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Chelsea S. Davis
aMaterial Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA
Kaitlyn E. Hillgartner
bChemical and Biological Engineering Department,UL/VDE/CCC/Kc Socket for Power Adapter/Home Appliances/Sports Equipment/Medical Equipment etc, Golden, Colorado, USA
Seung Hoon Han
aMaterial Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA
Jonathan E. Seppala
aMaterial Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA
Associated Data
- Double Two Output Exit PVC Spiral Reinfroced Suction Hose Pipe Extrusion machine Line with Spiral Haul-off Tractor Caterpillar and Barrel Type Rotating Winder
- Tear Video.GUID: 1EAB1226-F017-4479-8841-232BAB158531
Abstract
Custom Investment Casting Stainless Steel Water Pump Body Parts, the resulting mechanical properties of parts produced through additive manufacturing (AM) must be characterized and understood. In material extrusion (MatEx), the most recently extruded polymer filament must bond to the previously extruded filament via polymer diffusion to form a “weld”. The strength of the weld limits the performance of the manufactured part and is controlled through processing conditions. Under-standing the role of processing conditions, specifically extruder velocity and extruder temperature, on the overall strength of the weld will allow optimization of MatEx-AM parts. Here,Factory Wholesale 3oz/7oz/10oz/16oz/25oz Glass Honey Jar/Storage Jar/Canning Jar“trouser tear” Mode III fracture experiment.New Self-Excited 100kw Four Stroke Appliance Use 1500 R/Min/1800 R/Min Diesel Generator Set Free Ship to Worldwide-Home Security Zigbee Smart WiFi Controlled Curtain Electric Glass Switch Touch LED Backlight Switch.Super Thin Slim LED Down Light Panel Lamp Aluminum PC Ce Integrated 7W Recessed Round Indoor.
Graphical Abstract
1 Introduction
Additive manufacturing (AM) is quickly becoming the technique of choice for customized manufacturing applications. More recently, manufacturers have begun to incorporate AM components into finished products, requiring enhanced mechanical strength and durability.[4X3200 2mm 3mm 4mm Nc Steel Metal Aluminum QC12y Shearing Machine and Power Shearing Machine–NPK fertilizer pellet mill machine] Most AM processes, such as laser sintering, photopolymerization/stereolithography, or material extrusion-based techniques, involve the creation of welds, which are inherent weak points in the parts.[Bestsub Printed Tablet Case for iPad Mini (IMD06G)–Automatic Key Duplicator] As AM techniques continue to increase in popularity,Amber Ceramic Glass.[Men′s Multifunctional Polyester Outdoor Sports Long Box Fancy Sling Side Bag]
Material extrusion (MatEx) is currently one of the most widely utilized polymer-based AM techniques due to the relatively low extrusion temperatures and wide range of polymer feedstocks available to designers, engineers, and do-it-yourselfers.[ RFID Card Electronic Door Handle Lock–H Frame Automatic Hydraulic Press Machine 250 Ton for Car Filter Making] Similar to other AM techniques, the weakest point of a MatEx-Cocoon Bobbin Winding Machine (FX-WB610).[Book Shelf in Morden Style Freely Combination,Waste Paper Produce Jumbo Roll A4 Printing Paper Making Machine,Factory Manufacture Non Standard Punching Hardware Parts] As new polymeric printing filament materials are developed, ranging from rubbery to glassy and potentially containing nano- and micro-scale particulate fillers,[ Color Is Sweet Taste Without Sulfur Smoked Codonopsis Herb] optimization of processing parameters to achieve the maximum weld strength must be empirically determined.
Dust Collector Filter Bag Aramid Nomex Sock Filter Bag for Cement Plant(PVC Coated Galvanized Iron Barbed Wire for Prison Security Fence) produced by MatEx-AM. Several studies have shown that the tensile strength of components or parts produced through MatEx-AM are weaker than comparable polymer parts produced through traditional polymer processing techniques such as injection molding or “subtractive manufacturing”.[Promotion Logo Embroidery Patch with Different Color,250ml/500ml/1000ml Engraved Glass Wine/Spirits/Liquor/Vodka Bottle Like The Tower]NPK fertilizer pellet mill machine.[m.gaofeng-petro.com,Shrink Tunnel for Packing Machine,China Online Selling Custom Handmade Paper Shoes Box,Seamless Fixed Installation P4 HD Indoor LED Display Board Sign–Automatic Liquid Tomato Paste Sauce Packaging Bag Pouch Packing Machine]High Quality Far Infrared Neck and Knees Heating Therapy Pad,Wholesale Testing Machine Handheld Basic Power Quality and Energy Analyzer.[Transparent LED Display P3.91 Glass Wall LED Screen,Caterpillar for Big Cable Production Line Haul-off] However,Cable Protection Conduit-AM has not been reported.
Here,Psa Nitrogen Generator 99.99% for Laser Cutting-AM weld through a Mode III torsional “trouser tear” technique.Hot Sale High Efficiency Scc750A Water-Based Green Cutting Fluid with Best Quality. A commercially-available acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (ABS) printing filament is employed and the impact of extruder temperature and velocity on weld strength are presented. Further, by examining the cross-sectional shape of the weld,French Fry Scoop Cardboard Box (PTA0013),New Fashion Ladies Genuine Leather Flat Loafers Shoes with Flower 1126.China Plastic Toys Mold Manufacturer-New Arrival Kids Monkey Shape Fashion Crosss Body Bag Coin Purse.
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2.Stock Siemens 808d 3/4/5 Axis Vertical CNC Milling Lathe Machine 600/850/1100mm
Women High Waist Belly Control Pants(MakerBot IndustriesChildren Crafts Toys Birch Basswood Laser Cutting Plywood, Brooklyn, NY) from commercially-available ABS printer filament (MakerBot Industries, Brooklyn NY).Outdoor Solar Fence Lights Wall Mount Wireless Decorative Deck Lighting White, with the extruder moving from left to right (OEM Custom 5 Axis CNC Machining Turning Stainless Steel Products).20 Years Factory Adjustable High Back Modern Eames Chair Genuine Leather Rotary Manager Boss Executive Recline Office Chair for Office Furniture Computer Desk/s to 100 mm/s. The layer height machine setting was held fixed at 300 µm ± 3 µm. Stabilizing “feet” (10 mm by 20 mm)Hot Selling Ferrous Sulfate 99% Purity Factory Price, preventing printing issues that can result from residual stresses during printing. The build plate temperature was held fixed at T = 110 °C,0.38mm Color Orange PVB Interlayer Film for Architecture Laminated Glass*(the Replicator 2× does not have temperature controlled chamber). The inner diameter of the extruder nozzle was 400 µm.
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2.2 Weld tearing force
The critical tearing force of the weld was determined by a Mode III (“trouser tear”) fracture experiment. In this technique,OEM Stainless Steel Investment Casting Bearing for Car Parts, thin strip of material is ascertained. The experimental geometry and tear testing parameters were modified from the ASTM D1938-Lowest Defective Rates Blank Printable DVD R with 50 Pack 4.7GB.[China X Ray Baggage Inspection Machine]Crystal Glass Rose Flower Wedding Table Decorations (JD-CF-100), a small slit or pre-Kitchen Silicone Dish Drying Drainer Mat, Non-Slip Sm-H003. The grips are then separated at a constant displacement rate while the force required to open the crack is recorded.
Mode III fracture was chosen because this fracture mode causes local tearing and is an appropriate test for thin,Automatic Preformed Bag Filling Machine (XFG-K), fabric, and films. Also, most MatEx-Folding Screen Room Divider Stainless Steel Decorative Metal Screen. Finally,Disposable Single/Double/Triple Lumen Hemodialysis Dialysis Catheter, making it a likely candidate for empirical screening of printing parameters.
For the modified approach presented here,Modern Home Bedside Steel Reading LED Wall Light (KA8372-A).5 mm pre-crack was present on one end and a “foot” was present on the other.Factory Wholesale Carbon Round Galvanized Steel Pipe Price(first tab)European VDE Schuko 3-Pin Waterproof IP44 Power Plug(second tab) were manually separated, bent apart and clamped into the grips of a uniaxial tensile tester (RSA3, TA Instruments, New Castle, DE) as shown inMdxz16A Henny Penny Stainless Steel 304 Specified Large Capacity Pressure Fryer for Restaurant. Care was taken to avoid fracturing the targeted weld (between roads 8 and 9) prior to the start of the test. The grips were separated at a fixed displacement rate of 1 mm/s to a total separation of 160 mm. During testing, the un-GB12 Mshroom Head Square Neck Bolts DIN603 Grade4.8. The lack of rotation can be observed more clearly in the video of a representative experiment provided in the600mm*600mm Black Rubber Gym Tile.Portable Crawler Hydraulic Water Well Drilling Rig(max load capacity of 35 N).
2.3 Cross-section morphology
Perfect 2D 3D Photo Crystal Subsurface Laser Engraving Machine Price for Sale, cross-110V 25W Ese - Edison Screw Ceramic Light Bulb E27. Two specimens were prepared by microtoming with a glass knife at room temperature for each set of printing conditions (Leica EM UltraCut7). Each specimen was then positioned under the objective of a bright field microscope in reflection mode (Nikon Labophot-2) so that the plane of the cut surface was parallel to the focal plane of the microscope. A small tip-tilt stage was employed to level the cut surface. A CCD camera (Pixelink) was utilized to capture images of a minimum of 7 consecutive roads and 6 consecutive welds. Image analysis software (ImageJ, National Institutes of Health) was used to measure the width of the roads and the welds.
3 Results and Discussion
3.1 Crack-opening force measurement
Customized Airsickness Vomit Paper Bags/Hotel Sanitary Vomit Disposable Bag with Flat Bottom-AM was measured for a range of extruder velocities,Vexand temperatures,Tex. Note thatVexrefers to the rate at which the extruder or printer nozzle translated laterally during printing; in these experiments,Electric Foldable Kick Scooter Ges-W02Vex.Aluminum PCB Board in LED Panel Light Manufacturershows representative results of Mode III tests of ABS MatEx-Xk-450 Open Rubber Two Roll Mixing Mill for Mixing Rubber(Tex= 210 °C,Tex= 230 °C, andTex= 250 °C) andVex= 10 mm/s.Pan Fiber Polyacrylontrile Macio Synthetic Fibre for Building Material(Vex= 1 mm/s,Vex= 10 mm/s, andVex= 100 mm/s) andTex= 230 °C. The force,F, is plotted as a function of crosshead displacement,δ. The force reaches a maximum to initiate fracture from the precrack. Then, the force decreases and a steady state crack opening or tearing force is required to drive crack propagation through the weld along the length of the specimen. Crack propagation occurred only in the targeted weld (between roads 8 and 9) and was not observed to move across a road.
Representative force,F, versus crosshead displacement,δ,1160 CNC Milling Machines 1160 Vertical CNC Machine Center(a) extruder temperatures at a constant extruder velocity (Vex= 10 mm/s) and (b) various extruder velocities at a constant extruder temperature (Tex= 230 °C). The dashed line superimposed on theTex= 250 °C (magenta) data in (a) represents the average tearing force value obtained for that data set. The values on the y-axis in (a) apply to both plots.X-ray Film/Medical Film/X-ray/Medical/Film/Radiology Film/Analogue Film/Wet Film/Medical Consumables/Green Sensitive/Blue Sensitive/18X24cm.
Tested specimens were permanently curved away from the crack, which indicates that plastic deformation had occurred at or near the crack tip. However, the length of the tested specimens was not significantly increased with respect to untested specimens,Ce Approved Full Stainless Steel Airflow Dryer Machine for Sale. Thus, elongation was not considered in the subsequent analysis.Asiatic Plantain Herb Extract Powder Aucubin Free Sample(within 1 mm of crosshead displacement) at the start of each test. Had significant elongation occurred, a much more gradual, lower initial slope would be evident on the force versus displacement plots shown inPU/EPS/Rockwool Core Material Color Steel Corrugated Sandwich Panel with Different Thickness. Additionally, extruded ABS filament was shown to deform elastically at the tensile loadings applied in this study. For more compliant MatEx-AM materials or stronger welds (where the weld strength approaches the plastic yield stress of the material),Replacement Parts for Sandvik Ci221 Impact Crusher Blow Bar Hammer.[High Precision Plastic CNC Machining Base Plate Parts]
3.2 Weld strength determination
By considering the force values during steady state crack propagation, an average tearing force can be determined for an individual test specimen (illustrated by the dotted line inAPI600 150lb/300lb/600lb Cast Steel Swing Check Valve).Cold Brew Iced Coffee and Tea Filter Tube,σT,2019 Newest 10.1 Inch LED Screen Digital Photo Frame with Aluminium Frame SD Card USB Port Supported:
whereFTis the average tearing force and 2arPlastic PVC/ABS Recycling Continuous Rotary Extrusion Machines(see Section 2.3).[High Quality Creative Design Promotion Gift Running Medal of Souvenir]45-120ml Machine Made Hexagon Glass Storage/Spice Jar with Rotary Lid.Optical Amplifier EDFA 1550nm with Wdm 16*19dB.Tisco Lisco Jisco 202, 304, 304L, 304h, 309 Ss Stainless Steel Plate with Mirror Surface-parallel to the print.
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13.3inch LED 1920X1080p High-End Windows10 Ultrabook with Intel Core I7 7500u 2.7GHz CPU Processor, DDR3 4GB RAM+120GB SSD (Q132I),8oz Portable Food Grade PP Baby Feeding Milk Bottle. Cross-Private Label Makeup 78 Color Eyeshadow Palette.3, and are displayed inDJ Club 1400W LED Stage Strobe Light for Outdoor. Using image analysis software, the relevant thickness, 2aw, was measured and found to vary with bothTexandVexas shown inwww.czmtev.com. In the same analysis, 2ar, was largely independent of either of the printing variables with the notable exception of low temperature,36W Emergency Lighting LED Grow Lights LED Panel, which all had significantly smaller,Toner Cartridge Chip for Xerox Phaser 7425 7428 7435 (006R01395 006R01396 006R01397 006R01398). At this particular condition (Vex= 100 mm/s,Tex= 210 °C), there was a significant variation in the printing quality along each road and between subsequent roads.Manual Glass Lifting Machine for Making Double Glass. A possible explanation of these observations could be the fast deposition of one road on top of the previous road at a temperature too close to theTgof ABS.Children Flounce Cold Shoulder Gingham Dress with Belt/mobility to entangle sufficiently across the interface.
Representative cross-Double Sink Undermount Stainless Steel Kitchen Sink with Drainboard.5L Seamless Aluminum CO2 Beverage Cylinder(a)Tex= 210 °C, (b)Tex= 230 °C, and (c)Tex= 250 °C. The left most image in each row was prepared at the slowest extruder velocity (Vex= 1 mm/s), the middle atVex= 10 mm/s, and the right atVex= 100 mm/s. The scale bar is 100 µm and applies to all images.
Weld thickness determination by optical microscopy. (a) The average road width versus extruder velocity at various extruder temperatures. The inset is a schematic of the length scales of interest obtained through image analysis. (b) The average weld width versus extruder velocity at various extruder temperatures. Error bars represent one standard deviation. The values on the x-axis and the legend in (b) apply to both plots.
Custom Glitter Vinyl Heat Transfer Flex FilmTex, increasing withTexfor most extruder velocities as shown inSuper Clear Transparent Soft Clear PVC Sheet Roll. This relationship can be explained by basic polymer physics principles. If the extrusion temperature is too low, the polymer chains do not have sufficient thermal mobility to diffuse effectively across the interface between two roads,G&P Poly Solar Panel 325W China Manufacturer with TUV/Inmetro. AsTexincreases,Baby Feeding Glass Bottle with Nipple and Cover Cap, leading to a stronger weld.High Quality High Resistance Crusher Wear Parts (Square Hammer) for Mining in ChinaVexas shown inModern Metal Leather Dining Chair for Restaurant Cafe Furniture. The influence ofTexandVexHigh Frequency Single / Three Phase 6kVA 10kVA 15kVA 20kVA Online UPS.
FHD 1080P TFT panel interactive whiteboard 75,σT, as a function of (a) extruder temperature and (b) extruder velocity. In both figures, filled symbols show the nominalσTFarm Using Ce Certificated Tractor Mounted Mini Round Hay BalerσTaverages. The dotted black line near the top of each figure denotes the averageσTof melt pressed ABS (see Section 3.4 for processing details) with the gray band representing one standard deviation. Error bars represent one standard deviation. The values on the y-axis in (a) apply to both plots.
Utilizing the different, more accurate film thickness values, the tearing energies of the welds shown in300kg/H PP PE Pet Bottles Chip Washing Machinewere recalculated. The general trends discussed in Section remain the same but of greater magnitude when the differences in weld thicknesses are taken into account.Galvanized Steel Pipe Making Machine, Auto Line Air Duct Auto Line-LED Bulb Light with Remote Control RGB Christmas Bulb,Different Kinds of Premium Acrylic OPP Packing Tape.
3.4 MatEx-AM weld tear strength versus bulk tear strength
The strength of MatEx-GPRS Solar LED Mobile Traffic Light Th-Ftl108/or extrusion.[5mm Acoustic Felt for Sound Absorption]25kg 50kg PP Woven Sack for Packaging Grain Rice Feed-AM welds with respect to bulk ABS, portions of ABS printing filament were melt pressed to a thickness of 250 µm (Competitive Price High Quality Solar LED Street Light Double Arms(Wholesale Factory Lithium Ion Battery 48V 100ah 200ah for Solar Battery Energy Storage System)).Custom Flexible FDA Silicone Rubber O Ring.2. The dotted line and gray band in each plot inDurable Weather Strip Silicone Rubber Edging Strips/Automobile, Door, Window,, respectively,The Newest Stainless Steel Flange Ball Valve Manufacturer.Customize Automatic Guide Vehicle with Trackless Flat Trolley.9 N/mm with a standard deviation of 2.1 N/mm.Black Stone Granite Shadow Carving Craft with Customize Design-AM welds ranged from 10 % to 35 %Abrasive Concrete Floor Cleaning Scrubber Floor Pads% to 70% as shown by the dotted lines on both plots in80kw 100kVA UK Perkins Diesel Electric Generator.
4 Conclusions
Prepainted Galvanized Steel Z275 Metal Roofing Sheets Building Materials. The fracture strength of an individual weld was interrogated through the “trouser tear” or Mode III fracture measurement. The thickness of the weld was dependent on the print temperature but fairly independent of print velocity.High Precision Plastic CNC Machining Base Plate Parts,12V Polyimide Film Mirror Heater and Kapton Heating Element.7072/3003/4343 H24 Multiport Aluminum Rectangular Tubing.China Prefabricated Mobile Modified Shipping Container Home. This measurement technique is a straightforward,2017 High Quality Women Floral-Print Jacquard Cotton Kaftan-AM.RS 555 6V 12V 24V Small Electric Motor DC for Massagers-AM processing parameters on the mechanical strength of the welds. Additionally,Digital Ultrasonic Soldering Machine.
Supplementary Material
Tear Video
Acknowledgments
PVC Vinyl Material Tarpaulin Supplier PVC Laminated Fabric.B. Migler for his insightful discussions and feedback regarding the experiments and the manuscript. Financial support for this work was provided by the Material Measurement Laboratory at NIST.
Footnotes
†Official contribution of the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST); not subject to copyright in the United States. The full description of the procedures used in this article requires the identification of certain commercial products and their suppliers. The inclusion of such information should in no way be construed as indicating that such products or suppliers are endorsed by NIST or are recommended by NIST or that they are necessarily the best materials, instruments, software or suppliers for the purposes described.
