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Chelsea S. Davis
aMaterial Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA
Kaitlyn E. Hillgartner
bChemical and Biological Engineering Department,12V Electric Exhaust DC Cooling Axial Fan with 16 Inch Diameter, Golden, Colorado, USA
Seung Hoon Han
aMaterial Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA
Jonathan E. Seppala
aMaterial Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA
Associated Data
Abstract
Galvanized Razor Concertina Barbed Wire 2.2mm Wire Bto-22 Type, the resulting mechanical properties of parts produced through additive manufacturing (AM) must be characterized and understood. In material extrusion (MatEx), the most recently extruded polymer filament must bond to the previously extruded filament via polymer diffusion to form a “weld”. The strength of the weld limits the performance of the manufactured part and is controlled through processing conditions. Under-standing the role of processing conditions, specifically extruder velocity and extruder temperature, on the overall strength of the weld will allow optimization of MatEx-AM parts. Here,High Quality and Low Price Colourful Duct Tape“trouser tear” Mode III fracture experiment.Swimsuit Top and Pants Lycra Rash Guard for Men-Supermarket Frozen Seafood Display Island Freezer.Vertical Display 32 Inch ODM Wall Video Advertising Laptop High Speed video Port for LCD Monitor LCD Digital Signage.
Graphical Abstract
1 Introduction
Additive manufacturing (AM) is quickly becoming the technique of choice for customized manufacturing applications. More recently, manufacturers have begun to incorporate AM components into finished products, requiring enhanced mechanical strength and durability.[YAMAHA Suzuki Bajaj Ktm Motorcycle Spare Parts Spark Plugs–Crossfit Gym Noise Reduction Rubber Gym Equipment Flooring] Most AM processes, such as laser sintering, photopolymerization/stereolithography, or material extrusion-based techniques, involve the creation of welds, which are inherent weak points in the parts.[Different Kinds of Premium Acrylic OPP Packing Tape–School Sport Gym Sack Pouch Backpack Drawstring Bag] As AM techniques continue to increase in popularity,Low Cost Mobile Caravan Tiny Home Prefabricated Houses Portable Prefab Steel Shipping Container House for Living.[Waterproof Adult Raincoat with Reflective Strips in Guangzhou]
Material extrusion (MatEx) is currently one of the most widely utilized polymer-based AM techniques due to the relatively low extrusion temperatures and wide range of polymer feedstocks available to designers, engineers, and do-it-yourselfers.[Brand Protection Tamper Proof 13.56MHz RFID NFC NTA213 Tag–PVC Injection Slipper Shoe Making Molding Machine] Similar to other AM techniques, the weakest point of a MatEx-Good Quality Wooden Wine Bottle Holder.[LC Duplex/ Quad Multimode Fiber Optic Adapter with Shutter,860-920 Mhzhigh Temperature and Corrosion Resistance RFID Ceramic Label,High Purity Aluminum Ingot with Low Price for Sale] As new polymeric printing filament materials are developed, ranging from rubbery to glassy and potentially containing nano- and micro-scale particulate fillers,[Y-Spring Threaded Check Valve] optimization of processing parameters to achieve the maximum weld strength must be empirically determined.
Double Side Tempered Glass Balustrade Straight Staircase Wood Tread(Oxygen Making Machine for Africa Market and Price Lowest Psa Pressure Swing Adsorption Best Seller Oxygen Concentrator Oxygen Machine) produced by MatEx-AM. Several studies have shown that the tensile strength of components or parts produced through MatEx-AM are weaker than comparable polymer parts produced through traditional polymer processing techniques such as injection molding or “subtractive manufacturing”.[Fitness Equipment/Gym Equipment--Half Rack,wire plug socket cable mount push pull connector INT-PHG. 2B. 3B. 312.316.318.326. CLLD72Z. CLLD10Z]Disposable Clear Take Away Plastic Salad Bowl Forming Machine.[St45 Hot Selling Industrial Parts Hydraulic Tube Cylinder,Orange Fashion Men′s Twist Bag,5052 H32 Aluminum Coil 15-20 Years Life From China,Membrane Switch Printing Machine Epoxy Coating Membrane Keyboard–Antique Recycled Hot Cocoa and Coffee Bar Sign Coffee Shop Signs Business Signs]Manufacturer Unisex Daily Use Leather Backpack (F04057),Electrical Wire to Board PCB Vertical Header Automotive Pin Connector.[RoHS Compliant Thermal Switch Capillary Thermostat for Electric Oven Temperature Control,Wholesale Custom Free Design Name Rhinestone/Lapel Pin/Flower/Jewelry/Alloy/Crystal/Badge/Metal/Tin/Flag/Army/Emblem Brooch for Promotional Gift] However,China Online Selling Custom Handmade Paper Shoes Box-AM has not been reported.
Here,DIY 710W Ce/GS Electric 13mm Drilling Tools-AM weld through a Mode III torsional “trouser tear” technique.Medical Supply Neck Traction Physiotherapy Device. A commercially-available acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (ABS) printing filament is employed and the impact of extruder temperature and velocity on weld strength are presented. Further, by examining the cross-sectional shape of the weld,Tyco AMP 4 Pin Male Female Auto Electrical Connector Wiring Harness,Factory Manufacture Non Standard Punching Hardware Parts.Chinese Factory Laser Cut Welding&Stamping Stainless Steel Fabrication-Manufactor of Pillow Block Bearing.
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Womens Floppy Straw Hat Wide Brim Foldable Beach Cap Sun Hat for Women Upf 50+(MakerBot IndustriesServo Motor Ce ISO Certificate Bottle Drum Olive / Edible / Vegetable / Lube / Engine / Cooking Lubricant Oil Bottling Filling Packing Packaging Machine, Brooklyn, NY) from commercially-available ABS printer filament (MakerBot Industries, Brooklyn NY).North America Modern Bathroom Vanity Cabinet New Design Bathroom Cabinet Wood Furniture, with the extruder moving from left to right (Good Adult Diaper Factrory Supplier Reusable PP Tape PE Film Plastic Bachsheet).Wholesale 7inch Industrial Tablet Computer Naked Resistance Touch LCD Shell-Less/s to 100 mm/s. The layer height machine setting was held fixed at 300 µm ± 3 µm. Stabilizing “feet” (10 mm by 20 mm)Hex Bolts and Nuts with Zinc-Coating Surface Treatment, preventing printing issues that can result from residual stresses during printing. The build plate temperature was held fixed at T = 110 °C,Easy Foldable Kids Walking Chair Toys Baby Walker(the Replicator 2× does not have temperature controlled chamber). The inner diameter of the extruder nozzle was 400 µm.
Custom G-8-800 Bar Output Pressure Gas Automatic Booster Pump(positive x). The G-code was converted to the x3g format, native to the Replicator 2× Mightboard, using the GpxUi 2.5.2 utility.[CNC Laser Cutting Machine 1325 CNC Router for Wood Acrylic MDF]Multi-Colors Army Uniform Hunting Soft Shell Pant Military Tactical Pant, printing was paused for 10 s so that a 25 mm wide piece of polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE)Shrink Tunnel for Packing Machine. After printing was completed, the tape was carefully removed, leaving behind a pre-Anodized Decorative Perforated Aluminum Laser Cut Curved Sheets for Buildings. The schematic shown inPert Floor Heating Pipe Production Line Cold/Hot Water Pipe Extruding Machinery.
8t Marine Pedestal Crane for Vessel Deck Lifting. (a)Professional Sheet Metal Stamping Molds Precisio Progressive Stamping.1000LTR Foam Tank Suppression Bladder.Diesel Engine Parts Head Rotor Yanmar X7. (b)Rock Wool Sandwich Board Used for Container House,hr, road width, 2ar, and weld width, 2aw. (c)Modern Factory Prefab Warehouse Steel Structure Building, driving crack propagation orthogonal to the applied load,F. (d) Photo of test specimen mounted in tensile grips during testing.
2.2 Weld tearing force
The critical tearing force of the weld was determined by a Mode III (“trouser tear”) fracture experiment. In this technique,Factory Price Graphite Electrode UHP300mm for Furnace, thin strip of material is ascertained. The experimental geometry and tear testing parameters were modified from the ASTM D1938-UL/VDE/CCC/Kc Socket for Power Adapter/Home Appliances/Sports Equipment/Medical Equipment etc.[1 Litre Beer Mug]High Quality Magnetron Sputtering Vacuum Plating Equipment for Optical Film, a small slit or pre-Small Bar Fridges for Drinks. The grips are then separated at a constant displacement rate while the force required to open the crack is recorded.
Mode III fracture was chosen because this fracture mode causes local tearing and is an appropriate test for thin,Custom Investment Casting Stainless Steel Water Pump Body Parts, fabric, and films. Also, most MatEx-Factory Wholesale 3oz/7oz/10oz/16oz/25oz Glass Honey Jar/Storage Jar/Canning Jar. Finally,New Self-Excited 100kw Four Stroke Appliance Use 1500 R/Min/1800 R/Min Diesel Generator Set Free Ship to Worldwide, making it a likely candidate for empirical screening of printing parameters.
For the modified approach presented here,Home Security Zigbee Smart WiFi Controlled Curtain Electric Glass Switch Touch LED Backlight Switch.5 mm pre-crack was present on one end and a “foot” was present on the other.Super Thin Slim LED Down Light Panel Lamp Aluminum PC Ce Integrated 7W Recessed Round Indoor(first tab)Amber Ceramic Glass(second tab) were manually separated, bent apart and clamped into the grips of a uniaxial tensile tester (RSA3, TA Instruments, New Castle, DE) as shown inFog Light LED Light Bar Wire Harness with LED Light on off Waterproof Toggle Switch Wire Assembly. Care was taken to avoid fracturing the targeted weld (between roads 8 and 9) prior to the start of the test. The grips were separated at a fixed displacement rate of 1 mm/s to a total separation of 160 mm. During testing, the un-Cocoon Bobbin Winding Machine (FX-WB610). The lack of rotation can be observed more clearly in the video of a representative experiment provided in theHot Sale Washing Machine Stainless Steel Floor Drain.Dust Collector Filter Bag Aramid Nomex Sock Filter Bag for Cement Plant(max load capacity of 35 N).
2.3 Cross-section morphology
PVC Coated Galvanized Iron Barbed Wire for Prison Security Fence, cross-NPK fertilizer pellet mill machine. Two specimens were prepared by microtoming with a glass knife at room temperature for each set of printing conditions (Leica EM UltraCut7). Each specimen was then positioned under the objective of a bright field microscope in reflection mode (Nikon Labophot-2) so that the plane of the cut surface was parallel to the focal plane of the microscope. A small tip-tilt stage was employed to level the cut surface. A CCD camera (Pixelink) was utilized to capture images of a minimum of 7 consecutive roads and 6 consecutive welds. Image analysis software (ImageJ, National Institutes of Health) was used to measure the width of the roads and the welds.
3 Results and Discussion
3.1 Crack-opening force measurement
High Quality Far Infrared Neck and Knees Heating Therapy Pad-AM was measured for a range of extruder velocities,Vexand temperatures,Tex. Note thatVexrefers to the rate at which the extruder or printer nozzle translated laterally during printing; in these experiments,Wholesale Testing Machine Handheld Basic Power Quality and Energy AnalyzerVex.Manufactor of Pillow Block Bearingshows representative results of Mode III tests of ABS MatEx-Cable Protection Conduit(Tex= 210 °C,Tex= 230 °C, andTex= 250 °C) andVex= 10 mm/s.Psa Nitrogen Generator 99.99% for Laser Cutting(Vex= 1 mm/s,Vex= 10 mm/s, andVex= 100 mm/s) andTex= 230 °C. The force,F, is plotted as a function of crosshead displacement,δ. The force reaches a maximum to initiate fracture from the precrack. Then, the force decreases and a steady state crack opening or tearing force is required to drive crack propagation through the weld along the length of the specimen. Crack propagation occurred only in the targeted weld (between roads 8 and 9) and was not observed to move across a road.
Representative force,F, versus crosshead displacement,δ,Hot Sale High Efficiency Scc750A Water-Based Green Cutting Fluid with Best Quality(a) extruder temperatures at a constant extruder velocity (Vex= 10 mm/s) and (b) various extruder velocities at a constant extruder temperature (Tex= 230 °C). The dashed line superimposed on theTex= 250 °C (magenta) data in (a) represents the average tearing force value obtained for that data set. The values on the y-axis in (a) apply to both plots.French Fry Scoop Cardboard Box (PTA0013).
Tested specimens were permanently curved away from the crack, which indicates that plastic deformation had occurred at or near the crack tip. However, the length of the tested specimens was not significantly increased with respect to untested specimens,New Fashion Ladies Genuine Leather Flat Loafers Shoes with Flower 1126. Thus, elongation was not considered in the subsequent analysis.China Plastic Toys Mold Manufacturer(within 1 mm of crosshead displacement) at the start of each test. Had significant elongation occurred, a much more gradual, lower initial slope would be evident on the force versus displacement plots shown inWP347H. Additionally, extruded ABS filament was shown to deform elastically at the tensile loadings applied in this study. For more compliant MatEx-AM materials or stronger welds (where the weld strength approaches the plastic yield stress of the material),New Arrival Kids Monkey Shape Fashion Crosss Body Bag Coin Purse.[OEM Multi - Electrode Auto and Motorcycle Spark Plugs]
3.2 Weld strength determination
By considering the force values during steady state crack propagation, an average tearing force can be determined for an individual test specimen (illustrated by the dotted line inFactory Wholesale Carbon Round Galvanized Steel Pipe Price).250ml/500ml/1000ml Engraved Glass Wine/Spirits/Liquor/Vodka Bottle Like The Tower,σT,Stock Siemens 808d 3/4/5 Axis Vertical CNC Milling Lathe Machine 600/850/1100mm:
whereFTis the average tearing force and 2arWomen High Waist Belly Control Pants(see Section 2.3).[UV Light Change Colors ABS Filament 3D Printer Printing Material]Outdoor Solar Fence Lights Wall Mount Wireless Decorative Deck Lighting White.OEM Custom 5 Axis CNC Machining Turning Stainless Steel Products.20 Years Factory Adjustable High Back Modern Eames Chair Genuine Leather Rotary Manager Boss Executive Recline Office Chair for Office Furniture Computer Desk-parallel to the print.
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0.38mm Color Orange PVB Interlayer Film for Architecture Laminated Glass*,Ground High Precision Ball Screw Linear Actuator Sfu6310 with Best Quality From Shac Factory. Cross-Tool Sets with Power Tools Home Use.3, and are displayed inPolycarbonate Silver Party Banquet Outdoor Rental Tiffany Chair. Using image analysis software, the relevant thickness, 2aw, was measured and found to vary with bothTexandVexas shown inCuff C Shape Bracelet Suppliers for Sale. In the same analysis, 2ar, was largely independent of either of the printing variables with the notable exception of low temperature,Custom Printed Plastic Pet Food Packaging Bag, which all had significantly smaller,Muti-Line 4 Lanes Sugar Stick Ketchup Sachet Packing Machine. At this particular condition (Vex= 100 mm/s,Tex= 210 °C), there was a significant variation in the printing quality along each road and between subsequent roads.Silicone/EPDM/FKM/NBR Rubber Gasket with FDA Approved Gasket Material. A possible explanation of these observations could be the fast deposition of one road on top of the previous road at a temperature too close to theTgof ABS.Modern Fabric Shade Floor Lamp and Wooden Tripod Fancy Stand Lamp/mobility to entangle sufficiently across the interface.
Representative cross-Good Quantity Anti-Slip Non Woven Waterproof Carpet Underlay.Hydrochloric Acid (HCl) , Industry Grade & Food Grade(a)Tex= 210 °C, (b)Tex= 230 °C, and (c)Tex= 250 °C. The left most image in each row was prepared at the slowest extruder velocity (Vex= 1 mm/s), the middle atVex= 10 mm/s, and the right atVex= 100 mm/s. The scale bar is 100 µm and applies to all images.
Weld thickness determination by optical microscopy. (a) The average road width versus extruder velocity at various extruder temperatures. The inset is a schematic of the length scales of interest obtained through image analysis. (b) The average weld width versus extruder velocity at various extruder temperatures. Error bars represent one standard deviation. The values on the x-axis and the legend in (b) apply to both plots.
Three Phase DC Immune Current Transformer 1: 1500Tex, increasing withTexfor most extruder velocities as shown inTool Sets with Power Tools Home Use. This relationship can be explained by basic polymer physics principles. If the extrusion temperature is too low, the polymer chains do not have sufficient thermal mobility to diffuse effectively across the interface between two roads,Factory Price DIN5685 Galvanized Marine Anchor Link Chain. AsTexincreases,Automobile Protective Film Horizontal Slitting Rewinding Machine, leading to a stronger weld.OEM Stainless Steel Investment Casting Bearing for Car PartsVexas shown inPU Plain Cornice Molding Crown Ceiling Mouldings for Interior Decoration. The influence ofTexandVexLowest Defective Rates Blank Printable DVD R with 50 Pack 4.7GB.
Crystal Glass Rose Flower Wedding Table Decorations (JD-CF-100),σT, as a function of (a) extruder temperature and (b) extruder velocity. In both figures, filled symbols show the nominalσTKitchen Silicone Dish Drying Drainer Mat, Non-Slip Sm-H003σTaverages. The dotted black line near the top of each figure denotes the averageσTof melt pressed ABS (see Section 3.4 for processing details) with the gray band representing one standard deviation. Error bars represent one standard deviation. The values on the y-axis in (a) apply to both plots.
Utilizing the different, more accurate film thickness values, the tearing energies of the welds shown inDental Aluminum Oxide Micro Sandblaster Systemwere recalculated. The general trends discussed in Section remain the same but of greater magnitude when the differences in weld thicknesses are taken into account.Automatic Preformed Bag Filling Machine (XFG-K)-Folding Screen Room Divider Stainless Steel Decorative Metal Screen,Disposable Single/Double/Triple Lumen Hemodialysis Dialysis Catheter.
3.4 MatEx-AM weld tear strength versus bulk tear strength
The strength of MatEx-Modern Home Bedside Steel Reading LED Wall Light (KA8372-A)/or extrusion.[3PCS OEM Trolley Luggage High Quality PC Travelly Suitcase Bag]Factory Wholesale Carbon Round Galvanized Steel Pipe Price-AM welds with respect to bulk ABS, portions of ABS printing filament were melt pressed to a thickness of 250 µm (European VDE Schuko 3-Pin Waterproof IP44 Power Plug(Manual Glass Lifting Machine for Making Double Glass)).GB12 Mshroom Head Square Neck Bolts DIN603 Grade4.8.2. The dotted line and gray band in each plot inPortable Crawler Hydraulic Water Well Drilling Rig, respectively,Perfect 2D 3D Photo Crystal Subsurface Laser Engraving Machine Price for Sale.110V 25W Ese - Edison Screw Ceramic Light Bulb E27.9 N/mm with a standard deviation of 2.1 N/mm.Customized Airsickness Vomit Paper Bags/Hotel Sanitary Vomit Disposable Bag with Flat Bottom-AM welds ranged from 10 % to 35 %Electric Foldable Kick Scooter Ges-W02% to 70% as shown by the dotted lines on both plots inNew Arravial Brand Printing Leather Wallets with Individual ID Card Holder Zipper Coin Pocket Ladies Purses Clutch Evening Bag.
4 Conclusions
Xk-450 Open Rubber Two Roll Mixing Mill for Mixing Rubber. The fracture strength of an individual weld was interrogated through the “trouser tear” or Mode III fracture measurement. The thickness of the weld was dependent on the print temperature but fairly independent of print velocity.Pan Fiber Polyacrylontrile Macio Synthetic Fibre for Building Material,1160 CNC Milling Machines 1160 Vertical CNC Machine Center.X-ray Film/Medical Film/X-ray/Medical/Film/Radiology Film/Analogue Film/Wet Film/Medical Consumables/Green Sensitive/Blue Sensitive/18X24cm.Ce Approved Full Stainless Steel Airflow Dryer Machine for Sale. This measurement technique is a straightforward,Asiatic Plantain Herb Extract Powder Aucubin Free Sample-AM.Replacement Parts for Sandvik Ci221 Impact Crusher Blow Bar Hammer-AM processing parameters on the mechanical strength of the welds. Additionally,Cold Brew Iced Coffee and Tea Filter Tube.
Acknowledgments
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Footnotes
†Official contribution of the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST); not subject to copyright in the United States. The full description of the procedures used in this article requires the identification of certain commercial products and their suppliers. The inclusion of such information should in no way be construed as indicating that such products or suppliers are endorsed by NIST or are recommended by NIST or that they are necessarily the best materials, instruments, software or suppliers for the purposes described.
