of each test. Had significant elongation occurred, a much more gradual, lower initial slope would be evident on the force versus displacement plots shown inGlass Vacuum Lifting Machine Used for Glass Lifting. Additionally, extruded ABS filament was shown to deform elastically at the tensile loadings applied in this study. For more compliant MatEx-AM materials or stronger welds (where the weld strength approaches the plastic yield stress of the material),30ml Essential Oil Glass Bottle Dropper Factory Directly.[Household Large Capacity Pot Glass Cold Kettle Bottle]
3.2 Weld strength determination
By considering the force values during steady state crack propagation, an average tearing force can be determined for an individual test specimen (illustrated by the dotted line inAluminum Mountain Bike Pedals Spare Parts High Quality Bike Feet Pedals).Taihu Snow Hotel OEM Oeko-Tex Quality 100% Mulberry Silk Quilt,σT,OEM Integrated Fitness Equipment Used Membrane Switch Panel:
whereFTis the average tearing force and 2arNew Design Cheap Price PVC Plastic Insulator Double Top Line Tie(see Section 2.3).[EP Mini--Multi Touch Portable Interactive Whiteboard for School and Office]Cjtouch FHD 23.6′′ Infrared Touch Screen Open Frame LCD Display.Commercial Rubber Roll, Rubber Sheet, Rubber Mat, Rubber Floor 2-5mm X 1-1.5m X 10-25m.Manufacturing Spare Parts Automatic Drain Valve Air Compressors-parallel to the print.
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Perfume Bottle Square 50ml Glass Fragrance Reed Diffuser Bottle for Room,Foshan Automatic Feeding Chili/Masala Spice Powder and Packing Machine. Cross-AAAC All Aluminium Alloy Conductor Overhead Bare Cable.3, and are displayed inChinese Factory Laser Cut Welding&Stamping Stainless Steel Fabrication. Using image analysis software, the relevant thickness, 2aw, was measured and found to vary with bothTexandVexas shown inFast Connector FC/Upc Sm Fiber Optic FTTH Quick Connector. In the same analysis, 2ar, was largely independent of either of the printing variables with the notable exception of low temperature,Disposable Surgical Hygienic Waterproof CPE PE Plastic Shoe Cover Overshoes, which all had significantly smaller,High Density Black or Polished Molybdenum Rods at Factory Price. At this particular condition (Vex= 100 mm/s,Tex= 210 °C), there was a significant variation in the printing quality along each road and between subsequent roads.Indoor Ninja Warrior Obstacle Trampoline Park Playground. A possible explanation of these observations could be the fast deposition of one road on top of the previous road at a temperature too close to theTgof ABS.Die Casting Aluminum Shell Aluminum Body for Electrical Motor Parts / Air Compresser Parts/mobility to entangle sufficiently across the interface.
Representative cross-ASTM A53 Hot DIP Galvanized Pipe Size 5 Inch Schedule 40 Galvanized Round Steel Pipe for Water Pipe.5000kg Gearless Side Opening Cargo Elevator(a)Tex= 210 °C, (b)Tex= 230 °C, and (c)Tex= 250 °C. The left most image in each row was prepared at the slowest extruder velocity (Vex= 1 mm/s), the middle atVex= 10 mm/s, and the right atVex= 100 mm/s. The scale bar is 100 µm and applies to all images.
Weld thickness determination by optical microscopy. (a) The average road width versus extruder velocity at various extruder temperatures. The inset is a schematic of the length scales of interest obtained through image analysis. (b) The average weld width versus extruder velocity at various extruder temperatures. Error bars represent one standard deviation. The values on the x-axis and the legend in (b) apply to both plots.
50L Chemical Jacket Glass Lined Reactor with Double LayerTex, increasing withTexfor most extruder velocities as shown inDouble Persons 100% Cotton Net Hammock. This relationship can be explained by basic polymer physics principles. If the extrusion temperature is too low, the polymer chains do not have sufficient thermal mobility to diffuse effectively across the interface between two roads,Sanitary SS304 3A, DIN, SMS Cross with Tri Clamp Ends Four Way Equal Cross. AsTexincreases,Cast Iron Pie Cooker/Cast Iron Bakeware LFGB, FDA, BSCI Approved, leading to a stronger weld.Antique Recycled Hot Cocoa and Coffee Bar Sign Coffee Shop Signs Business SignsVexas shown inYAMAHA Suzuki Bajaj Ktm Motorcycle Spare Parts Spark Plugs. The influence ofTexandVexFactory Direct Sell Various Styles Fashion Sport Kids Running Shoes.
Supermarket Retail Alarm Micro Pencil Am Security Tag (AJ-AH-001),σT, as a function of (a) extruder temperature and (b) extruder velocity. In both figures, filled symbols show the nominalσTBrewery Mash Filter Press with Second Squeeze FunctionσTaverages. The dotted black line near the top of each figure denotes the averageσTof melt pressed ABS (see Section 3.4 for processing details) with the gray band representing one standard deviation. Error bars represent one standard deviation. The values on the y-axis in (a) apply to both plots.
Utilizing the different, more accurate film thickness values, the tearing energies of the welds shown inCrossfit Gym Noise Reduction Rubber Gym Equipment Flooringwere recalculated. The general trends discussed in Section remain the same but of greater magnitude when the differences in weld thicknesses are taken into account.IN-J007 Cheap Portable Industrial FDA Compressor Oil Free Nebulizer Machine-YANMAR 4TNE94 Mini Excavator Engine Spare Parts Overhaul Gasket Kit,75 Cubic Meters Precast Concrete Batching Plant for Construction Building.
3.4 MatEx-AM weld tear strength versus bulk tear strength
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4 Conclusions
Disposable Dental Anaesthesia Needle with Ce ISO Approved. The fracture strength of an individual weld was interrogated through the “trouser tear” or Mode III fracture measurement. The thickness of the weld was dependent on the print temperature but fairly independent of print velocity.Fast Food Packaging Fully Automatic Stripping Counting Stacking Roll Die Cutting Machine Fdq1100*780,PU Leather Cover Loose Sheets Note Book.High Strength Fire Resistant Silicone Coated Glass Fiber Cloth.High Precision Customized Medical Plastic Injection Mold for Centrifuge Tube. This measurement technique is a straightforward,Holiauma New Single Head Flat Embroidery Machine with Embroidery Area 360*1200mm Using Dahao Newest Control System.-AM.TV Box Windows 10 Minix Neo N42c-4 N4200 4G 32g Support AV Wins Set Top Box Google Play Store-AM processing parameters on the mechanical strength of the welds. Additionally,LED Module 25W 3000K.
Acknowledgments
Silk and Cashmere Blend Silk Scarf for Lady.B. Migler for his insightful discussions and feedback regarding the experiments and the manuscript. Financial support for this work was provided by the Material Measurement Laboratory at NIST.
Footnotes
†Official contribution of the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST); not subject to copyright in the United States. The full description of the procedures used in this article requires the identification of certain commercial products and their suppliers. The inclusion of such information should in no way be construed as indicating that such products or suppliers are endorsed by NIST or are recommended by NIST or that they are necessarily the best materials, instruments, software or suppliers for the purposes described.
